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Database CSV",{"url":73,"details":74,"fileName":76,"contentType":77},"//assets.ctfassets.net/5n7qh8xf3t5v/5gDIz6lYXzJGOOF7liv5Zc/e06cc22b735a30331634b00c120a943f/CALFDatabaseCSV22052024-Final.csv",{"size":75},124717,"CALFDatabaseCSV22052024-Final.csv","text/csv",[79,101,119],{"metadata":80,"sys":83,"fields":96},{"tags":81,"concepts":82},[],[],{"space":84,"id":86,"type":87,"createdAt":88,"updatedAt":88,"environment":89,"publishedVersion":91,"revision":23,"contentType":92,"locale":24},{"sys":85},{"type":12,"linkType":13,"id":14},"2xPEuYnN13oUwksprPVZfi","Entry","2026-07-06T11:51:48.129Z",{"sys":90},{"id":20,"type":12,"linkType":21},9,{"sys":93},{"type":12,"linkType":94,"id":95},"ContentType","link",{"label":97,"icon":98,"externalLink":99,"displayType":100},"X-Twitter","fa7-brands:x-twitter","https://www.twitter.com/collerfdn","Icon Button",{"metadata":102,"sys":105,"fields":115},{"tags":103,"concepts":104},[],[],{"space":106,"id":108,"type":87,"createdAt":109,"updatedAt":109,"environment":110,"publishedVersion":112,"revision":23,"contentType":113,"locale":24},{"sys":107},{"type":12,"linkType":13,"id":14},"5odL6mL5Cc1t92jgHXz8dB","2026-07-06T11:51:48.146Z",{"sys":111},{"id":20,"type":12,"linkType":21},7,{"sys":114},{"type":12,"linkType":94,"id":95},{"label":116,"icon":117,"externalLink":118,"displayType":100},"Instagram","fa7-brands:instagram","https://www.instagram.com/collerfoundation/",{"metadata":120,"sys":123,"fields":132},{"tags":121,"concepts":122},[],[],{"space":124,"id":126,"type":87,"createdAt":127,"updatedAt":127,"environment":128,"publishedVersion":112,"revision":23,"contentType":130,"locale":24},{"sys":125},{"type":12,"linkType":13,"id":14},"3aEtPuQlaaCsrf25e6wOQj","2026-07-06T11:51:48.158Z",{"sys":129},{"id":20,"type":12,"linkType":21},{"sys":131},{"type":12,"linkType":94,"id":95},{"label":133,"icon":134,"externalLink":135,"displayType":100},"LinkedIn","fa7-brands:linkedin","https://www.linkedin.com/company/jeremy-coller-foundation/","The Coller Animal Law Forum is part of Jeremy Coller Foundation, a registered charity (No. 1163970) and a company limited by guarantee (No. 9696841) in England and Wales.",[138,154,164,173,182,193,205,214,225,233,242,249,258,266,273,282,289,297,307,317,328,337,346,356,364,371,380,389,398,406,414,421,429,436,444,454,463,470,480,487,494,503,513,522,531,539,548,556,564,573,581,589,597,606,615,625,634,642,649,657,667,676,685,693,702,709,717,725,734,741,749,757,764,772,783,791,800,809,817,824,833,842,851,858,867,877,886,893,902,911,920,929,937,946,954,963,971,979,989,997,1004,1012,1020,1028,1035,1045,1054,1062,1069,1077,1086,1094,1103],{"Law / Policy":139,"Jurisdiction":140,"Sub-jurisdiction":141,"Type of Act":142,"Status":143,"Legal Value":144,"Description":145,"Strengths":146,"Weaknesses":147,"Date enacted":148,"Date updated":149,"Official citation":150,"Link to text":151,"Slug":152,"Agriculture":153,"Alternative Proteins":27,"Animal health":153,"Animal welfare":153,"Antimicrobial resistance":27,"Aquaculture":27,"Climate & environmental protection":27,"Labelling":27,"Recognition of sentience":27,"Public procurement":27,"Sales Bans":27,"Subsidies":27,"Taxation":27,"Wild-caught fishing":27,"All animals":153,"Farmed animals":27,"Beef cows":27,"Dairy cows":27,"Calves":27,"Broiler chickens":27,"Egg laying hens":27,"Fish":27,"Pigs":27},"1960 Prevention of Cruelty to Animals Act","India","N/A","Legislation","In force","Binding","Provides basic anti-cruelty legislation for animals.","Covers all animals ('Animal' is defined as all living creatures other than human beings (Section 2(a)).\n\nEstablishes the Animal Welfare Board to advise the government and ensure proper enforcement of the Act.\n\nCalls for the creation of a Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals (SPCA) in each state.","Does not recognise animal sentience.\n\nDoes not provide regulatory definitions of what \"unnecessary suffering\" is. Section 3 lays out that anyone in charge of any animal shall 'take all reasonable measures to ensure the well-being of such animal and to prevent the infliction upon such animal of unnecessary pain or suffering.'\n\nProvides only non-binding rules for farmed animals, enacted by the Department for Animal Husbandry and Dairying. These rules do not set minimum stocking density levels, do not prohibit the use of cages, mutilations (dehorning, castration and nose roping) and even allows some mutilations without anaesthesia and the use of analgesics.\n\nDoes not impose stunning during slaughter (Article 28).\n\nProvides weak penalties: breach of anti-cruelty provisions of Section 11 (a) to (o) may only result in the offender being subject to fines of up to 50 rupees.","1960","June, 2023","The Prevention of Cruelty to Animals Act, 1960 (India)","https://www.indiacode.nic.in/bitstream/123456789/11237/1/the_prevention_of_cruelty_to_animals_act%2C_1960.pdf","prevention-of-cruelty-to-animals-act-1960-india","Yes",{"Law / Policy":155,"Jurisdiction":156,"Sub-jurisdiction":141,"Type of Act":157,"Status":158,"Legal Value":141,"Description":159,"Strengths":160,"Weaknesses":27,"Date enacted":141,"Date updated":149,"Official citation":161,"Link to text":162,"Slug":163,"Agriculture":27,"Alternative Proteins":27,"Animal health":153,"Animal welfare":153,"Antimicrobial resistance":153,"Aquaculture":27,"Climate & environmental protection":27,"Labelling":27,"Recognition of sentience":27,"Public procurement":27,"Sales Bans":27,"Subsidies":27,"Taxation":27,"Wild-caught fishing":27,"All animals":27,"Farmed animals":153,"Beef cows":27,"Dairy cows":27,"Calves":27,"Broiler chickens":27,"Egg laying hens":27,"Fish":27,"Pigs":27},"2017 Preservation of Antibiotics for Medical Treatment Act","USA","Legislative Proposal","Bill proposal","Proposes to ban non-therapeutic uses of medically important antibiotics in food animal production.","Amends the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act to prohibit the administration of medically important antimicrobials for preventative and growth-promotion purposes.\n\nProhibits the administration of medically important antimicrobials to food-producing animals for disease control \"unless there is a significant risk that a disease or infection present on the premises will be transmitted to the animal.\"\n\nRequires the FDA to withdraw approvals to use antibiotics to compensate for overcrowding and poor sanitation and to speed animal growth, unless drug companies can demonstrate that these uses do not threaten public\nhealth.\n\nPlaces the burden of evidence on pharmaceutical companies.","Preservation of Antibiotics for Medical Treatment Act of 2017 - (PAMTA) - H.R. 1587 (U.S.A.)","https://www.congress.gov/bill/115th-congress/house-bill/1587/text","preservation-of-antibiotics-act-of-2017-usa",{"Law / Policy":165,"Jurisdiction":156,"Sub-jurisdiction":141,"Type of Act":142,"Status":143,"Legal Value":144,"Description":166,"Strengths":167,"Weaknesses":168,"Date enacted":169,"Date updated":149,"Official citation":170,"Link to text":171,"Slug":172,"Agriculture":27,"Alternative Proteins":27,"Animal health":27,"Animal welfare":153,"Antimicrobial resistance":27,"Aquaculture":27,"Climate & environmental protection":27,"Labelling":27,"Recognition of sentience":27,"Public procurement":27,"Sales Bans":27,"Subsidies":27,"Taxation":27,"Wild-caught fishing":27,"All animals":27,"Farmed animals":153,"Beef cows":27,"Dairy cows":27,"Calves":27,"Broiler chickens":27,"Egg laying hens":27,"Fish":27,"Pigs":27},"28-Hour Law","Limits maximum duration of journey time for live animals and provides minimum animal welfare standards during the transport of live animals.","Prohibits the transportation of animals by \"rail carrier, express carrier or common carrier\" (except by air or water) for more than 28 consecutive hours without being unloaded for five hours for rest, water and food.\"\n\nSets general requirements to feed and water animals.","Provides a general exemption for vehicles or vessels equipped with on-board feeding and watering systems.\n\nProvides a general extension to 36 hours and special extensions for certain species under certain circumstances (i.e.: sheep may be transported for another 8 hours when the end of the 28 consecutive hour period ends at night).\n\nEstablishes civil penalty for violations of the statute but such a penalty is limited to a total amount of $500).","2006","United States Code, 2006 Edition, Supplement 2, Title 49 - TRANSPORTATION (49 USC 80502) (U.S.A.)","https://www.govinfo.gov/app/details/USCODE-2021-title49/USCODE-2021-title49-subtitleX-chap805-sec80502","28-hour-law-usa",{"Law / Policy":174,"Jurisdiction":156,"Sub-jurisdiction":175,"Type of Act":157,"Status":158,"Legal Value":141,"Description":176,"Strengths":177,"Weaknesses":178,"Date enacted":141,"Date updated":149,"Official citation":179,"Link to text":180,"Slug":181,"Agriculture":27,"Alternative Proteins":153,"Animal health":27,"Animal welfare":27,"Antimicrobial resistance":27,"Aquaculture":27,"Climate & environmental protection":27,"Labelling":27,"Recognition of sentience":27,"Public procurement":153,"Sales Bans":27,"Subsidies":27,"Taxation":27,"Wild-caught fishing":27,"All animals":27,"Farmed animals":153,"Beef cows":27,"Dairy cows":27,"Calves":27,"Broiler chickens":27,"Egg laying hens":27,"Fish":27,"Pigs":27},"Amendment to Include\nClimate-Friendly Food Procurement Language","Connecticut","Reduces greenhouse gas emissions from food and beverages procured by the state by decreasing the total amount of animal-based products purchased.","Tracks the greenhouse gas emissions associated with food purchases made by state agencies by establishing a methodology for state agencies to estimate the greenhouse gas emissions that occur through the life cycle of food and beverages purchased by the state agency on or before 1 January 2023.\n\nRequires the State to establish recommendations for decreasing the total amount of animal-based products purchased.\n\nEstablishes a baseline measurement of the overall annual greenhouse gas emissions associated with the state's food and beverage purchases on or before 1 January 2024, and recommends reducing the overall greenhouse gas emissions associated with food and beverages purchased by state procurement in relation to the baseline measurement:\n(a) for fiscal year 2025, a 10% reduction;\n(b) for fiscal year 2028, an 18% reduction; and\n(c) for fiscal year 2030, a 25% reduction.\n\nLists best practices for state agencies to reduce the greenhouse gas emissions associated with food and beverages purchased with the goal of reducing overall greenhouse gas emissions as established by the baseline. This must include decreasing the total amount of animal-based products purchased.\n\nGives consideration and preference to foods, beverages, and procurement practices that achieve the goal of reducing the greenhouse gas emissions associated with food and beverages purchased by the state agency.","The decrease in the total amount of animal-based products purchased is voluntary only.","Mercy for Animals, Testimony to the Connecticut Joint Committee on the Environment in support of Amending SB 884 to Include Climate-Friendly Food Procurement Language (2021) (U.S.A.)","https://www.cga.ct.gov/2021/envdata/tmy/2021SB-00884-R000308-Cerussi,%20Alex-Mercy%20for%20Animals-Support-TMY.PDF","climate-friendly-food-procurement-language-usa",{"Law / Policy":183,"Jurisdiction":184,"Sub-jurisdiction":141,"Type of Act":185,"Status":143,"Legal Value":144,"Description":186,"Strengths":187,"Weaknesses":188,"Date enacted":189,"Date updated":149,"Official citation":190,"Link to text":191,"Slug":192,"Agriculture":153,"Alternative Proteins":27,"Animal health":153,"Animal welfare":27,"Antimicrobial resistance":153,"Aquaculture":27,"Climate & environmental protection":27,"Labelling":27,"Recognition of sentience":27,"Public procurement":27,"Sales Bans":27,"Subsidies":27,"Taxation":27,"Wild-caught fishing":27,"All animals":27,"Farmed animals":153,"Beef cows":27,"Dairy cows":27,"Calves":27,"Broiler chickens":27,"Egg laying hens":27,"Fish":27,"Pigs":27},"AMR Action Plan","EU","Policy","Imposes alternatives to the use of antibiotics, including lower densities on farms.","This policy aims to improve the enforcement of existing EU laws through:\n(1) A review on existing legislation on monitoring of AMR in farm animals and food, taking into account new scientific developments and data collection requirements.\n(2) The establishment of national One Health action plans on AMR in each Member State.\n(3) An assessment of resistant bacteria, and if necessary, the development of harmonised rules for their surveillance.\n(4) The monitoring of AMR in food-producing animal populations by carrying out regular audits in Member States.\n(5) The promotion of better animal husbandry practices, including aquaculture and livestock farming systems, and feeding regimes, which support good animal health and welfare to reduce antimicrobial consumption.\n(6) The promotion of the prudent use of antimicrobials.","Does not create additional duties or commitments to reduce the use of antimicrobials in animal agriculture, nor does it set quantifiable reduction targets in the reduction of antimicrobials in animal agriculture.","2017","European Commission, A European One Health Action Plan Against Antimicrobial Resistance (AMR), 2017 (E.U.)","https://health.ec.europa.eu/system/files/2020-01/amr_2017_action-plan_0.pdf","amr-action-plan-eu",{"Law / Policy":194,"Jurisdiction":195,"Sub-jurisdiction":141,"Type of Act":196,"Status":143,"Legal Value":197,"Description":198,"Strengths":199,"Weaknesses":200,"Date enacted":201,"Date updated":149,"Official citation":202,"Link to text":203,"Slug":204,"Agriculture":27,"Alternative Proteins":27,"Animal health":153,"Animal welfare":153,"Antimicrobial resistance":27,"Aquaculture":27,"Climate & environmental protection":27,"Labelling":27,"Recognition of sentience":27,"Public procurement":27,"Sales Bans":27,"Subsidies":27,"Taxation":27,"Wild-caught fishing":153,"All animals":27,"Farmed animals":27,"Beef cows":27,"Dairy cows":27,"Calves":27,"Broiler chickens":27,"Egg laying hens":27,"Fish":153,"Pigs":27},"Aquatic Animal Health Code","OIE","International Convention","Voluntary","Sets general principles on the welfare of animals during transport and at killing","Sets general principles on procedures and broad specifications for the infrastructure (transport vehicles, slaughtering methods).\n\nProvides a cost/benefit welfare analysis for fish slaughter methods (Section 7).\n\nIncludes rules on the use of antimicrobials (Section 6).","Only sets general rules, with no engineering standards.\n\nDoes not provide enforcement mechanisms.","2019","World Organization for Animal Health (OIE), Aquatic Animal Health Code, 2019","https://www.oie.int/en/what-we-do/standards/codes-and-manuals/aquatic-code-online-access/","aquatic-animal-health-code-oie",{"Law / Policy":206,"Jurisdiction":207,"Sub-jurisdiction":141,"Type of Act":157,"Status":143,"Legal Value":141,"Description":208,"Strengths":209,"Weaknesses":210,"Date enacted":141,"Date updated":149,"Official citation":211,"Link to text":212,"Slug":213,"Agriculture":153,"Alternative Proteins":27,"Animal health":27,"Animal welfare":153,"Antimicrobial resistance":27,"Aquaculture":27,"Climate & environmental protection":153,"Labelling":27,"Recognition of sentience":27,"Public procurement":27,"Sales Bans":27,"Subsidies":27,"Taxation":27,"Wild-caught fishing":27,"All animals":27,"Farmed animals":153,"Beef cows":27,"Dairy cows":27,"Calves":27,"Broiler chickens":27,"Egg laying hens":27,"Fish":27,"Pigs":27},"Arrêté relatif à l'initiative populaire \"non à l'élevage intensif en Suisse\"","Switzerland","Bans factory farming","Bans factory farming, as defined as any practices that do not comply with the Swiss organic agricultural standards (certification Bio Suisse).\n\nBans the import of products of which methods of production do not comply with the Swiss organic agricultural standards (certification Bio Suisse).","Only covers industrial farm animal production practices.","Arrêté fédéral relative à l'initiative populaire « non à l'élevage intensif en Suisse (initiative sur l'élevage intensif) » (Switzerland)","https://www.blv.admin.ch/blv/fr/home/das-blv/rechts-und-vollzugsgrundlagen-blv/abstimmungen/massen-tierhaltungs-initiative.html","non-a-lelevage-intensif-en-suisse-switzerland",{"Law / Policy":215,"Jurisdiction":216,"Sub-jurisdiction":141,"Type of Act":217,"Status":143,"Legal Value":144,"Description":218,"Strengths":219,"Weaknesses":220,"Date enacted":221,"Date updated":149,"Official citation":222,"Link to text":223,"Slug":224,"Agriculture":27,"Alternative Proteins":27,"Animal health":27,"Animal welfare":153,"Antimicrobial resistance":27,"Aquaculture":27,"Climate & environmental protection":27,"Labelling":27,"Recognition of sentience":27,"Public procurement":27,"Sales Bans":27,"Subsidies":27,"Taxation":27,"Wild-caught fishing":27,"All animals":153,"Farmed animals":27,"Beef cows":27,"Dairy cows":27,"Calves":27,"Broiler chickens":27,"Egg laying hens":27,"Fish":27,"Pigs":27},"Article 41 of the Luxembourg Constitution","Luxembourg","Constitution","Imposes a duty on the State to promote animal welfare.","Imposes a duty on the State to \"promote the welfare of animals.\"","Animals are still classified as property under the law.","2007","Constitution du Grand Duché du Luxembourg [Constitution of the Luxembourg], art. 41 (Fr.)","http://data.legilux.public.lu/eli/etat/leg/constitution/1868/10/17/n1/consolide/20230701","article-11-bis-of-the-constitution-luxembourg",{"Law / Policy":226,"Jurisdiction":227,"Sub-jurisdiction":141,"Type of Act":142,"Status":143,"Legal Value":144,"Description":228,"Strengths":229,"Weaknesses":220,"Date enacted":189,"Date updated":149,"Official citation":230,"Link to text":231,"Slug":232,"Agriculture":27,"Alternative Proteins":27,"Animal health":27,"Animal welfare":153,"Antimicrobial resistance":27,"Aquaculture":27,"Climate & environmental protection":27,"Labelling":27,"Recognition of sentience":153,"Public procurement":27,"Sales Bans":27,"Subsidies":27,"Taxation":27,"Wild-caught fishing":27,"All animals":153,"Farmed animals":27,"Beef cows":27,"Dairy cows":27,"Calves":27,"Broiler chickens":27,"Egg laying hens":27,"Fish":27,"Pigs":27},"Article 1302 of the Portuguese Civil Code","Portugal","Recognises animal sentience.","Recognises an animal's ability to feel pain.","Código Civil [C. civ.][Civil Code] art. 1302º 2 (Port.)","https://dre.pt/web/guest/legislacao-consolidada/-/lc/147103599/202109191325/73907010/diploma/indice","article-1302-of-the-civil-code-portugal",{"Law / Policy":234,"Jurisdiction":235,"Sub-jurisdiction":141,"Type of Act":217,"Status":143,"Legal Value":144,"Description":236,"Strengths":237,"Weaknesses":220,"Date enacted":238,"Date updated":149,"Official citation":239,"Link to text":240,"Slug":241,"Agriculture":27,"Alternative Proteins":27,"Animal health":27,"Animal welfare":153,"Antimicrobial resistance":27,"Aquaculture":27,"Climate & environmental protection":27,"Labelling":27,"Recognition of sentience":27,"Public procurement":27,"Sales Bans":27,"Subsidies":27,"Taxation":27,"Wild-caught fishing":27,"All animals":153,"Farmed animals":27,"Beef cows":27,"Dairy cows":27,"Calves":27,"Broiler chickens":27,"Egg laying hens":27,"Fish":27,"Pigs":27},"Article 20a of the German Constitution","Germany","Imposes a duty on the State to protect animals.","Imposes a duty on the State to protect \"animals by legislation and, in accordance with law and justice, by executive and judicial action, all within the framework of the constitutional order.\"","2002","Grundgesetz für die Bundesrepublik Deutschland [GG][Basic Law] art. 20a (Ger.)","https://www.btg-bestellservice.de/pdf/80201000.pdf","article-20a-of-the-constitution-germany",{"Law / Policy":243,"Jurisdiction":244,"Sub-jurisdiction":141,"Type of Act":142,"Status":143,"Legal Value":144,"Description":228,"Strengths":229,"Weaknesses":220,"Date enacted":245,"Date updated":149,"Official citation":246,"Link to text":247,"Slug":248,"Agriculture":27,"Alternative Proteins":27,"Animal health":27,"Animal welfare":27,"Antimicrobial resistance":27,"Aquaculture":27,"Climate & environmental protection":27,"Labelling":27,"Recognition of sentience":153,"Public procurement":27,"Sales Bans":27,"Subsidies":27,"Taxation":27,"Wild-caught fishing":27,"All animals":153,"Farmed animals":27,"Beef cows":27,"Dairy cows":27,"Calves":27,"Broiler chickens":27,"Egg laying hens":27,"Fish":27,"Pigs":27},"Article 515-14 of the French Civil Code","France","2015","Code civil [C. civ.][Civil Code] art. 515-14 (Fr.)","https://www.legifrance.gouv.fr/codes/article_lc/LEGIARTI000030250342/","article-515-14-france",{"Law / Policy":250,"Jurisdiction":251,"Sub-jurisdiction":141,"Type of Act":217,"Status":143,"Legal Value":144,"Description":252,"Strengths":253,"Weaknesses":220,"Date enacted":254,"Date updated":149,"Official citation":255,"Link to text":256,"Slug":257,"Agriculture":27,"Alternative Proteins":27,"Animal health":27,"Animal welfare":153,"Antimicrobial resistance":27,"Aquaculture":27,"Climate & environmental protection":27,"Labelling":27,"Recognition of sentience":27,"Public procurement":27,"Sales Bans":27,"Subsidies":27,"Taxation":27,"Wild-caught fishing":27,"All animals":153,"Farmed animals":27,"Beef cows":27,"Dairy cows":27,"Calves":27,"Broiler chickens":27,"Egg laying hens":27,"Fish":27,"Pigs":27},"Article 72 of the Slovenian Constitution","Slovenia","Imposes a duty on the State to enact legislation to protect animals from cruelty","Imposes a duty on the State to protect animals from cruelty by law.","1991","Ustava Republike Slovenije [Constitution of the Republic of Slovenia] art. 72 (Slov.)","https://www.us-rs.si/media/constitution.pdf","article-72-of-the-constitution-slovenia",{"Law / Policy":259,"Jurisdiction":207,"Sub-jurisdiction":141,"Type of Act":217,"Status":143,"Legal Value":144,"Description":260,"Strengths":261,"Weaknesses":220,"Date enacted":262,"Date updated":149,"Official citation":263,"Link to text":264,"Slug":265,"Agriculture":27,"Alternative Proteins":27,"Animal health":27,"Animal welfare":153,"Antimicrobial resistance":27,"Aquaculture":27,"Climate & environmental protection":27,"Labelling":27,"Recognition of sentience":27,"Public procurement":27,"Sales Bans":27,"Subsidies":27,"Taxation":27,"Wild-caught fishing":27,"All animals":153,"Farmed animals":27,"Beef cows":27,"Dairy cows":27,"Calves":27,"Broiler chickens":27,"Egg laying hens":27,"Fish":27,"Pigs":27},"Article 80 of the Swiss Constitution","Determines that the federal government shall legislate on matters related to animal protection, and that regional governments (cantons) shall execute such federal legislation.","Determines that the federal government shall legislate on matters related to animal protection, and that regional governments (cantons) shall execute such federal legislation, \"in particular\" regarding \"the keeping and care of animals; experiments on animals and procedures carried out on living animals, the use of animals; the imports of animals and animal products; the trade in animals and the transport of animals; the slaughter of animals.\"","1973","Constitution fédérale de la Confédération suisse [Swiss Constitution] art. 80 (Fr.)","https://www.fedlex.admin.ch/eli/cc/1999/404/fr","article-80-of-the-constitution-switzerland",{"Law / Policy":267,"Jurisdiction":244,"Sub-jurisdiction":141,"Type of Act":142,"Status":143,"Legal Value":144,"Description":228,"Strengths":268,"Weaknesses":220,"Date enacted":269,"Date updated":149,"Official citation":270,"Link to text":271,"Slug":272,"Agriculture":27,"Alternative Proteins":27,"Animal health":27,"Animal welfare":153,"Antimicrobial resistance":27,"Aquaculture":153,"Climate & environmental protection":27,"Labelling":27,"Recognition of sentience":153,"Public procurement":27,"Sales Bans":27,"Subsidies":27,"Taxation":27,"Wild-caught fishing":27,"All animals":27,"Farmed animals":153,"Beef cows":27,"Dairy cows":27,"Calves":27,"Broiler chickens":27,"Egg laying hens":27,"Fish":153,"Pigs":27},"Article L 214-1 of the French Agricultural Code","Recognises an animal's ability to feel pain.\n\nImposes that animals be \"kept in conditions that meet their biological needs.\"","1976","Code rural et de la pêche maritime [C. rur.][Rural Code] art. L 214-1 (Fr.)","https://www.legifrance.gouv.fr/codes/article_lc/LEGIARTI000039278682/","article-l-214-1-of-the-agricultural-code-france",{"Law / Policy":274,"Jurisdiction":244,"Sub-jurisdiction":141,"Type of Act":142,"Status":143,"Legal Value":144,"Description":275,"Strengths":276,"Weaknesses":277,"Date enacted":278,"Date updated":149,"Official citation":279,"Link to text":280,"Slug":281,"Agriculture":153,"Alternative Proteins":27,"Animal health":153,"Animal welfare":27,"Antimicrobial resistance":153,"Aquaculture":27,"Climate & environmental protection":27,"Labelling":27,"Recognition of sentience":27,"Public procurement":27,"Sales Bans":27,"Subsidies":27,"Taxation":27,"Wild-caught fishing":27,"All animals":153,"Farmed animals":27,"Beef cows":27,"Dairy cows":27,"Calves":27,"Broiler chickens":27,"Egg laying hens":27,"Fish":27,"Pigs":27},"Article L 5144-1-1- Code de la santé publique","Lists and regulates the use of critically important antimicrobials.","Prohibits the use of critically important antibiotic substances for use in veterinary medicine, with the exception of second generation quinolones (fluoroquinolones), for the use in ophthalmology of companion animals and equines for topical administration.\n\nDrugs containing one or more antibiotic substances of critical importance listed are prohibited in veterinary medicine for preventive use. \n\nCritically important antimicrobials can be used for curative and metaphylaxic use but only if laboratory results indicate that the bacterial strain identified is sensitive only to this critical antibiotic substance. \n\nThe prescription of a medicinal product for human use in veterinary medicine containing one or more antibiotic substances of critical importance mentioned in Article L. 5144-1-1 and not contained in a veterinary medicinal product is only authorised in the certain cases, including when a veterinarian suspects a disease with a high rate of mortality or morbidity, of which rapid spread of the disease is inevitable in the absence of early treatment. \n\nThe veterinarian can only prescribe a curative or metaphylactic treatment with a drug containing one or more of these substances in the absence of a drug not containing these substances sufficiently effective or suitable to treat the diagnosed disease.\n\nFor drugs containing one or more of these antibiotic substances of critical importance , the prescription can only prescribe a treatment of a duration at most equal to one month. If this duration is greater than one month, this treatment can only be extended by a new prescription after a new clinical examination of the animal (individual or collective).","Does not require e-prescriptions.","2016","L 5144-1-1- Code de la santé publique and R 5141 - 117 - 3 Code de la santé publique (Fr.)","https://www.legifrance.gouv.fr/codes/article_lc/LEGIARTI000029581834/#:~:text=Les%20substances%20antibiotiques%20d'importance,de%20s%C3%A9curit%C3%A9%20sanitaire%20de%20l' (L 5144-1-1); https://www.legifrance.gouv.fr/codes/id/LEGIARTI000032256776/2016-04-01 (R 5141-11-3)","article-l.-5144-1-1-code-de-la-sante-publique-france",{"Law / Policy":283,"Jurisdiction":284,"Sub-jurisdiction":141,"Type of Act":142,"Status":143,"Legal Value":144,"Description":228,"Strengths":229,"Weaknesses":220,"Date enacted":285,"Date updated":149,"Official citation":286,"Link to text":287,"Slug":288,"Agriculture":27,"Alternative Proteins":27,"Animal health":27,"Animal welfare":27,"Antimicrobial resistance":27,"Aquaculture":27,"Climate & environmental protection":27,"Labelling":27,"Recognition of sentience":153,"Public procurement":27,"Sales Bans":27,"Subsidies":27,"Taxation":27,"Wild-caught fishing":27,"All animals":153,"Farmed animals":27,"Beef cows":27,"Dairy cows":27,"Calves":27,"Broiler chickens":27,"Egg laying hens":27,"Fish":27,"Pigs":27},"Article 333, Spanish Civil Code","Spain","2021","Artículo 333, Código Civil (Esp.)","https://www.boe.es/buscar/doc.php?id=BOE-A-2021-20727","legal-status-of-animals-civil-code-spain",{"Law / Policy":290,"Jurisdiction":184,"Sub-jurisdiction":141,"Type of Act":142,"Status":143,"Legal Value":144,"Description":291,"Strengths":292,"Weaknesses":293,"Date enacted":221,"Date updated":149,"Official citation":294,"Link to text":295,"Slug":296,"Agriculture":153,"Alternative Proteins":27,"Animal health":27,"Animal welfare":153,"Antimicrobial resistance":27,"Aquaculture":27,"Climate & environmental protection":27,"Labelling":27,"Recognition of sentience":27,"Public procurement":27,"Sales Bans":27,"Subsidies":27,"Taxation":27,"Wild-caught fishing":27,"All animals":27,"Farmed animals":27,"Beef cows":27,"Dairy cows":27,"Calves":27,"Broiler chickens":153,"Egg laying hens":27,"Fish":27,"Pigs":27},"Broilers Directive","Sets minimum animal welfare standards in the production of broiler chickens by establishing limits on density on farms with more than 500 broiler chickens.","Establishes limits on density levels and adds requirements for two higher tiers of density levels.\n\nImposes housing requirements: provision of dry litter, minimum intensity and duration of artificial light.\n\nEstablishes minimum inspection rate (twice a day).","Limit on density level (33kg / m2) is neutralised by two sets of derogations (39 and 42kg / m2).\n\nThe scope only includes commercial broiler chickens during the fattening stage and on farms with more than 500 animals.\n\nAllows beak trimming.","Council Directive 2007/43 of 28 June 2007 Laying Down Minimum Rules for the Protection of Chickens Kept for Meat Production, 2007 O.J. (L 182) 19 - 28 (E.U.)","https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=celex%3A32007L0043","broilers-directive-eu",{"Law / Policy":298,"Jurisdiction":156,"Sub-jurisdiction":299,"Type of Act":142,"Status":143,"Legal Value":144,"Description":300,"Strengths":301,"Weaknesses":302,"Date enacted":303,"Date updated":149,"Official citation":304,"Link to text":305,"Slug":306,"Agriculture":153,"Alternative Proteins":27,"Animal health":153,"Animal welfare":153,"Antimicrobial resistance":27,"Aquaculture":27,"Climate & environmental protection":27,"Labelling":27,"Recognition of sentience":27,"Public procurement":27,"Sales Bans":153,"Subsidies":27,"Taxation":27,"Wild-caught fishing":27,"All animals":27,"Farmed animals":27,"Beef cows":27,"Dairy cows":27,"Calves":153,"Broiler chickens":27,"Egg laying hens":153,"Fish":27,"Pigs":153},"California's Proposition 12 (Prevention of Cruelty to Farm Animals Act)","California","Prohibits the use of cages in egg, pork, and veal production, and bans the sale of eggs, uncooked pork or veal from animals that have not been raised following equivalent standards set in the Legislation.","Provides penalty: violations are considered as misdemeanours, with fines up to $1,000 (also weakness), and / or imprisonment in the county jail up to 180 days.\n\nProhibits the use of cages for egg-laying hens (defined as any female domesticated chicken, turkey, duck, goose or guineafowl kept for the purpose of egg production, but this definition does not include quail hens), breeding pigs, and veal calves, and any confinement method that prevents an animal from lying down, standing up, fully extending the animal's limbs, or turning around freely.\n\nSets maximum density levels and minimum space allowance per individual animal.\n(1) After December 31, 2019, confining a calf raised for veal with less than 43 square feet of usable floor space per calf; or\n(2) After December 31, 2021, confining a breeding pig with less than 24 square feet of usable floor space per pig; or\n(3) After December 31, 2019, confining an egg-laying hen with less than 144 square inches of usable floor space per hen; or\n(4) After December 31, 2021, confining an egg-laying hen with less than the amount of usable floor space per hen required by the 2017 edition of the United Egg Producers' Animal Husbandry Guidelines for U.S. Egg-Laying Flocks: Guidelines for Cage-Free Housing, or in an enclosure other than a cage-free housing system.\n\nApplies extra-territorially by banning the sale of all eggs, uncooked pork or veal from animals that have not been raised following equivalent standards set in the Legislation.","Only applies to egg-laying hens, pigs, and calves, and only applies on farms (i.e. not during transport and slaughter).\n\nStill allows high density levels.","2018","California Draft Bill, Prevention of Cruelty to Farm Animals Act, 2018 (U.S.A)","https://www.cdfa.ca.gov/ahfss/Prop12.html","california's-proposition-12-usa",{"Law / Policy":308,"Jurisdiction":184,"Sub-jurisdiction":309,"Type of Act":142,"Status":143,"Legal Value":144,"Description":310,"Strengths":311,"Weaknesses":312,"Date enacted":313,"Date updated":149,"Official citation":314,"Link to text":315,"Slug":316,"Agriculture":153,"Alternative Proteins":27,"Animal health":27,"Animal welfare":153,"Antimicrobial resistance":27,"Aquaculture":27,"Climate & environmental protection":27,"Labelling":27,"Recognition of sentience":27,"Public procurement":27,"Sales Bans":27,"Subsidies":27,"Taxation":27,"Wild-caught fishing":27,"All animals":27,"Farmed animals":27,"Beef cows":27,"Dairy cows":27,"Calves":153,"Broiler chickens":27,"Egg laying hens":27,"Fish":27,"Pigs":27},"Calves Directive","EU\n\nMember States laws can impose stricter standards.","Sets minimum animal welfare standards for calves by limiting the use of cages (individual pens) until the animal reaches eight weeks of age.","Covers all calves for rearing and fattening (including on dairy farms).\n\nSets minimum animal welfare standards:\n(1) Sets inspection rate by farmers (twice a day for calves kept indoor, once a day for calves kept outdoors).\n(2) Limits the use of cages for calves until 8 weeks of age.\n(3) Sets minimum space allowance per animal.\n(4) Imposes that individual pens contain perforated walls to ensure visual and tactile contacts with other animals.\n(5) Prohibits keeping calves permanently in darkness or tethered.\n(6) Sets minimum level of iron in the feed.\n(7) Animals who are imported from outside the EU must have received treatment at least equivalent to the ones set EU law.","Excludes calves older than six months and calves on farms with fewer than six calves from the scope of the legislation.\n\nAllows the use of cages (individual pens) for calves.","2008","Council Directive 2008/119 of 18 December 2008 Laying Down Minimum Standards for the Protection of Calves, 2009 O.J. (L 10) 7 - 13 (E.U.)","https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/ALL/?uri=CELEX%3A32008L0119","calves-directive-eu",{"Law / Policy":318,"Jurisdiction":319,"Sub-jurisdiction":141,"Type of Act":185,"Status":143,"Legal Value":320,"Description":321,"Strengths":322,"Weaknesses":323,"Date enacted":324,"Date updated":149,"Official citation":325,"Link to text":326,"Slug":327,"Agriculture":27,"Alternative Proteins":27,"Animal health":27,"Animal welfare":27,"Antimicrobial resistance":27,"Aquaculture":27,"Climate & environmental protection":153,"Labelling":27,"Recognition of sentience":27,"Public procurement":27,"Sales Bans":27,"Subsidies":27,"Taxation":27,"Wild-caught fishing":27,"All animals":27,"Farmed animals":153,"Beef cows":27,"Dairy cows":27,"Calves":27,"Broiler chickens":27,"Egg laying hens":27,"Fish":27,"Pigs":27},"Canada 2020 NDC","Canada","Non-binding","Sets reduction targets of greenhouse gas emissions in animal agriculture.","Includes the repurposing of land as a carbon sink by restoring native vegetation for land where grazing is not required or is unsuitable for horticulture or arable production. \n\nThis includes targets to reduce greenhouse gas emissions related to land use:\n- Invest over $3bn over 10 years to plant 2bn trees to boost carbon sequestration.\n- Invest $631 million to restore and conserve wetlands, peatlands, grasslands and agricultural lands, as well as to improve land management practices, and conserve carbon-rich ecosystems.\n- Commitment to protecting 25% of the land and 25% of the oceans in Canada by 2025 and working towards 30% of each by 2030.\n\nAgricultural initiatives proposed to reduce greenhouse gas emissions include:\n- To provide climate action programs for farmers, including the $185 million Agricultural Climate Solutions Program and the $165 million Agricultural Clean Technology Program with an additional $200 million to launch immediate, on-farm climate action, targeting projects that accelerate emission reductions by improving nitrogen management, increasing adoption of cover cropping, and normalising rotational grazing.","Does not provide quantified reduction targets of greenhouse gas emission for the animal agriculture sector. Measures for the animal agricultural sector are only provided for Prince Edward Island, and are not quantifiable. Prince Edward Island only committed to net-zero emissions by 2040 and the measures to achieve such an objective only include actions such as \"improvements in nutrient and livestock management in the agricultural sector.\"\n\nFurthermore, Canada's NDC does not include:\n(1) Timeframe for peak livestock production.\n(2) Reduction targets of consumption levels of animal source foods. \n(3) Measures to encourage a shift from high-meat diets, towards healthier, more sustainable plant-based diets.\n(4) A food diversification strategy by replacing livestock with foods that simultaneously minimise environmental burdens and maximise public health benefits (i.e.: pulses, grains, fruits, vegetables, nuts, and seeds).\n(5) Legislation to enforce measures to achieve the targets.","2020","Nationally Determined Contribution, Canada (2020)","https://www4.unfccc.int/sites/ndcstaging/PublishedDocuments/Canada%20First/Canada%27s%20Enhanced%20NDC%20Submission1_FINAL%20EN.pdf","2020-ndc-canada",{"Law / Policy":329,"Jurisdiction":330,"Sub-jurisdiction":141,"Type of Act":185,"Status":143,"Legal Value":141,"Description":331,"Strengths":332,"Weaknesses":333,"Date enacted":201,"Date updated":149,"Official citation":334,"Link to text":335,"Slug":336,"Agriculture":153,"Alternative Proteins":27,"Animal health":27,"Animal welfare":27,"Antimicrobial resistance":27,"Aquaculture":27,"Climate & environmental protection":153,"Labelling":27,"Recognition of sentience":27,"Public procurement":27,"Sales Bans":27,"Subsidies":27,"Taxation":153,"Wild-caught fishing":27,"All animals":27,"Farmed animals":153,"Beef cows":27,"Dairy cows":27,"Calves":27,"Broiler chickens":27,"Egg laying hens":27,"Fish":27,"Pigs":27},"Carbon Tax Act","South Africa","Implements a carbon pricing programme involving a carbon tax and offset system in agriculture.","Implements an Agricultural carbon tax, an offset system, and a tax-free allowance on expenses to reduce carbon emissions as part of South Africa's strategy to reduce GHG emissions by 34% by 2020 and 42% by 2025 (as per the 2011 National Climate Change Response Policy).","Will likely only apply to farms and enterprises which exceed the threshold value of 100,000 tons of carbon emissions per year.","Carbon Tax Act, 2019 (South Africa)","https://www.gov.za/documents/carbon-tax-act-15-2019-english-afrikaans-23-may-2019-0000","draft-carbon-tax-bill-south-africa",{"Law / Policy":338,"Jurisdiction":339,"Sub-jurisdiction":141,"Type of Act":142,"Status":143,"Legal Value":144,"Description":340,"Strengths":341,"Weaknesses":342,"Date enacted":285,"Date updated":149,"Official citation":343,"Link to text":344,"Slug":345,"Agriculture":27,"Alternative Proteins":27,"Animal health":27,"Animal welfare":27,"Antimicrobial resistance":27,"Aquaculture":27,"Climate & environmental protection":153,"Labelling":27,"Recognition of sentience":27,"Public procurement":27,"Sales Bans":27,"Subsidies":27,"Taxation":153,"Wild-caught fishing":27,"All animals":27,"Farmed animals":153,"Beef cows":27,"Dairy cows":27,"Calves":27,"Broiler chickens":27,"Egg laying hens":27,"Fish":27,"Pigs":27},"Climate Change Response (Emissions Trading Reform) Amendment Act 2020.","New Zealand","Amends the Climate Change Response Act of 2002 to align New Zealand's Emissions Trading Scheme with New Zealand's objectives  under the Paris Agreement of 50% reduction of net emissions below gross 2005 levels by 2030.","The legislation's scope covers emissions from livestock, and applies to a broad range of greenhouse gases, including Carbon Dioxide (CO2), Methane (CH4) and Nitrous Oxide (N2O).\n\nThe law requires that all farms have a written plan to measure and manage their greenhouse gas emissions by 2025.\n\nThe law further provides an implementation mechanism through an agreement with the agricultural sector called \"He Waka Eke Noa\" (M?ori prover which means \"we are all in this together\"). This agreement includes specific mitigation incentives and different pricing for long-term and short-term GHGs. \n\nThe agreement further allows farmers to choose between a farm-level levy and a processor-level hybrid levy. Should this partnership not make enough progress in 2022, the standard ETS mechanism will apply, with livestock emissions to be priced at the processor level.","The law sets a cap on the price that operators must pay for emitting greenhouse gas emissions, and such a cap is often set too high and the price of GHG tonne set too low in light of the environmental impacts and the necessary measures to tackle the climate crises.\n\nEmissions trade may lead polluters to accumulate \"emission units\" instead of incentivising them to reduce their emissions. This, in turn, might make it difficult for other actors to enter the market.\n\nUntil 2015 the NZ ETS was linked to the Kyoto Protocol emissions trade, purchasing emission units at low cost, and hinders progress in GHG mitigation and meeting climate goals.","Climate Change Response (Emissions Trading Reform) Amendment Act 2020","https://hewakaekenoa.nz/wp-content/uploads/2022/06/FINAL-He-Waka-Eke-Noa-Recommendations-Report.pdf","climate-change-response-amendment-act-2020-new-zealand",{"Law / Policy":347,"Jurisdiction":184,"Sub-jurisdiction":141,"Type of Act":142,"Status":348,"Legal Value":144,"Description":349,"Strengths":350,"Weaknesses":351,"Date enacted":352,"Date updated":149,"Official citation":353,"Link to text":354,"Slug":355,"Agriculture":153,"Alternative Proteins":27,"Animal health":27,"Animal welfare":153,"Antimicrobial resistance":27,"Aquaculture":27,"Climate & environmental protection":27,"Labelling":27,"Recognition of sentience":27,"Public procurement":153,"Sales Bans":27,"Subsidies":153,"Taxation":27,"Wild-caught fishing":27,"All animals":27,"Farmed animals":27,"Beef cows":153,"Dairy cows":153,"Calves":153,"Broiler chickens":27,"Egg laying hens":27,"Fish":27,"Pigs":153},"Common Agricultural Policy (\"Pillar I\" payments)","Under revision","Penalises pig and calf producers under the form of reduced subsidies in cases of breaches with the Pigs and Calves Directives.","Establishes \"conditionality,\" an enforcement mechanism whereby farmed animal producers who receive subsidies will see the amount of their agricultural subsidies reduced if they fail to comply with animal welfare rules on farmed animals, pigs, and calves.","Only a limited set of rules on animal welfare are included in conditionality (broiler and egg-laying hens directives are excluded).\n\nConditionality only applies to producers who receive subsidies.\n\nBroad exemption to farmers who fall under the \"small farmer\" regulatory definition, which represent 60% of EU farmers.\n\nMember States can implement a three-step warning system before penalising non-compliant farmers. Penalties are limited to 3 to 5% reduction in the total amount of subsidies.","2013","Regulation 1307/2013 of 17 December 2013 Establishing Rules for Direct Payments to Farmers under Support Schemes within the Framework of the Common Agricultural Policy, 2013, O.J. (L 347) 608 – 670  (E.U.)","https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=celex%3A32013R1307","common-agricultural-policy-pillar-i-payments-eu",{"Law / Policy":357,"Jurisdiction":184,"Sub-jurisdiction":141,"Type of Act":142,"Status":348,"Legal Value":144,"Description":358,"Strengths":359,"Weaknesses":360,"Date enacted":352,"Date updated":149,"Official citation":361,"Link to text":362,"Slug":363,"Agriculture":153,"Alternative Proteins":27,"Animal health":27,"Animal welfare":27,"Antimicrobial resistance":27,"Aquaculture":27,"Climate & environmental protection":27,"Labelling":27,"Recognition of sentience":27,"Public procurement":27,"Sales Bans":27,"Subsidies":153,"Taxation":27,"Wild-caught fishing":27,"All animals":27,"Farmed animals":153,"Beef cows":27,"Dairy cows":27,"Calves":27,"Broiler chickens":27,"Egg laying hens":27,"Fish":27,"Pigs":27},"Common Agricultural Policy (\"Pillar II\" payments)","Subsidy payments for producers implementing good practices (i.e. practices that go beyond minimum legal standards) in the field of animal welfare practices.","Grants payments to producers for measures that improve the welfare of animals, such as the construction and renovation of infrastructures (e.g.: increased outdoor access, increased space allowances, construction of outdoor shelters), the provision of enrichment materials (e.g. straw, perches), or measures improving animal health (e.g.: feeding plans, hoof care).\n\nPayments include subsidies for producers to transition or maintain organic standards on their farm. (NEW)","EU law does not require that all Member States propose this type of subsidy.\n\nOther types of subsidies under Pillar II also encourage industrial farm animal production, such as the subsidisation of ventilation for indoor broiler production, or for the construction of manure lagoons.","Regulation 1305/2013 of 17 December 2013 on Support for Rural Development by the European Agricultural Fund for Rural Development (EAFRD), 2013, O.J. (L 347) 487–548 (E.U.)","https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=celex%3A32013R1305","common-agricultural-policy-pillar-ii-payments-eu",{"Law / Policy":365,"Jurisdiction":140,"Sub-jurisdiction":141,"Type of Act":142,"Status":143,"Legal Value":144,"Description":236,"Strengths":366,"Weaknesses":220,"Date enacted":367,"Date updated":149,"Official citation":368,"Link to text":369,"Slug":370,"Agriculture":27,"Alternative Proteins":27,"Animal health":27,"Animal welfare":153,"Antimicrobial resistance":27,"Aquaculture":27,"Climate & environmental protection":27,"Labelling":27,"Recognition of sentience":27,"Public procurement":27,"Sales Bans":27,"Subsidies":27,"Taxation":27,"Wild-caught fishing":27,"All animals":153,"Farmed animals":27,"Beef cows":27,"Dairy cows":27,"Calves":27,"Broiler chickens":27,"Egg laying hens":27,"Fish":27,"Pigs":27},"Constitution of India","Enshrines into law the philosophy of ahimsa (\"do no harm\") through stating \"it shall be the duty of every citizen of India to protect and improve the natural environment including forests, lakes, rivers and wildlife and to have compassion for living creatures\" (Article 51A(g)).","1949","India Const. art. 51A(g)","https://www.iitk.ac.in/wc/data/coi-4March2016.pdf","constitution-of-india",{"Law / Policy":372,"Jurisdiction":373,"Sub-jurisdiction":141,"Type of Act":142,"Status":143,"Legal Value":144,"Description":374,"Strengths":375,"Weaknesses":376,"Date enacted":201,"Date updated":149,"Official citation":377,"Link to text":378,"Slug":379,"Agriculture":153,"Alternative Proteins":27,"Animal health":153,"Animal welfare":27,"Antimicrobial resistance":153,"Aquaculture":27,"Climate & environmental protection":27,"Labelling":27,"Recognition of sentience":27,"Public procurement":27,"Sales Bans":27,"Subsidies":27,"Taxation":27,"Wild-caught fishing":27,"All animals":27,"Farmed animals":153,"Beef cows":27,"Dairy cows":27,"Calves":27,"Broiler chickens":27,"Egg laying hens":27,"Fish":27,"Pigs":27},"Decreto 8 febbraio 2019","Italy","Imposes the use of e-prescriptions for antimicrobials.","Implements the Law of November 20th 2017, n. 167, which requires that e-prescriptions be produced for all antibiotics given for veterinary medicines and medicated feed by requiring:\n(1) that e-prescriptions be produced for all antibiotics given to food producing animals.\n(2) by imposing traceability of medicines used in food-producing animals through the use of the central database used for the traceability of the human medicines (established in 2005 at the Ministry of Health).","Does not impose stricter regulation on the use of antimicrobials than provided in EU law.","DECRETO 8 febbraio 2019 Modalita' applicative delle disposizioni in materia di tracciabilita' dei medicinali veterinari e dei mangimi medicati. (19A02527) (It.)","https://www.gazzettaufficiale.it/eli/id/2019/04/15/19A02527/sg","decreto-8-febbraio-2019-italy",{"Law / Policy":381,"Jurisdiction":184,"Sub-jurisdiction":184,"Type of Act":142,"Status":143,"Legal Value":144,"Description":382,"Strengths":383,"Weaknesses":384,"Date enacted":385,"Date updated":149,"Official citation":386,"Link to text":387,"Slug":388,"Agriculture":153,"Alternative Proteins":27,"Animal health":27,"Animal welfare":153,"Antimicrobial resistance":27,"Aquaculture":27,"Climate & environmental protection":27,"Labelling":27,"Recognition of sentience":27,"Public procurement":27,"Sales Bans":27,"Subsidies":27,"Taxation":27,"Wild-caught fishing":27,"All animals":27,"Farmed animals":27,"Beef cows":27,"Dairy cows":27,"Calves":27,"Broiler chickens":27,"Egg laying hens":153,"Fish":27,"Pigs":27},"Egg-Laying Hens Directive","Sets minimum animal welfare standards in egg production by banning conventional battery cages, limiting stocking densities and setting standards for two types of farming systems: enriched battery cages, and systems without cages.","Places a moratorium on the construction of conventional cages as of 2003, and prohibits their use since 2012. Only \"enriched battery cages\" are allowed since 2012. These have slightly less density levels and must contain enrichment materials (nesting area, scratching area and perches).\n\nSets standards in systems which do not use cages, by placing a limit on stocking densities (nine laying hens per m2 usable area) and imposing the use of enrichment materials (perches, litters).\n\nBans forced moulting.\n\nImposes a minimum inspection rate of the animals of once a day.\n\nProvides general principles on noise levels, lighting regime, and mutilations.","Does not cover operations with less than 350 animals and only covers commercial egg-laying hens (not breeding animals).\n\nDoes not contain a ban on the use of cages.\n\nAllows high stocking densities.\n\nThe Annex provides a general ban on mutilations, which is neutralised by a broad exemption \"Member States may authorize beak trimming.\"\n\nThe provisions on the lighting standards remain broadly formulated and does not provide engineering standards.","1999","Council Directive 1999/74 of 19 July 1999 Laying Down Minimum Standards for the Protection of Laying Hens, 1999 O.J. L 203/53 - 57 (E.U.)","https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=celex%3A31999L0074","egg-laying-hens-directive-eu",{"Law / Policy":390,"Jurisdiction":184,"Sub-jurisdiction":141,"Type of Act":391,"Status":348,"Legal Value":144,"Description":392,"Strengths":393,"Weaknesses":394,"Date enacted":313,"Date updated":149,"Official citation":395,"Link to text":396,"Slug":397,"Agriculture":153,"Alternative Proteins":27,"Animal health":27,"Animal welfare":27,"Antimicrobial resistance":27,"Aquaculture":27,"Climate & environmental protection":27,"Labelling":153,"Recognition of sentience":27,"Public procurement":27,"Sales Bans":27,"Subsidies":27,"Taxation":27,"Wild-caught fishing":27,"All animals":27,"Farmed animals":27,"Beef cows":27,"Dairy cows":27,"Calves":27,"Broiler chickens":27,"Egg laying hens":153,"Fish":27,"Pigs":27},"Eggs Marketing Standards","Regulation","Imposes method-of-production labelling for shell eggs.","Requires producers to disclose the egg laying hens' housing systems by way of a code on all table eggs sold in the EU, indicating whether the eggs are originating from egg-laying hens kept in cages (code 3), cage-free indoor (code 2), cage-free with outdoor access (code 1), or organic standards, with outdoor access to an enriched outdoor space (code 0).\n\nApplies to all shell eggs sold in the EU, including imported shell eggs form non-EU countries.","The rule only applies to shell eggs and therefore excludes egg products in prepared food.","Commission Regulation 589/2008 of 23 June 2008Laying Down Detailed Rules for Implementing Council Regulation 1234/2007 as Regards Marketing Standards for Eggs, 2008,\nO.J. L 163/6 - 23 (EU)","https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX%3A32008R0589","eggs-marketing-standards-eu",{"Law / Policy":399,"Jurisdiction":339,"Sub-jurisdiction":141,"Type of Act":185,"Status":143,"Legal Value":320,"Description":400,"Strengths":401,"Weaknesses":402,"Date enacted":303,"Date updated":149,"Official citation":403,"Link to text":404,"Slug":405,"Agriculture":153,"Alternative Proteins":27,"Animal health":27,"Animal welfare":27,"Antimicrobial resistance":27,"Aquaculture":27,"Climate & environmental protection":153,"Labelling":27,"Recognition of sentience":27,"Public procurement":27,"Sales Bans":27,"Subsidies":27,"Taxation":27,"Wild-caught fishing":27,"All animals":27,"Farmed animals":153,"Beef cows":27,"Dairy cows":27,"Calves":27,"Broiler chickens":27,"Egg laying hens":27,"Fish":27,"Pigs":27},"Essential Freshwater Work Programme","New Zealand's water policies for healthy waterways.","Regulates winter grazing by updating directions for local authorities, measuring and reporting of water takes, prohibiting access for cattle, pigs and deer to wetlands, lakes, and rivers from within a three-meter distance.","Does not provide legally binding rules.","Ministry for the Environment and Ministry for Primary Industries, Essential Freshwater: Healthy Water, Fairly Allocated (2018)","https://environment.govt.nz/assets/Publications/Files/essential-freshwater.pdf","essential-freshwater-work-programme-new-zealand",{"Law / Policy":407,"Jurisdiction":184,"Sub-jurisdiction":141,"Type of Act":408,"Status":143,"Legal Value":197,"Description":409,"Strengths":410,"Weaknesses":411,"Date enacted":303,"Date updated":149,"Official citation":407,"Link to text":412,"Slug":413,"Agriculture":153,"Alternative Proteins":27,"Animal health":27,"Animal welfare":153,"Antimicrobial resistance":27,"Aquaculture":27,"Climate & environmental protection":27,"Labelling":153,"Recognition of sentience":27,"Public procurement":27,"Sales Bans":27,"Subsidies":27,"Taxation":27,"Wild-caught fishing":27,"All animals":27,"Farmed animals":27,"Beef cows":27,"Dairy cows":27,"Calves":27,"Broiler chickens":153,"Egg laying hens":27,"Fish":27,"Pigs":27},"Etiquette Bien-Être Animal","Private Certification","Imposes higher voluntary animal welfare standards.","Imposes higher animal welfare standards than standards contained in EU farm animal welfare and organic legislation, by requiring lower stocking densities, outdoor access, and more enrichment materials, as well as higher standard during transport and slaughter.\n\nImposes a rating of products, from A (highest) to E (lowest rate), indicating how well, but also how bad, products rate in terms of farm animal welfare.","The detailed list of standards is not available to the public.","https://www.etiquettebienetreanimal.fr/","etiquette-bien-etre-animal-eu",{"Law / Policy":415,"Jurisdiction":184,"Sub-jurisdiction":141,"Type of Act":185,"Status":143,"Legal Value":144,"Description":321,"Strengths":416,"Weaknesses":417,"Date enacted":324,"Date updated":149,"Official citation":418,"Link to text":419,"Slug":420,"Agriculture":27,"Alternative Proteins":27,"Animal health":27,"Animal welfare":27,"Antimicrobial resistance":27,"Aquaculture":27,"Climate & environmental protection":153,"Labelling":27,"Recognition of sentience":27,"Public procurement":27,"Sales Bans":27,"Subsidies":27,"Taxation":27,"Wild-caught fishing":27,"All animals":27,"Farmed animals":153,"Beef cows":27,"Dairy cows":27,"Calves":27,"Broiler chickens":27,"Egg laying hens":27,"Fish":27,"Pigs":27},"EU 2020 NDC","The EU NDC covers the agricultural sector and the EU has adopted legislation to enforce the Paris Agreement's objectives to reduce emissions associated with land use.\n\nUnder Regulation 2018/841 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 30 May 2018 on the inclusion of greenhouse gas emissions and removals from land use, land use change and forestry (LULUCF), thus sets a binding commitment for each Member State to ensure that accounted emissions from land use are, at a minimum, compensated by an equivalent accounted removal of CO? from the atmosphere.","Does not provide quantified reduction targets of greenhouse gas emission for the animal agriculture sector.\n\nFurthermore, the EU's NDC does not include:\n(1) Timeframe for peak livestock production.\n(2) Reduction targets of consumption levels of animal source foods. \n(3) Measures to encourage a shift from high-meat diets, towards healthier, more sustainable plant-based diets.\n(4) A food diversification strategy by replacing livestock with foods that simultaneously minimise environmental burdens and maximise public health benefits (i.e.: pulses, grains, fruits, vegetables, nuts, and seeds).","Nationally Determined Contribution, European Union (2020)","https://www4.unfccc.int/sites/ndcstaging/PublishedDocuments/European%20Union%20First/EU_NDC_Submission_December%202020.pdf","2020-ndc-eu",{"Law / Policy":422,"Jurisdiction":184,"Sub-jurisdiction":141,"Type of Act":142,"Status":143,"Legal Value":144,"Description":423,"Strengths":424,"Weaknesses":425,"Date enacted":352,"Date updated":149,"Official citation":426,"Link to text":427,"Slug":428,"Agriculture":27,"Alternative Proteins":27,"Animal health":27,"Animal welfare":27,"Antimicrobial resistance":27,"Aquaculture":27,"Climate & environmental protection":27,"Labelling":27,"Recognition of sentience":27,"Public procurement":27,"Sales Bans":27,"Subsidies":27,"Taxation":27,"Wild-caught fishing":153,"All animals":27,"Farmed animals":27,"Beef cows":27,"Dairy cows":27,"Calves":27,"Broiler chickens":27,"Egg laying hens":27,"Fish":153,"Pigs":27},"EU Common Fisheries Policy","Regulates the fishing industry by limiting the amount of fish harvested.","Establishes limitations on the quantity of fish killed, by setting maximum sustainable yields at regional levels, as well as fleet capacity ceilings.\n\nImplements measures to reduce by-catch, such as through the prohibition of certain equipment.\n\nRequires reporting and monitoring measures are put in place in the Member States to monitor the amount of fish.","Does not cover all aquatic animals, only fish.\n\nSubsidises fishing.\n\nDoes not include conditionality mechanisms with animal welfare rules.\n\nSuffers from major enforcement issues.","Regulation (EU) No 1380/2013 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 11 December 2013 on the Common Fisheries Policy, \nO.J. L 354/22 - 61 (2013) (E.U.)","https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=celex%3A32013R1380","common-fisheries-policy-eu",{"Law / Policy":430,"Jurisdiction":184,"Sub-jurisdiction":141,"Type of Act":391,"Status":143,"Legal Value":144,"Description":409,"Strengths":431,"Weaknesses":432,"Date enacted":303,"Date updated":149,"Official citation":433,"Link to text":434,"Slug":435,"Agriculture":153,"Alternative Proteins":27,"Animal health":27,"Animal welfare":153,"Antimicrobial resistance":27,"Aquaculture":153,"Climate & environmental protection":27,"Labelling":153,"Recognition of sentience":27,"Public procurement":27,"Sales Bans":27,"Subsidies":27,"Taxation":27,"Wild-caught fishing":27,"All animals":27,"Farmed animals":153,"Beef cows":27,"Dairy cows":27,"Calves":27,"Broiler chickens":27,"Egg laying hens":27,"Fish":153,"Pigs":27},"EU Organic Regulation","Imposes higher animal welfare standards than standards contained in EU farm animal welfare legislation, by requiring lower stocking densities, outdoor access, and more enrichment materials.","EU organic standards do not contain quantifiable animal welfare standards during the transport and slaughter of animals. \n\nStandards remain unavailable for many species, such as most farmed fish, and producing animals, such as breeding animals.","Regulation 2018/848 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 30 May 2018 on Organic Production and Labelling of Organic Products, 2018, O.J. L 150/1–92.","https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX%3A32018R0848","organic-regulation-eu",{"Law / Policy":437,"Jurisdiction":184,"Sub-jurisdiction":141,"Type of Act":142,"Status":143,"Legal Value":144,"Description":438,"Strengths":439,"Weaknesses":440,"Date enacted":189,"Date updated":149,"Official citation":441,"Link to text":442,"Slug":443,"Agriculture":153,"Alternative Proteins":153,"Animal health":27,"Animal welfare":27,"Antimicrobial resistance":27,"Aquaculture":27,"Climate & environmental protection":27,"Labelling":27,"Recognition of sentience":27,"Public procurement":153,"Sales Bans":27,"Subsidies":27,"Taxation":27,"Wild-caught fishing":27,"All animals":27,"Farmed animals":27,"Beef cows":27,"Dairy cows":27,"Calves":27,"Broiler chickens":27,"Egg laying hens":27,"Fish":27,"Pigs":27},"EU School Scheme for Fruits and Vegetables Regulation","Funds the distribution of fruits and vegetables in school cafeterias in the E.U.","Provides funding for the distribution of fruits and vegetables in school cafeterias in the European Union.","Products funded for may contain limited quantities of added sugar, salt and /or fat.\n\nA similar program, the E.U. School Scheme for Milk, funds the distribution of milk in school cafeterias.","Commission Implementing Regulation (EU) 2017/39 of 3 November 2016 on rules for the application of Regulation (EU) No 1308/2013 of the European Parliament and of the Council with regard to Union aid for the supply of fruit and vegetables, bananas and milk in educational establishments, O.J. L 5/1 - 10 (2017) (E.U.)","https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:32017R0039","common-agricultural-policy-school-milk-eu",{"Law / Policy":445,"Jurisdiction":446,"Sub-jurisdiction":141,"Type of Act":196,"Status":143,"Legal Value":197,"Description":447,"Strengths":448,"Weaknesses":449,"Date enacted":450,"Date updated":149,"Official citation":451,"Link to text":452,"Slug":453,"Agriculture":153,"Alternative Proteins":27,"Animal health":27,"Animal welfare":153,"Antimicrobial resistance":27,"Aquaculture":27,"Climate & environmental protection":27,"Labelling":27,"Recognition of sentience":27,"Public procurement":27,"Sales Bans":27,"Subsidies":27,"Taxation":27,"Wild-caught fishing":27,"All animals":153,"Farmed animals":27,"Beef cows":27,"Dairy cows":27,"Calves":27,"Broiler chickens":27,"Egg laying hens":27,"Fish":27,"Pigs":27},"European Convention for the Protection of Animals During Transport","Council of Europe","Sets general principles to safeguard the welfare of animals during international transport by air, road, and rail.","Sets broad principles on the resting, watering, and feeding requirements.\n\nRequires training of transporters. \n\nEstablishes broad specifications of vessels. \n\nImposes broad requirements on the planning of journeys.","Only sets general rules, with no precise standards.\n\nDoes not cover invertebrates.","2003","Council of Europe, European Convention for the Protection of Animals During Transport, Nov. 6, 2003, E.T.S. 193","https://www.coe.int/en/web/conventions/full-list?module=treaty-detail&treatynum=193","protection-of-animals-during-transport-eu",{"Law / Policy":455,"Jurisdiction":446,"Sub-jurisdiction":141,"Type of Act":196,"Status":143,"Legal Value":197,"Description":456,"Strengths":457,"Weaknesses":458,"Date enacted":459,"Date updated":149,"Official citation":460,"Link to text":461,"Slug":462,"Agriculture":27,"Alternative Proteins":27,"Animal health":153,"Animal welfare":153,"Antimicrobial resistance":27,"Aquaculture":27,"Climate & environmental protection":27,"Labelling":27,"Recognition of sentience":27,"Public procurement":27,"Sales Bans":27,"Subsidies":27,"Taxation":27,"Wild-caught fishing":27,"All animals":27,"Farmed animals":153,"Beef cows":27,"Dairy cows":27,"Calves":27,"Broiler chickens":27,"Egg laying hens":27,"Fish":27,"Pigs":27},"European Convention for the Protection of Animals for Slaughter","Sets general principles to ensure minimum welfare levels for farmed animals during slaughter.","Sets general principles on procedures (reduced waiting periods after unloading to the slaughterhouse, stunning recommended) and buildings (no slippery floors, pens with minimum space).","Only regulates the treatment of animals at slaughter, and not killing in general (which include depopulation and emergency killing).\n\nOnly sets general rules, with no engineering standards.\n\nDoes not prohibit slaughter without stunning, but slaughter without stunning is regulated as an exemption to the general obligation to stun animals before bleeding them.","1979","Council of Europe, European Convention for the Protection of Animals for Slaughter, May 10, 1979, E.T.S. 102","https://www.coe.int/en/web/conventions/full-list?module=treaty-detail&treatynum=102","protection-of-animals-for-slaughter-eu",{"Law / Policy":464,"Jurisdiction":446,"Sub-jurisdiction":141,"Type of Act":196,"Status":143,"Legal Value":197,"Description":465,"Strengths":466,"Weaknesses":449,"Date enacted":269,"Date updated":149,"Official citation":467,"Link to text":468,"Slug":469,"Agriculture":27,"Alternative Proteins":27,"Animal health":27,"Animal welfare":153,"Antimicrobial resistance":27,"Aquaculture":27,"Climate & environmental protection":27,"Labelling":27,"Recognition of sentience":27,"Public procurement":27,"Sales Bans":27,"Subsidies":27,"Taxation":27,"Wild-caught fishing":27,"All animals":153,"Farmed animals":27,"Beef cows":27,"Dairy cows":27,"Calves":27,"Broiler chickens":27,"Egg laying hens":27,"Fish":27,"Pigs":27},"European Convention for the Protection of Animals Kept for Farming Purposes","Sets general principles to ensure minimum welfare levels for farmed animals.","Covers all vertebrate animals.\n\nSets general requirements on access to water and feed, housing, and veterinary care to avoid \"unnecessary suffering.\"\n\nAims to regulate the welfare of animals \"in modern intensive stock-farming systems\" in particular.","Council of Europe, European Convention for the Protection of Animals Kept for Farming Purposes, March 10, 1976, E.T.S. 87","https://www.coe.int/en/web/conventions/full-list?module=treaty-detail&treatynum=087","protection-of-animals-kept-for-farming-purposes-eu",{"Law / Policy":471,"Jurisdiction":472,"Sub-jurisdiction":141,"Type of Act":157,"Status":473,"Legal Value":141,"Description":474,"Strengths":475,"Weaknesses":476,"Date enacted":141,"Date updated":149,"Official citation":477,"Link to text":478,"Slug":479,"Agriculture":27,"Alternative Proteins":153,"Animal health":27,"Animal welfare":27,"Antimicrobial resistance":27,"Aquaculture":27,"Climate & environmental protection":27,"Labelling":27,"Recognition of sentience":27,"Public procurement":27,"Sales Bans":27,"Subsidies":27,"Taxation":153,"Wild-caught fishing":27,"All animals":27,"Farmed animals":27,"Beef cows":27,"Dairy cows":27,"Calves":27,"Broiler chickens":27,"Egg laying hens":27,"Fish":27,"Pigs":27},"Fair Meat Price Proposal","The Netherlands","Proposal by civil society","Establishes a tax on animal source product and a fund to compensate farmers, low-income communities, as well as climate mitigation and adaptation measures.","Revenues generated by the tax will go towards a 'Fair Food Price Fund' which will compensate farmers for implementing additional measures to protect the climate and improve animal welfare as well as to compensate low income communities. The Fund will further fund the decrease of tax on sales plant-based foods. In addition, part of the \"Fair Food Tax' revenues can be used for funding the UN Green Climate Fund for mitigation and adaptation.","The efficiency of such a tax mechanism is limited by the absence of an EU tax policy that would harmonize such mechanism in the EU as opposed to only one country.","True Animal Portein price Coalition (TAPP), \"EU Policy Proposals,\" https://www.tappcoalition.eu/policy-proposals (last visited October 3 2021)","https://www.tappcoalition.eu/policy-proposals","fair-meat-price-proposal-the-netherlands",{"Law / Policy":481,"Jurisdiction":141,"Sub-jurisdiction":141,"Type of Act":185,"Status":473,"Legal Value":141,"Description":482,"Strengths":483,"Weaknesses":27,"Date enacted":303,"Date updated":149,"Official citation":484,"Link to text":485,"Slug":486,"Agriculture":27,"Alternative Proteins":27,"Animal health":153,"Animal welfare":27,"Antimicrobial resistance":153,"Aquaculture":27,"Climate & environmental protection":27,"Labelling":27,"Recognition of sentience":27,"Public procurement":27,"Sales Bans":27,"Subsidies":27,"Taxation":27,"Wild-caught fishing":27,"All animals":27,"Farmed animals":153,"Beef cows":27,"Dairy cows":27,"Calves":27,"Broiler chickens":27,"Egg laying hens":27,"Fish":27,"Pigs":27},"FAIRR Best Practice Policy on Antibiotic Stewardship","Formulates policy and legal recommendations and outlines best practice policy on antibiotic stewardship across global supply chains to guide the development of individual policies for corporations.","Prioritises the reduction of all antibiotics classified as \"medically important antimicrobials.\"\n\nRecommends that antimicrobials should be used only for the purpose of treating diagnosed diseases.\n\nRecommends banning the use of antimicrobials for preventative and growth-promotion purposes.\n\nRecommends that the use of antimicrobials should be supervised by a veterinarian familiar with the premises and the animals.\n\nRecommends the mandatory reporting of the use of antibiotics by livestock producers to oversight agencies and the public.\n\nSuggests global targets and timelines to meet commitments for all relevant species in the companies' supply chains.","FAIRR, Best Practice Policy on Antibiotic Stewardship (2018)","https://cdn.fairr.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/5/2018/10/03164107/FAIRR-Template-Antibiotics-Policy-final.pdf","fairr-best-practice-antibiotic-stewardship-n-a",{"Law / Policy":488,"Jurisdiction":184,"Sub-jurisdiction":141,"Type of Act":391,"Status":143,"Legal Value":144,"Description":489,"Strengths":490,"Weaknesses":394,"Date enacted":313,"Date updated":149,"Official citation":491,"Link to text":492,"Slug":493,"Agriculture":27,"Alternative Proteins":27,"Animal health":27,"Animal welfare":27,"Antimicrobial resistance":27,"Aquaculture":27,"Climate & environmental protection":27,"Labelling":153,"Recognition of sentience":27,"Public procurement":27,"Sales Bans":27,"Subsidies":27,"Taxation":27,"Wild-caught fishing":153,"All animals":27,"Farmed animals":27,"Beef cows":27,"Dairy cows":27,"Calves":27,"Broiler chickens":27,"Egg laying hens":27,"Fish":153,"Pigs":27},"Fish Marketing Standards","Imposes the catching method for wild-caught fish.","Requires fisheries to disclose method of production on fresh fish sold to consumers, in particular by using the following words: \"caught\" or \"caught in freshwater\" or \"farmed\".\n\nApplies to all shell eggs sold in the EU, including imported shell eggs form non-EU countries.","Regulation 1379/2013 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 11 December 2013 on the Common Organisation of the Markets in Fishery and Aquaculture Products, 2013, O.J. L 354/1 -21 (E.U.)","https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=celex%3A32013R1379","fish-marketing-standards-eu",{"Law / Policy":495,"Jurisdiction":184,"Sub-jurisdiction":309,"Type of Act":142,"Status":143,"Legal Value":144,"Description":496,"Strengths":497,"Weaknesses":498,"Date enacted":499,"Date updated":149,"Official citation":500,"Link to text":501,"Slug":502,"Agriculture":153,"Alternative Proteins":27,"Animal health":27,"Animal welfare":153,"Antimicrobial resistance":27,"Aquaculture":27,"Climate & environmental protection":27,"Labelling":27,"Recognition of sentience":27,"Public procurement":27,"Sales Bans":27,"Subsidies":27,"Taxation":27,"Wild-caught fishing":27,"All animals":27,"Farmed animals":153,"Beef cows":27,"Dairy cows":27,"Calves":27,"Broiler chickens":27,"Egg laying hens":27,"Fish":27,"Pigs":27},"General Farming Directive","Sets minimum standards regulating the treatment of all farmed animals, including fish, animals for fur, skin, or fur purposes, except invertebrates.","Broad scope (covers all animals fish, farmed for food, fibre, or fur purposes, except invertebrates).\n\nThe Annex sets general principles regarding:\n(1) Space allowance (animals \"must be given the space appropriate to [their] physiological and ethological needs\").\n(2) Buildings must \"not be harmful to the animals.\"\n(3) Access to feed and water, and access to a diet \"appropriate to their age and species.\" Animals shall not be \"provided with food or liquid in a manner [...] which may cause unnecessary suffering or injury.\"\n(4) \"Breeding procedures which cause or are likely to cause suffering or injury [...] must not be practiced, and \"no animals shall be kept for farming purposes unless it can reasonably be expected, on the basis of its genotype or phenotype, that it can be kept without detrimental effect on its health and welfare.\"","The act excludes invertebrates from its scope and does not provide species-specific care including developmental. \n\nPhysiological, and ethological needs not addressed.\n\nThe language of the provisions is vague and almost always provides basis for exemptions to general principles (e.g. freedom of movement, mutilations, building specifications).\n\nThe act contains no enforcement mechanisms.","1998","Council Directive 98/58 of 20 July 1998 Concerning the Protection of Animals Kept for Farming Purposes, 1998 O.J. L 221/23 - 27 (E.U.)","https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=celex%3A31998L0058","general-farming-directive-eu",{"Law / Policy":504,"Jurisdiction":156,"Sub-jurisdiction":505,"Type of Act":142,"Status":143,"Legal Value":144,"Description":506,"Strengths":507,"Weaknesses":508,"Date enacted":324,"Date updated":509,"Official citation":510,"Link to text":511,"Slug":512,"Agriculture":27,"Alternative Proteins":153,"Animal health":27,"Animal welfare":27,"Antimicrobial resistance":27,"Aquaculture":27,"Climate & environmental protection":153,"Labelling":27,"Recognition of sentience":27,"Public procurement":153,"Sales Bans":27,"Subsidies":27,"Taxation":27,"Wild-caught fishing":27,"All animals":27,"Farmed animals":27,"Beef cows":27,"Dairy cows":27,"Calves":27,"Broiler chickens":27,"Egg laying hens":27,"Fish":27,"Pigs":27},"Green Food Purchasing Amendment Act 2020","Washington, D.C.","Directs to reduce overall greenhouse gas emissions associated with food.","Directs the Department of Energy and Environment to adopt a methodology to estimate greenhouse gas emissions that occur through the life cycle of certain foods and establish a baseline measurement of greenhouse gas emissions associated with the District's food and beverage purchases, and to require contracting agencies to reduce overall greenhouse gas emissions associated with food and beverages according to a reduction schedule (for purchases over $10,000). Requires agencies to quantify emissions from their food purchases and take steps to reduce these emissions by 25% by 2030 (10% by 2025, 18% by 2027). Requires DOEE to prepare an annual report  (by 1 February 2025, and each February 1 thereafter) with recommendations for other procurement options that could be targeted to lower greenhouse gas emissions and recommendations to more quickly achieve reduction goals.","Reduction targets lack ambition. \n\nLanguage is unclear regarding the need for plant-based procurement to achieve greenhouse gas emission targets and there is no mandate to include plant-based or vegan options in public procurements contracts. \n\nReporting nor monitoring requirements do not apply to contracting agencies and the bill does not include periodic reporting requirements and adjustments based on \"best available science.\"","January, 2024","Green Food Purchasing Amendment Act, DC-Law 24-16 (2021)","https://code.dccouncil.gov/us/dc/council/laws/24-16","DC-green-food-purchasing-amendment-act-of-2020-usa",{"Law / Policy":514,"Jurisdiction":156,"Sub-jurisdiction":515,"Type of Act":185,"Status":143,"Legal Value":197,"Description":516,"Strengths":517,"Weaknesses":518,"Date enacted":352,"Date updated":149,"Official citation":519,"Link to text":520,"Slug":521,"Agriculture":27,"Alternative Proteins":27,"Animal health":27,"Animal welfare":27,"Antimicrobial resistance":153,"Aquaculture":27,"Climate & environmental protection":27,"Labelling":27,"Recognition of sentience":27,"Public procurement":27,"Sales Bans":27,"Subsidies":27,"Taxation":27,"Wild-caught fishing":27,"All animals":27,"Farmed animals":153,"Beef cows":27,"Dairy cows":27,"Calves":27,"Broiler chickens":27,"Egg laying hens":27,"Fish":27,"Pigs":27},"Guidance on New Animal Drugs\nAdministered in Medicated Feed or Drinking Water of Food Producing Animals","Federal level","Formulates recommendations to phase out production uses of medically important antimicrobials in food-producing animals to align practices with the FDA's recommendations included in the guidance document \"The Judicious Use of Medically Important Antimicrobial Drugs in Food-Producing Animals\" (Judicious Use Guidance, GFI #209).","Recommends eliminating the use of medically important antimicrobials for growth promotion and feed efficiency purposes.\n\nRecommends that all medically important antimicrobials used in feed or water should require a VFD (Veterinary Feed Directive) or a prescription.","These recommendations are not binding and as such, have never been codified into law. As a result, the regulations pertaining to antimicrobials use in the US have never been updated to reflect this guidance document.\n\nOnly covers medically important antimicrobials.\n\nThe recommendation that animal pharmaceutical companies should remove growth-promotion claims from medically important antimicrobial drugs in food-producing animals may result in the drugs simply being re-labelled with new \"disease-prevention\" labels but still be used in the same way.","U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Guidance for Industry #213, December 2013 (U.S.A.)","https://www.fda.gov/media/83488/download","phasing-out-production-uses--veterinary-feed-directive-usa",{"Law / Policy":523,"Jurisdiction":156,"Sub-jurisdiction":515,"Type of Act":185,"Status":143,"Legal Value":197,"Description":524,"Strengths":525,"Weaknesses":526,"Date enacted":527,"Date updated":149,"Official citation":528,"Link to text":529,"Slug":530,"Agriculture":27,"Alternative Proteins":27,"Animal health":27,"Animal welfare":27,"Antimicrobial resistance":153,"Aquaculture":27,"Climate & environmental protection":27,"Labelling":27,"Recognition of sentience":27,"Public procurement":27,"Sales Bans":27,"Subsidies":27,"Taxation":27,"Wild-caught fishing":27,"All animals":27,"Farmed animals":153,"Beef cows":27,"Dairy cows":27,"Calves":27,"Broiler chickens":27,"Egg laying hens":27,"Fish":27,"Pigs":27},"Guidance on the Judicious Use of Medically Important Antimicrobial Drugs in Food-Producing Animals","Provides recommendations by the FDA for the judicious use of medically important antimicrobial drugs used in food-producing animals","Recommends phasing out the use of medically important antimicrobial drugs for production purposes such as \"increased rate of weight gain\" or \"improved feed efficiency.\"\n\nRecommends that new animal drugs containing medically important antimicrobials in the feed or water of food-producing animals should be subjected to the approval of a licensed veterinarian.","These recommendations are not binding and as such, have never been codified into law. As a result, the regulations pertaining to antimicrobials use in the US have never been updated to reflect this guidance document.\n\nThe recommendations do not include detailed recommendations under the form of list of antimicrobials which use should be limited, or measurable reduction targets in antimicrobials use.\n\nThe recommendations only apply to the following class of antimicrobials: aminoglycosides, lincosamides, macrolides, penicillins, streptogramins, sulfonamides, and tetracyclines. \n\nThe document considers the use of antimicrobials for the control and prevention of specific diseases to be necessary for assuring the health of food-producing animals.","2012","U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Guidance for Industry #209,\nApril 2013 (U.S.A.)","https://www.fda.gov/media/79140/download","judicious-use-antimicrobials-usa",{"Law / Policy":532,"Jurisdiction":339,"Sub-jurisdiction":141,"Type of Act":185,"Status":143,"Legal Value":320,"Description":533,"Strengths":534,"Weaknesses":535,"Date enacted":324,"Date updated":149,"Official citation":536,"Link to text":537,"Slug":538,"Agriculture":153,"Alternative Proteins":27,"Animal health":27,"Animal welfare":27,"Antimicrobial resistance":27,"Aquaculture":27,"Climate & environmental protection":153,"Labelling":27,"Recognition of sentience":27,"Public procurement":27,"Sales Bans":27,"Subsidies":27,"Taxation":27,"Wild-caught fishing":27,"All animals":27,"Farmed animals":153,"Beef cows":27,"Dairy cows":27,"Calves":27,"Broiler chickens":27,"Egg laying hens":27,"Fish":27,"Pigs":27},"He Waka Eke Noa Carbon Pricing Program","Reduce agricultural greenhouse gas emissions.","Establishes a five-year partnership between the Government, the primary sector, and iwi/M?ori to mitigate agricultural greenhouse gas emissions levels.\n\nMakes it mandatory, through the Climate Change Response Act, for a quarter of farms to have a written plan in place to measure and manage their GHG emissions by 1 January 2022 and for all farms to have a written plan in place to measure and manage their greenhouse gas emissions by 1 January 2025.","Only applies to farms that are 80 hectares or more, or have a dairy supply number, or are a cattle feedlot as defined in freshwater policy.","He Waka Eke Noa, Five-Year Program, October 2020","https://hewakaekenoa.nz/wp-content/uploads/2020/12/HWEN-Programme-Overview-Oct-2020.pdf","he-waka-eke-noa-carbon-pricing-program-new-zealand",{"Law / Policy":540,"Jurisdiction":156,"Sub-jurisdiction":141,"Type of Act":142,"Status":143,"Legal Value":144,"Description":541,"Strengths":542,"Weaknesses":543,"Date enacted":544,"Date updated":149,"Official citation":545,"Link to text":546,"Slug":547,"Agriculture":27,"Alternative Proteins":27,"Animal health":27,"Animal welfare":153,"Antimicrobial resistance":27,"Aquaculture":27,"Climate & environmental protection":27,"Labelling":27,"Recognition of sentience":27,"Public procurement":27,"Sales Bans":27,"Subsidies":27,"Taxation":27,"Wild-caught fishing":27,"All animals":27,"Farmed animals":153,"Beef cows":27,"Dairy cows":27,"Calves":27,"Broiler chickens":27,"Egg laying hens":27,"Fish":27,"Pigs":27},"Humane Method of Slaughter Act","Establishes general rules during the slaughter of animal.","Regulates the slaughter of animals by establishing general rules.\n\nCalls on the Secretary of Agriculture to track violations of the Act and report the results and relevant trends annually to the US Congress.","Allows slaughter without stunning.\n\nExcludes poultry animals from its scope.","1958","The Humane Methods of Livestock Slaughter Act (P.L. 85-765; 7 U.S.C. 1901 et seq.) (U.S.A.)","https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/USCODE-2014-title7/pdf/USCODE-2014-title7-chap48.pdf","humane-method-of-slaughter-act-usa",{"Law / Policy":549,"Jurisdiction":550,"Sub-jurisdiction":141,"Type of Act":185,"Status":143,"Legal Value":320,"Description":321,"Strengths":551,"Weaknesses":552,"Date enacted":324,"Date updated":149,"Official citation":553,"Link to text":554,"Slug":555,"Agriculture":27,"Alternative Proteins":27,"Animal health":27,"Animal welfare":27,"Antimicrobial resistance":27,"Aquaculture":27,"Climate & environmental protection":153,"Labelling":27,"Recognition of sentience":27,"Public procurement":27,"Sales Bans":27,"Subsidies":27,"Taxation":27,"Wild-caught fishing":27,"All animals":27,"Farmed animals":153,"Beef cows":27,"Dairy cows":27,"Calves":27,"Broiler chickens":27,"Egg laying hens":27,"Fish":27,"Pigs":27},"Indonesia 2020 NDC","Indonesia","Climate change mitigation measures include quantified reduction targets including for animal agriculture.\n\nThese measures include:\n- Manure management of biogas of up to 0.06% of the total cattle in 2030.\n- Feed supplement for up to 2.5% of the cattle population in 2030. \nHowever, these targets are assumed to be alongside an increase of the cattle population and current biogas operationalization (see weaknesses).\n- The repurposing of land as carbon sinks. Indonesia has taken steps in its land use sector to reduce emissions by establishing a moratorium on the clearing of primary forests and by reducing deforestation and forest degradation, restoring ecosystem functions, as well as sustainable management of forest. \n\nRegarding the wider agricultural sector mitigation, scenarios include:\n- The use of low emissions crops in 908,000 - 926,000 hectares by 2030 and the implementation of water-efficient water management across 820,000 hectares of land by 2030.","Indonesia's NDCs assume that the use of best available technology will increase cattle productivity, and that the cattle population will continue to increase. \n\nThe projected greenhouse gas emission reduction for the agricultural sector is very low and the mitigation scenarios do not provide explicit reduction targets when it comes to the use of low emissions crops and water-efficient water management.\n\nFurthermore, Indonesia's NDC does not include:\n(1) Timeframe for peak livestock production.\n(2) Reduction targets of consumption levels of animal source foods. \n(3) Measures to encourage a shift from high-meat diets, towards healthier, more sustainable plant-based diets.\n(4) A food diversification strategy by replacing livestock with foods that simultaneously minimise environmental burdens and maximise public health benefits (i.e.: pulses, grains, fruits, vegetables, nuts, and seeds). \n(5) Legislation to enforce measures to achieve the targets.","Nationally Determined Contribution, Indonesia (2020)","https://www4.unfccc.int/sites/ndcstaging/PublishedDocuments/Indonesia%20First/Updated%20NDC%20Indonesia%202021%20-%20corrected%20version.pdf","2020-ndc-indonesia",{"Law / Policy":557,"Jurisdiction":558,"Sub-jurisdiction":141,"Type of Act":185,"Status":143,"Legal Value":320,"Description":321,"Strengths":559,"Weaknesses":560,"Date enacted":324,"Date updated":149,"Official citation":561,"Link to text":562,"Slug":563,"Agriculture":153,"Alternative Proteins":27,"Animal health":27,"Animal welfare":27,"Antimicrobial resistance":27,"Aquaculture":27,"Climate & environmental protection":153,"Labelling":27,"Recognition of sentience":27,"Public procurement":27,"Sales Bans":27,"Subsidies":27,"Taxation":27,"Wild-caught fishing":27,"All animals":27,"Farmed animals":153,"Beef cows":27,"Dairy cows":27,"Calves":27,"Broiler chickens":27,"Egg laying hens":27,"Fish":27,"Pigs":27},"Japan 2020 NDC","Japan","Climate change mitigation measures include quantified reduction targets regarding land use, including for animal agriculture. The NDC also includes quantified reduction targets in the emission of methane (12.3% reduction compared to 2013 level) and nitrous oxide (6.1% reduction compared to 2013 level, and 17.4% reduction compared to FY 2005 level).","Does not include:\n(1) Timeframe for peak livestock production.\n(2) Reduction targets of consumption levels of animal source foods. \n(3) Measures to encourage a shift from high-meat diets, towards healthier, more sustainable plant-based diets.\n(4) A food diversification strategy by replacing livestock with foods that simultaneously minimise environmental burdens and maximise public health benefits (i.e.: pulses, grains, fruits, vegetables, nuts, and seeds). \n(5) Legislation to enforce measures to achieve the targets.","Nationally Determined Contribution, Japan (2020)","https://www4.unfccc.int/sites/ndcstaging/PublishedDocuments/Japan%20First/SUBMISSION%20OF%20JAPAN%27S%20NATIONALLY%20DETERMINED%20CONTRIBUTION%20(NDC).PDF","2020-ndc-japan",{"Law / Policy":565,"Jurisdiction":156,"Sub-jurisdiction":566,"Type of Act":142,"Status":143,"Legal Value":197,"Description":567,"Strengths":568,"Weaknesses":569,"Date enacted":303,"Date updated":149,"Official citation":570,"Link to text":571,"Slug":572,"Agriculture":27,"Alternative Proteins":27,"Animal health":27,"Animal welfare":27,"Antimicrobial resistance":153,"Aquaculture":27,"Climate & environmental protection":27,"Labelling":27,"Recognition of sentience":27,"Public procurement":27,"Sales Bans":27,"Subsidies":27,"Taxation":27,"Wild-caught fishing":27,"All animals":27,"Farmed animals":27,"Beef cows":153,"Dairy cows":153,"Calves":27,"Broiler chickens":153,"Egg laying hens":153,"Fish":27,"Pigs":153},"Keep Antibiotic Effective Act of 2017","Maryland","Regulates the use of medically important antimicrobials, including by prohibiting their use for growth promotion purposes.","Prohibits the use of medically important antimicrobials to cattle, swine, and poultry for growth promoting purposes.\n\nRequires the approval of a licensed veterinarian for the administration of medically important antimicrobial drugs.\n\nRequires the Maryland Department of Agriculture to collect data on the sales of medically important antibiotics.","Does not prohibit the administration of antimicrobials for preventative purposes.\n\nDoes not cover antimicrobial use for:\n(1) Cattle on a farm operation that sells fewer than 200 cattle per year;\n(2) Swine on a farm operation that sells fewer than 200 swine per year; or\n(3) Poultry on a farm operation that sells fewer than 60,000 birds per year. \n\nProvides a low penalty: an administrative penalty, not exceeding $2,000, may be imposed on a person that violates the act.","US Federal Bill Proposal, Keep Antibiotics Effective Act, 2018 (U.S.A)","https://mgaleg.maryland.gov/mgawebsite/legislation/details/sb0422?ys=2017rs","keep-antibiotic-effective-act-of-2017-usa",{"Law / Policy":574,"Jurisdiction":550,"Sub-jurisdiction":141,"Type of Act":142,"Status":143,"Legal Value":144,"Description":575,"Strengths":576,"Weaknesses":577,"Date enacted":285,"Date updated":149,"Official citation":578,"Link to text":579,"Slug":580,"Agriculture":27,"Alternative Proteins":27,"Animal health":27,"Animal welfare":27,"Antimicrobial resistance":27,"Aquaculture":27,"Climate & environmental protection":153,"Labelling":27,"Recognition of sentience":27,"Public procurement":27,"Sales Bans":27,"Subsidies":27,"Taxation":153,"Wild-caught fishing":27,"All animals":27,"Farmed animals":153,"Beef cows":27,"Dairy cows":27,"Calves":27,"Broiler chickens":27,"Egg laying hens":27,"Fish":27,"Pigs":27},"Law 7/2021 on Harmonization of Tax Regulations","Implements a carbon tax on all GHG emitting activities, including the agriculture sector in 2025.","The scope of the carbon tax is broad and extends to:\n\nIndividuals or organisations that purchase carbon-containing goods or engage in activities that generate carbon emissions over a certain period.\n\nAll businesses that emit substantial amounts of carbon in sectors such as energy, transportation, waste and agriculture.\n\nA range of GHGs, including Carbon Dioxide (CO2), Methane (CH4) and Nitrous Oxide (N2O).\n\nThe revenues generated from the carbon tax will be allocated to tackle climate change.","While the tax rate is set to be higher than the market price, the minimum tariff is too low (IDR 30 per kg. Co2e) to trigger behavioural change.\n\nThe tax will start applying to the agricultural sector in 2025 only and it is  still unclear what will  the tariff rate be for this sector, and whether exemptions will be granted.\n\nIndonesia's broader climate policy does not include the elimination of harmful subsidies, and still provides subsidies to fossil fuels which  outweigh the spending on climate activities, thereby posing issues regarding policy coherence.","Indonesia Law No. 7 of 2021 on Harmonization of Taxation Regulation","No official text available","law-7-2021-on-harmonization-of-tax-regulations-indonesia",{"Law / Policy":582,"Jurisdiction":284,"Sub-jurisdiction":141,"Type of Act":142,"Status":143,"Legal Value":144,"Description":583,"Strengths":584,"Weaknesses":585,"Date enacted":527,"Date updated":149,"Official citation":586,"Link to text":587,"Slug":588,"Agriculture":27,"Alternative Proteins":27,"Animal health":27,"Animal welfare":27,"Antimicrobial resistance":27,"Aquaculture":27,"Climate & environmental protection":27,"Labelling":27,"Recognition of sentience":27,"Public procurement":27,"Sales Bans":27,"Subsidies":27,"Taxation":153,"Wild-caught fishing":27,"All animals":27,"Farmed animals":153,"Beef cows":27,"Dairy cows":27,"Calves":27,"Broiler chickens":27,"Egg laying hens":27,"Fish":27,"Pigs":27},"Ley 37/1992 del Impuesto sobre el Valor Añadido","Increases VAT on meat and fish.","Increases tax on sales (VAT) from 8 to 10% on food products, including meat and fish.","This increase results in a small price rise in meat products.","Article 91, 1 1º, Ley 37/1992, de 28 de diciembre, del Impuesto sobre el Valor Añadido (Spain)","https://www.boe.es/eli/es/l/1992/12/28/37/con","ley-37-1992-del-impuesto-sobre-el-valor-anadido-spain",{"Law / Policy":590,"Jurisdiction":235,"Sub-jurisdiction":141,"Type of Act":157,"Status":158,"Legal Value":141,"Description":591,"Strengths":592,"Weaknesses":593,"Date enacted":141,"Date updated":149,"Official citation":594,"Link to text":595,"Slug":596,"Agriculture":153,"Alternative Proteins":27,"Animal health":27,"Animal welfare":27,"Antimicrobial resistance":27,"Aquaculture":27,"Climate & environmental protection":153,"Labelling":27,"Recognition of sentience":27,"Public procurement":27,"Sales Bans":27,"Subsidies":27,"Taxation":153,"Wild-caught fishing":27,"All animals":27,"Farmed animals":153,"Beef cows":27,"Dairy cows":27,"Calves":27,"Broiler chickens":27,"Egg laying hens":27,"Fish":27,"Pigs":27},"Meat Tax Proposal","Increases tax on sales on animal source food products.","Proposes to increase the value added tax (VAT) on meat from 7% to the standard rate of 19%.\n\nProposes using funds to support animal welfare standards and/or the restructuring of livestock farmers.","The small price rise in meat products are unlikely to be great enough to reduce meat consumption.\n\nThe additional revenues would be included in the general federal budget in line with the principle of \"total coverage\". Therefore, the revenues could not be reserved for animal husbandry.\n\nIn addition, the planned animal welfare label is being introduced only on a voluntary basis.","Empfehlungen des Kompetenznetzwerks Nutztierhaltung, the \"Borchert report\" (2020) (Ger.)","https://www.bmel.de/SharedDocs/Downloads/DE/_Tiere/Nutztiere/200211-empfehlung-kompetenznetzwerk-nutztierhaltung.pdf;jsessionid=30EB8E4AE9F4A6DEFFDEAA8CDAFC1794.live852?__blob=publicationFile&v=3","meat-tax-proposal-germany",{"Law / Policy":598,"Jurisdiction":184,"Sub-jurisdiction":141,"Type of Act":142,"Status":599,"Legal Value":144,"Description":600,"Strengths":601,"Weaknesses":602,"Date enacted":201,"Date updated":149,"Official citation":603,"Link to text":604,"Slug":605,"Agriculture":27,"Alternative Proteins":27,"Animal health":153,"Animal welfare":27,"Antimicrobial resistance":153,"Aquaculture":27,"Climate & environmental protection":27,"Labelling":27,"Recognition of sentience":27,"Public procurement":27,"Sales Bans":27,"Subsidies":27,"Taxation":27,"Wild-caught fishing":27,"All animals":27,"Farmed animals":153,"Beef cows":27,"Dairy cows":27,"Calves":27,"Broiler chickens":27,"Egg laying hens":27,"Fish":27,"Pigs":27},"Medicated Feed Regulation","Adopted","Reduces the use of antimicrobials by regulating the use of medicated feed and prohibiting the use of medicated feed for preventative purposes.","Requires veterinarian's prescription to obtain antibiotics.\n\nRequires a veterinarian to inspect the fish before writing a prescription. \n\nAllows Member States to reserve certain antimicrobials for human use only.\n\nImposes EU countries to collect data on the sale and use of antimicrobials.\n\nImposes non-EU countries to comply with the prohibition on the use of on antimicrobials for growth-promotion and increased yield purposes, as well as the restrictions on antimicrobials designated as reserved for human use in the EU.","Does not include a list of antimicrobials reserved for human use only.","Regulation 2019/4 of 11 December 2018 on the Manufacture, Placing on the Market and Use of Medicated Feed, 2018 O.J. L 4/1 - 23 (E.U.)","https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX%3A32019R0004","medicated-feed-regulation-eu",{"Law / Policy":607,"Jurisdiction":608,"Sub-jurisdiction":141,"Type of Act":185,"Status":599,"Legal Value":320,"Description":609,"Strengths":610,"Weaknesses":611,"Date enacted":245,"Date updated":149,"Official citation":612,"Link to text":613,"Slug":614,"Agriculture":27,"Alternative Proteins":153,"Animal health":27,"Animal welfare":27,"Antimicrobial resistance":27,"Aquaculture":27,"Climate & environmental protection":27,"Labelling":27,"Recognition of sentience":27,"Public procurement":153,"Sales Bans":27,"Subsidies":27,"Taxation":27,"Wild-caught fishing":27,"All animals":27,"Farmed animals":153,"Beef cows":27,"Dairy cows":27,"Calves":27,"Broiler chickens":27,"Egg laying hens":27,"Fish":27,"Pigs":27},"Milan Urban Food Policy Pact","International","Significantly reduces the serving of animal products by supporting cities developing more sustainable urban food systems.","Recognises that cities have a role to play in 'developing sustainable food systems and promoting healthy diets'. \n\nSupports cities to develop more sustainable urban food systems.\n\n211 signatory cities, covering 340 million inhabitants.\n\nOffers best practice examples of food policies. \n\nRecommended actions include:\n(1) The promotion of \"sustainable diets (healthy, safe, culturally appropriate, environmentally friendly and rights-based) through relevant education, health promotion and communication programmes, with special attention to schools, care centres, markets and the media.\"\n(2) Addressing \"non-communicable diseases associated with poor diets and obesity, giving specific attention where appropriate to reducing intake of sugar, salt, trans fats, meat and dairy products and increasing consumption of fruits and vegetables and non-processed foods.\"\n(3) The development of \"sustainable dietary guidelines to inform consumers, city planners (in particular for public food procurement), food service providers, retailers, producers and processors, and promote communication and training campaigns.\"\n(4) A review of public procurement and trade policy\n.","Does not explicitly call out a shift away from animal-based products and towards plant-based products.\n\nDoes not provide enforcement mechanisms.","Milan Urban Policy Pact, October 2015, available online: https://www.milanurbanfoodpolicypact.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/12/Milan-Urban-Food-Policy-Pact-EN.pdf","https://www.milanurbanfoodpolicypact.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/12/Milan-Urban-Food-Policy-Pact-EN.pdf","milan-urban-food-policy-pact",{"Law / Policy":616,"Jurisdiction":156,"Sub-jurisdiction":617,"Type of Act":618,"Status":158,"Legal Value":141,"Description":619,"Strengths":620,"Weaknesses":621,"Date enacted":352,"Date updated":149,"Official citation":622,"Link to text":623,"Slug":624,"Agriculture":27,"Alternative Proteins":153,"Animal health":27,"Animal welfare":27,"Antimicrobial resistance":27,"Aquaculture":27,"Climate & environmental protection":27,"Labelling":27,"Recognition of sentience":27,"Public procurement":153,"Sales Bans":27,"Subsidies":27,"Taxation":27,"Wild-caught fishing":27,"All animals":27,"Farmed animals":153,"Beef cows":27,"Dairy cows":27,"Calves":27,"Broiler chickens":27,"Egg laying hens":27,"Fish":27,"Pigs":27},"Motion to Increase Vegan Options in Los Angeles","Los Angeles","Motion","Improves the standards on the City's Good Food Purchasing Program by reducing meat from menus and offering more vegan and plant-based options.","Explicitly states that City departments should be \"reducing meat from menus and offering more vegan and plant-based options\" and addresses \"vegan proteins.\"\n\nProposes to ensure that vegan protein options are widely available to meet the needs of all in the City in both public and private venues including airports. \n\nProposes that City departments could improve their standing within the City's Good Food Purchasing Program by reducing meat from menus and offering more vegan and plant-based options.\n\nFurther proposes that:\n(1) The Department of Recreation and Parks, the Zoo and other relevant departments to have vegan protein entrée options available at an ongoing basis at City concessionaire locations.\n(2) The Department of Aging to have vegan protein entrée food options available for the Meals on Wheels program for seniors.\n(3) Los Angeles World Airports (LAWA) to study the feasibility of putting a restaurant with a plant-based menu in each terminal, with all other restaurants at LAX to provide, at minimum, one easily-identifiable vegan protein entrée.\n(4) The Chief Legislative Analyst, Department of Recreation and Parks, the Zoo and the City Attorney draft an ordinance that would require some private spaces such as movie theatres and large-scale entertainment venues in the City, which provide food for sale, provide at a minimum one vegan protein entrée food option on their menus.","Focuses on enlarging vegan options, but does not provide measures reducing the serving of meat.","Los Angeles Health, Education and Neighborhood Council, Motion of December 5th, 2013 (U.S.A.)","https://clkrep.lacity.org/onlinedocs/2011/11-1678-s3_mot_12-05-2018.pdf","increasing-vegan-options-los-angeles-usa",{"Law / Policy":626,"Jurisdiction":156,"Sub-jurisdiction":627,"Type of Act":157,"Status":158,"Legal Value":141,"Description":628,"Strengths":629,"Weaknesses":630,"Date enacted":201,"Date updated":149,"Official citation":631,"Link to text":632,"Slug":633,"Agriculture":27,"Alternative Proteins":153,"Animal health":27,"Animal welfare":27,"Antimicrobial resistance":27,"Aquaculture":27,"Climate & environmental protection":27,"Labelling":27,"Recognition of sentience":27,"Public procurement":153,"Sales Bans":27,"Subsidies":27,"Taxation":27,"Wild-caught fishing":27,"All animals":27,"Farmed animals":153,"Beef cows":27,"Dairy cows":27,"Calves":27,"Broiler chickens":27,"Egg laying hens":27,"Fish":27,"Pigs":27},"Mountain View Sustainability Action Plan 4","Mountain View, California","Sustainability Action Plan 4 (SAP-4) includes meat and dairy reduction. This includes a commitment to plant-based diet outreach. \n\n\nPrioritises a shift away from animal-based foods and towards plant-based foods.","Includes comprehensive programming to promote plant-based food choices in The City of Mountain View's Sustainability Action Plan 4 (SAP-4).  This programme includes:\n(1) Outreach actions to residents and restaurants to spread awareness of and build support for the program. \n(2) Additional funding to promote plant-based diets of a total of $30,000 for the three years.","Includes voluntary actions only from animal-based products to plant-based products.","City of Mountain View, California, Sustainability Action Plan, 2019 (USA)","https://collaborate.mountainview.gov/sustainability-action-plan-4-sap-4","mountain-view-ca-sustainability-action-plan-usa",{"Law / Policy":635,"Jurisdiction":156,"Sub-jurisdiction":636,"Type of Act":157,"Status":158,"Legal Value":141,"Description":637,"Strengths":638,"Weaknesses":178,"Date enacted":141,"Date updated":149,"Official citation":639,"Link to text":640,"Slug":641,"Agriculture":27,"Alternative Proteins":153,"Animal health":27,"Animal welfare":27,"Antimicrobial resistance":27,"Aquaculture":27,"Climate & environmental protection":27,"Labelling":27,"Recognition of sentience":27,"Public procurement":153,"Sales Bans":27,"Subsidies":27,"Taxation":27,"Wild-caught fishing":27,"All animals":27,"Farmed animals":153,"Beef cows":27,"Dairy cows":27,"Calves":27,"Broiler chickens":27,"Egg laying hens":27,"Fish":27,"Pigs":27},"New York Senate Bill S740 on Greenhouse Gas Emissions in Foods","New York","Provides a methodology to estimate and reduce greenhouse gas emissions  of food purchased by the state agency.","Requires that administrations reliably track changes in food-related greenhouse gas emissions over time and demonstrate reductions in greenhouse gas emissions associated with food and beverages purchased by the state agency. \n\nRequires the drafting of recommendations for decreasing the total amount of animal-based products purchased.","New York Senate Bill Proposal S740 on Greenhouse Gas Emissions in Foods (U.S.A.)","https://www.nysenate.gov/legislation/bills/2021/S740","senate-bill-s740-emissions-in-foods-usa",{"Law / Policy":643,"Jurisdiction":339,"Sub-jurisdiction":141,"Type of Act":142,"Status":143,"Legal Value":144,"Description":236,"Strengths":644,"Weaknesses":645,"Date enacted":385,"Date updated":149,"Official citation":646,"Link to text":647,"Slug":648,"Agriculture":153,"Alternative Proteins":27,"Animal health":153,"Animal welfare":153,"Antimicrobial resistance":27,"Aquaculture":27,"Climate & environmental protection":27,"Labelling":27,"Recognition of sentience":153,"Public procurement":27,"Sales Bans":27,"Subsidies":27,"Taxation":27,"Wild-caught fishing":27,"All animals":153,"Farmed animals":27,"Beef cows":27,"Dairy cows":27,"Calves":27,"Broiler chickens":27,"Egg laying hens":27,"Fish":27,"Pigs":27},"New Zealand Animal Welfare Act","Covers all animals, including invertebrates (\"animal\" is defined as any mammal, bird, reptile, amphibian, fish, octopus, squid, crab, or crayfish (including freshwater crayfish) or any other species as declared by the Governor-General by Order in Council).\n\nEstablishes a National Animal Welfare Advisory Committee and a National Animal Ethics Advisory Committee.\n\nRequires the enactment of the Animal Welfare (Care and Procedures) Regulations (2018), which outline species-specific anti-cruelty requirements such as marginally improved pig welfare, notably by prohibiting sow stalls for longer than seven days per reproductive cycle and by mandating anaesthesia to be used during piglet castration. New Regulations (2016) continue the prohibition on the export of cattle, sheep, deer and goats (livestock) for slaughter unless approved by the Director-General of MPI.\n\nRefers to 19 Codes of Welfare expand the basic obligations laid out in the Animal Welfare Act by setting minimum standards, as well as best practices. \n\nProvides penalties in cases of violations.","Animals are still classified as property under the law.\n\nThe Codes of Welfare are not legally binding and do not cover all farmed animals (i.e. broiler chickens).\n\nThe Codes of Welfare undermine the purposes and principles of the Animal Welfare Act, by providing defences to conduct contrary to the Act.\n\nThe 2018 Regulations allow some cruel practices such as the keeping of hens and sows in cages, mutilations of piglets, and the slaughter of animals without stunning.","Animal Welfare Act 1999 (N.Z.)","https://www.legislation.govt.nz/act/public/1999/0142/latest/DLM49664.html","animal-welfare-act-new-zealand",{"Law / Policy":650,"Jurisdiction":184,"Sub-jurisdiction":141,"Type of Act":391,"Status":143,"Legal Value":144,"Description":651,"Strengths":652,"Weaknesses":653,"Date enacted":254,"Date updated":149,"Official citation":654,"Link to text":655,"Slug":656,"Agriculture":153,"Alternative Proteins":27,"Animal health":27,"Animal welfare":27,"Antimicrobial resistance":27,"Aquaculture":27,"Climate & environmental protection":153,"Labelling":27,"Recognition of sentience":27,"Public procurement":27,"Sales Bans":27,"Subsidies":27,"Taxation":27,"Wild-caught fishing":27,"All animals":27,"Farmed animals":153,"Beef cows":27,"Dairy cows":27,"Calves":27,"Broiler chickens":27,"Egg laying hens":27,"Fish":27,"Pigs":27},"Nitrates Directive","Regulates agricultural activities by setting limits on the emissions of nitrates.","Sets limits on nitrogen emissions on farms of 170kg per hectare.\n\nRequires Member States to implement action programmes to limit nitrogen emissions from the agricultural sector, including animal agriculture.\n\nThe measures under the Member States actions programmes must ensure that, for each farm or livestock unit, the amount of livestock manure applied to the land each year, including by the animals themselves, shall not exceed the amount of 170kg of nitrogen per hectare.","Does not provide enforcement mechanisms powerful enough to ensure its proper implementation.","Council Directive 91/676/EEC of 12 December 1991 Concerning the Protection of Waters Against Pollution Caused by Nitrates from Agricultural Sources, 1991, O.J. (L 375) 1–8 (E.U.)","https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/PDF/?uri=CELEX:31991L0676&from=EN","nitrates-directive-eu",{"Law / Policy":658,"Jurisdiction":156,"Sub-jurisdiction":659,"Type of Act":391,"Status":143,"Legal Value":144,"Description":660,"Strengths":661,"Weaknesses":662,"Date enacted":663,"Date updated":149,"Official citation":664,"Link to text":665,"Slug":666,"Agriculture":153,"Alternative Proteins":27,"Animal health":27,"Animal welfare":27,"Antimicrobial resistance":27,"Aquaculture":27,"Climate & environmental protection":153,"Labelling":27,"Recognition of sentience":27,"Public procurement":27,"Sales Bans":27,"Subsidies":27,"Taxation":27,"Wild-caught fishing":27,"All animals":27,"Farmed animals":27,"Beef cows":27,"Dairy cows":27,"Calves":27,"Broiler chickens":27,"Egg laying hens":27,"Fish":27,"Pigs":153},"North Carolina Moratorium on hog CAFOs","North Carolina","Bans industrial farms with hogs and which require the use of manure storing lagoons.","Bans the construction of industrial farms with hogs that require the use of manure storing lagoons.","Moratorium only applies to industrial hog farms, and ones that require manure lagoons.","1997","North Carolina Administrative Code, 15A NCAC 02T .1307-.1308 (U.S.A.)","http://reports.oah.state.nc.us/ncac/title%2015a%20-%20environmental%20quality/chapter%2002%20-%20environmental%20management/subchapter%20t/15a%20ncac%2002t%20.1307.pdf","north-carolina-moratorium-on-hog-cafos-usa",{"Law / Policy":668,"Jurisdiction":156,"Sub-jurisdiction":669,"Type of Act":185,"Status":143,"Legal Value":320,"Description":670,"Strengths":671,"Weaknesses":672,"Date enacted":201,"Date updated":149,"Official citation":673,"Link to text":674,"Slug":675,"Agriculture":27,"Alternative Proteins":153,"Animal health":27,"Animal welfare":27,"Antimicrobial resistance":27,"Aquaculture":27,"Climate & environmental protection":153,"Labelling":27,"Recognition of sentience":27,"Public procurement":153,"Sales Bans":27,"Subsidies":27,"Taxation":27,"Wild-caught fishing":27,"All animals":27,"Farmed animals":153,"Beef cows":27,"Dairy cows":27,"Calves":27,"Broiler chickens":27,"Egg laying hens":27,"Fish":27,"Pigs":27},"OneNYC 2050","New York City","Public procurement policy reducing the city's beef purchases and phasing out purchase of processed meat.","Includes beef, which is the meat product associated with the highest CO2e/kg product.\n\nCommits to:\n(1)Reduce the city's beef purchases by 50%; and\n(2)Phasing out all purchases of processed meat by 2030 (NYC Green New Deal).","Does not include animal products beyond beef and \"processed meat.\"","OneNYC 2050, Building a Strong and Fair City,  Volume 7, 21, April 2019 (U.S.A.)","https://onenyc.cityofnewyork.us/wp-content/uploads/2020/01/OneNYC-2050-Full-Report-1.3.pdf","onenyc-2050-usa",{"Law / Policy":677,"Jurisdiction":156,"Sub-jurisdiction":678,"Type of Act":157,"Status":158,"Legal Value":144,"Description":679,"Strengths":680,"Weaknesses":681,"Date enacted":141,"Date updated":149,"Official citation":682,"Link to text":683,"Slug":684,"Agriculture":153,"Alternative Proteins":27,"Animal health":27,"Animal welfare":27,"Antimicrobial resistance":27,"Aquaculture":27,"Climate & environmental protection":153,"Labelling":27,"Recognition of sentience":27,"Public procurement":27,"Sales Bans":27,"Subsidies":27,"Taxation":27,"Wild-caught fishing":27,"All animals":27,"Farmed animals":27,"Beef cows":27,"Dairy cows":153,"Calves":27,"Broiler chickens":27,"Egg laying hens":27,"Fish":27,"Pigs":27},"Oregon Senate Bill 583","Oregon","Places a moratorium on large dairy industrial farms containing more than 2,500 cows.","Suspends the construction of industrial dairy farms (Concentrated Animal Feeding Operations) of more than 2, 500 cows.","The moratorium only applies to very large dairy industrial farms. Large industrial farms of less than 2,500 cows and non-dairy industrial farms of all sizes would still be allowed to be built.\n\nBeing a moratorium on the construction of industrial dairy farms, already existing farms are still allowed to operate.","Oregon Senate Bill 583, 2021 (U.S.A.)","https://olis.oregonlegislature.gov/liz/2021R1/Downloads/MeasureDocument/SB0583/Introduced","senate-bill-583-usa",{"Law / Policy":686,"Jurisdiction":184,"Sub-jurisdiction":184,"Type of Act":142,"Status":143,"Legal Value":144,"Description":687,"Strengths":688,"Weaknesses":689,"Date enacted":313,"Date updated":149,"Official citation":690,"Link to text":691,"Slug":692,"Agriculture":153,"Alternative Proteins":27,"Animal health":27,"Animal welfare":153,"Antimicrobial resistance":27,"Aquaculture":27,"Climate & environmental protection":27,"Labelling":27,"Recognition of sentience":27,"Public procurement":27,"Sales Bans":27,"Subsidies":27,"Taxation":27,"Wild-caught fishing":27,"All animals":27,"Farmed animals":27,"Beef cows":27,"Dairy cows":27,"Calves":27,"Broiler chickens":27,"Egg laying hens":27,"Fish":27,"Pigs":153},"Pigs Directive","Sets minimum animal welfare standards in pork production, including breeding animals, by setting maximum density levels and limiting the length of crates use (gestating and farrowing).","Covers commercial and breeding animals.\n\nHas an extra-territorial effect: all piglets entering the EU must have been raised following equivalent standards set in the Directive.\n\nEstablishes animal welfare standards:\n(1) Sets maximum density levels (expressed in kg / m2), and minimum space per individual animal.\n(2) Places a moratorium on the construction of farms on which animals are tethered and bans such a practice as of 2006.\n(3) Sets a minimum of one week of cage-free housing for gestating sows. Such a requirement does not apply to operations with fewer than 10 sows.\n(4) Imposes the provision of enrichment materials.","Allows the use of gestation crates.\n\nAllows high density levels.\n\nAllows mutilations (teeth grinding and clipping, tail docking, castration, and nose-ringing).\n\nThe extra-territorial effect of the directive only applies to imported live animals, and does not apply to imported pig meat nor exported live animals.","Council Directive 2008/120 of 18 December 2008 Laying Down Minimum Standards for the Protection of Pigs, 2009 O.J. L 47/5 - 13 (E.U.)","https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/ALL/?uri=CELEX%3A32008L0120","pigs-directive-eu",{"Law / Policy":694,"Jurisdiction":156,"Sub-jurisdiction":695,"Type of Act":185,"Status":599,"Legal Value":320,"Description":696,"Strengths":697,"Weaknesses":698,"Date enacted":285,"Date updated":509,"Official citation":699,"Link to text":700,"Slug":701,"Agriculture":27,"Alternative Proteins":153,"Animal health":27,"Animal welfare":27,"Antimicrobial resistance":27,"Aquaculture":27,"Climate & environmental protection":153,"Labelling":27,"Recognition of sentience":27,"Public procurement":153,"Sales Bans":27,"Subsidies":27,"Taxation":27,"Wild-caught fishing":27,"All animals":27,"Farmed animals":153,"Beef cows":27,"Dairy cows":27,"Calves":27,"Broiler chickens":27,"Egg laying hens":27,"Fish":27,"Pigs":27},"City of Berkeley, Accelerating the City of Berkeley's Transition to Plant-Based Foods","California, City of Berkeley","Establishes a goal of transitioning to 100% plant-based food products served by the City of Berkeley.","Establishes a goal of achieving a 50% reduction in animal-based food products served by the City of Berkeley by 2024, with an eventual goal of transitioning to 100% plant-based food products served by the City of Berkeley.","The resolution is not binding. The resolution fails to include intermediate targets. The resolution does not include specific actions and strategies to achieve these goals.","City of Berkeley, Accelerating the City of Berkley's Transition to Plant-Based Foods, 2021 (U.S.A.)","https://berkeleyca.gov/sites/default/files/documents/2021-07-27%20Item%2022%20Accelerating%20transition%20to%20Plant-Based%20Foods.pdf","city-of-berkeleys-plant-based-foods-usa",{"Law / Policy":703,"Jurisdiction":284,"Sub-jurisdiction":141,"Type of Act":142,"Status":143,"Legal Value":144,"Description":374,"Strengths":704,"Weaknesses":705,"Date enacted":303,"Date updated":149,"Official citation":706,"Link to text":707,"Slug":708,"Agriculture":153,"Alternative Proteins":27,"Animal health":153,"Animal welfare":27,"Antimicrobial resistance":153,"Aquaculture":27,"Climate & environmental protection":27,"Labelling":27,"Recognition of sentience":27,"Public procurement":27,"Sales Bans":27,"Subsidies":27,"Taxation":27,"Wild-caught fishing":27,"All animals":27,"Farmed animals":153,"Beef cows":27,"Dairy cows":27,"Calves":27,"Broiler chickens":27,"Egg laying hens":27,"Fish":27,"Pigs":27},"Real Decreto 191/2018","Implements Ley 8/2003, de 24 de abril, de sanidad animal, which requires that operators provide all relevant sanitary information pertaining to the animals they keep by:\n(1) Requiring that e-prescriptions be produced for all antibiotics given to food producing animals as of 1st January 2019.\n(2) Requiring operators to communicate, on a monthly basis, data on prescriptions of antibiotics, in the form of medicated feed or other pharmaceutical forms in food producing animals.","Does not impose stricter regulation on the use of antimicrobials than provided in EU law.\n\nThis applies to prescriptions intended for food-producing animals and does not apply to prescriptions intended for pets.","Real Decreto 191/2018, de 6 de abril, por el que se establece la transmisión electrónica de datos de las prescripciones veterinarias de antibióticos destinados a animales productores de alimentos para consumo humano (Spain)","https://www.boe.es/boe/dias/2018/04/17/pdfs/BOE-A-2018-5230.pdf","real-decreto-191-2018-spain",{"Law / Policy":710,"Jurisdiction":156,"Sub-jurisdiction":141,"Type of Act":391,"Status":143,"Legal Value":144,"Description":711,"Strengths":712,"Weaknesses":713,"Date enacted":450,"Date updated":149,"Official citation":714,"Link to text":715,"Slug":716,"Agriculture":153,"Alternative Proteins":27,"Animal health":27,"Animal welfare":27,"Antimicrobial resistance":27,"Aquaculture":153,"Climate & environmental protection":153,"Labelling":27,"Recognition of sentience":27,"Public procurement":27,"Sales Bans":27,"Subsidies":27,"Taxation":27,"Wild-caught fishing":27,"All animals":27,"Farmed animals":153,"Beef cows":27,"Dairy cows":27,"Calves":27,"Broiler chickens":27,"Egg laying hens":27,"Fish":153,"Pigs":27},"Regulatory Definition of Concentrated Animal Feeding Operations","Provides a definition of industrial farm animal production (Concentrated Animal Feeding Operations – \"CAFOs\").","Provides a framework to regulate environmental externalities of industrial farm animal production.","Classifies operations based on the number of animals only.\n\nIncludes definition of Concentrated Animals Aquatic Animal\nproduction facilities.\n\nRegulates environmental externalities only.\n\nLimited enforcement due to missing enforcement mechanisms.","40 C.F.R. §122.23(b) (2014) (U.S.A.)","https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/CFR-2011-title40-vol22/pdf/CFR-2011-title40-vol22-sec122-23.pdf","regulatory-definition-of-ifap-usa",{"Law / Policy":718,"Jurisdiction":156,"Sub-jurisdiction":299,"Type of Act":142,"Status":158,"Legal Value":197,"Description":719,"Strengths":720,"Weaknesses":721,"Date enacted":245,"Date updated":149,"Official citation":722,"Link to text":723,"Slug":724,"Agriculture":27,"Alternative Proteins":27,"Animal health":27,"Animal welfare":27,"Antimicrobial resistance":153,"Aquaculture":27,"Climate & environmental protection":27,"Labelling":27,"Recognition of sentience":27,"Public procurement":27,"Sales Bans":27,"Subsidies":27,"Taxation":27,"Wild-caught fishing":27,"All animals":27,"Farmed animals":153,"Beef cows":27,"Dairy cows":27,"Calves":27,"Broiler chickens":27,"Egg laying hens":27,"Fish":27,"Pigs":27},"SB-27 Livestock: Use of Antimicrobial Drugs","Regulates the use of medically important antimicrobial, including by prohibiting their use for growth promotion purposes.","Prohibits the use of medically important antimicrobial drugs for growth promotion purposes. \n\nRequires a veterinary prescription for the administration of medically important antimicrobial drugs to livestock, for the purpose of addressing an elevated risk of contraction of a particular disease or infection.\n\nImposes the development antimicrobial stewardship guidelines and best management practices.\n\nReinforces the antimicrobial resistance surveillance efforts included in the National Action Plan for Combating Antibiotic-Resistant Bacteria.\n\nIncludes a penalty provision: first violation of the bill will result in a public penalty of up to $250 for each day a violation occurs; second and subsequent violations are subject to an administrative fine of $500 for each day a violation occurs.","Does not prohibit the use of medically important antimicrobials for preventative purposes.","California Senate Bill Proposal, SB-27 Livestock: Use of Antimicrobials Drugs, 2015 (U.S.A)","https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billNavClient.xhtml?bill_id=201520160SB27","livestock-use-of-antimicrobial-drugs-usa",{"Law / Policy":726,"Jurisdiction":184,"Sub-jurisdiction":184,"Type of Act":142,"Status":143,"Legal Value":144,"Description":727,"Strengths":728,"Weaknesses":729,"Date enacted":730,"Date updated":149,"Official citation":731,"Link to text":732,"Slug":733,"Agriculture":153,"Alternative Proteins":27,"Animal health":27,"Animal welfare":153,"Antimicrobial resistance":27,"Aquaculture":27,"Climate & environmental protection":27,"Labelling":27,"Recognition of sentience":27,"Public procurement":27,"Sales Bans":27,"Subsidies":27,"Taxation":27,"Wild-caught fishing":27,"All animals":27,"Farmed animals":153,"Beef cows":27,"Dairy cows":27,"Calves":27,"Broiler chickens":27,"Egg laying hens":27,"Fish":27,"Pigs":27},"Slaughter Regulation","Sets minimum rules for the protection of animals during their killing (slaughter, depopulation, emergency killing).","Establishes a list of lawful killing practice per type of killing (mechanical, electrical, gaseous) animal, and purpose.\n\nImposes checks on loss of consciousness of animals.\n\nRequires training of handlers who conduct the killing of animals and the presence of an \"animal welfare officer\" in slaughterhouses.","Although the scope of the regulation includes aquatic animals, none of the provisions in the regulation are applicable to them. There are no specific standards for aquatic animals.\n\nAllows all common killing practices. The Regulation does not implement scientific opinions by the European Food Safety Authority, which recommended against CO2 stunning and electrical water bath.\n\nAllows the slaughter without stunning of animals for religious purposes.\n\nHas an extra-territorial effect: the method of production of all meat imported to the EU must comply with the standards set in the Regulation.","2009","Council Regulation 1099/2009 of 24 September 2009 on the Protection of Animals at the Time of Killing, 2009 O.J. (L 303) 1 - 30 (E.U.)","https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=celex%3A32009R1099","slaughter-regulation-eu",{"Law / Policy":735,"Jurisdiction":195,"Sub-jurisdiction":141,"Type of Act":196,"Status":143,"Legal Value":197,"Description":736,"Strengths":737,"Weaknesses":200,"Date enacted":201,"Date updated":149,"Official citation":738,"Link to text":739,"Slug":740,"Agriculture":27,"Alternative Proteins":27,"Animal health":153,"Animal welfare":153,"Antimicrobial resistance":27,"Aquaculture":27,"Climate & environmental protection":27,"Labelling":27,"Recognition of sentience":27,"Public procurement":27,"Sales Bans":27,"Subsidies":27,"Taxation":27,"Wild-caught fishing":27,"All animals":27,"Farmed animals":153,"Beef cows":27,"Dairy cows":27,"Calves":27,"Broiler chickens":27,"Egg laying hens":27,"Fish":27,"Pigs":27},"Terrestrial Animal Health Code","Sets general principles on the welfare of animals, including during transport and slaughter.","Sets general principles on procedures and broad specifications for the infrastructure (housing, transport vehicles, slaughtering methods).\n\nHighlights species-specific issues.\n\nProvides a comprehensive glossary.","World Organization for Animal Health (OIE), Terrestrial Animal Health Code, 2019","https://www.oie.int/en/what-we-do/standards/codes-and-manuals/terrestrial-code-online-access/?id=171&L=0&htmfile=titre_1.7.htm","terrestrial-animal-health-code-oie",{"Law / Policy":742,"Jurisdiction":140,"Sub-jurisdiction":141,"Type of Act":157,"Status":158,"Legal Value":141,"Description":743,"Strengths":744,"Weaknesses":745,"Date enacted":141,"Date updated":149,"Official citation":746,"Link to text":747,"Slug":748,"Agriculture":153,"Alternative Proteins":27,"Animal health":27,"Animal welfare":153,"Antimicrobial resistance":27,"Aquaculture":27,"Climate & environmental protection":27,"Labelling":27,"Recognition of sentience":27,"Public procurement":27,"Sales Bans":27,"Subsidies":27,"Taxation":27,"Wild-caught fishing":27,"All animals":27,"Farmed animals":153,"Beef cows":27,"Dairy cows":27,"Calves":27,"Broiler chickens":27,"Egg laying hens":27,"Fish":27,"Pigs":27},"The Animal Factory Farming Bill","Improves enforcement of existing laws regulating factory farming.","Regulates factory farming through the creation of a Board which oversees to factory farming activities and ensure compliance with existing laws.","Focuses on enforcing existing laws but does not touch on the substance of these laws, which provide lax standards, including in the field of animal welfare.","Bill No. VI of 2020, The Animal Factory Farming (Regulation) Bill, 2020 (India)","https://164.100.47.4/BillsTexts/RSBillTexts/asintroduced/Animal-E-13320.pdf","the-animal-factory-farming-bill-india",{"Law / Policy":750,"Jurisdiction":184,"Sub-jurisdiction":141,"Type of Act":142,"Status":143,"Legal Value":141,"Description":751,"Strengths":752,"Weaknesses":753,"Date enacted":141,"Date updated":149,"Official citation":754,"Link to text":755,"Slug":756,"Agriculture":27,"Alternative Proteins":27,"Animal health":153,"Animal welfare":27,"Antimicrobial resistance":27,"Aquaculture":27,"Climate & environmental protection":153,"Labelling":27,"Recognition of sentience":27,"Public procurement":27,"Sales Bans":27,"Subsidies":27,"Taxation":153,"Wild-caught fishing":27,"All animals":27,"Farmed animals":27,"Beef cows":27,"Dairy cows":27,"Calves":27,"Broiler chickens":27,"Egg laying hens":27,"Fish":27,"Pigs":27},"The EU's Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism","Creates a carbon price on the importation of goods from sectors high in GHG emissions.","Creates a uniform framework to ensure that similar carbon taxation policy is applied both in the EU's internal market and on imported goods, and is linked to the EU Emission Trading System (ETS).\n\nTackles the conduct of shifting business and emissions to other countries with lower environmental standards and taxes (i.e., \"carbon leakage\").\n\nEncourages more sustainable production process in countries which seek to import goods to the EU, while ensuring WTO compatibility. Includes a monitoring and reporting mechanism (starting in 2023).","In its first implementation phase, the EU's Carbon Adjustment Mechanism will not apply to agriculture nor livestock.\n\nThere exist concerns  regarding unfair economic impact on lower income and climate vulnerable countries, which depend on the EU's high export capacity as a result of the EU's manufacturing sectors' relocation in developing countries.","Regulation 2023/956 Establishing a Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism, 2003 OJ L 130/52–104","https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=uriserv%3AOJ.L_.2023.130.01.0052.01.ENG&toc=OJ%3AL%3A2023%3A130%3ATOC","carbon-border-adjustment-mechanism-eu",{"Law / Policy":758,"Jurisdiction":184,"Sub-jurisdiction":141,"Type of Act":185,"Status":143,"Legal Value":141,"Description":759,"Strengths":760,"Weaknesses":761,"Date enacted":324,"Date updated":149,"Official citation":762,"Link to text":665,"Slug":763,"Agriculture":27,"Alternative Proteins":153,"Animal health":153,"Animal welfare":153,"Antimicrobial resistance":153,"Aquaculture":27,"Climate & environmental protection":153,"Labelling":27,"Recognition of sentience":27,"Public procurement":153,"Sales Bans":27,"Subsidies":27,"Taxation":153,"Wild-caught fishing":27,"All animals":27,"Farmed animals":153,"Beef cows":27,"Dairy cows":27,"Calves":27,"Broiler chickens":27,"Egg laying hens":27,"Fish":27,"Pigs":27},"The EU's Farm to Fork Strategy","Implements the European Green Deal in the agri-food sector towards becoming a climate-neutral continent by 2050.","Includes economic measures such as tax incentives to ensure that the price of different foods reflects their real costs in terms of GHG emissions and other environmental externalities.\n\nEncourages transition to a healthier and more accessible plant-based diet, the improvement of animal welfare levels, and the reversing of biodiversity loss.\n\nSets quantitative goals for reduction of use of antibiotics.\n\nAnnounces measures for increased transparency to consumers through nutritional, animal welfare, and food sustainability labelling.\n\nEncourages research, innovation, technology and investments including in alternative proteins.","The EU's agriculture policy for the 2021-2027 was not revised in light of the Farm to Fork Strategy, thus hindering the implementation of significant measures for a transition to a sustainable food system, such as the elimination of harmful subsidies.","Communication from the Commission to the European Parliament, the Council, the European Economic and Social Committee and the Committee of the Regions, A Farm to Fork Strategy for a Fair, Healthy and Environmentally-Friendly Food System (2020) (EU)","the-eu-farm-to-fork-strategy",{"Law / Policy":765,"Jurisdiction":156,"Sub-jurisdiction":141,"Type of Act":157,"Status":158,"Legal Value":141,"Description":766,"Strengths":767,"Weaknesses":768,"Date enacted":141,"Date updated":149,"Official citation":769,"Link to text":770,"Slug":771,"Agriculture":153,"Alternative Proteins":27,"Animal health":27,"Animal welfare":27,"Antimicrobial resistance":27,"Aquaculture":27,"Climate & environmental protection":153,"Labelling":27,"Recognition of sentience":27,"Public procurement":27,"Sales Bans":27,"Subsidies":27,"Taxation":27,"Wild-caught fishing":27,"All animals":27,"Farmed animals":153,"Beef cows":27,"Dairy cows":27,"Calves":27,"Broiler chickens":27,"Egg laying hens":27,"Fish":27,"Pigs":27},"The Farm System Reform Act of 2019","Reduces factory farming","Places a moratorium on large CAFOs as defined in the regulatory definition by the Environmental Protection Agency.\n\nBans large CAFOs by the year 2040.","Only bans large factory farms.","The Farm System Reform Act of 2019 (U.S.A.)","https://www.scribd.com/document/439679568/Farm-System-Reform-Act - download","the-farm-system-reform-act-of-2019-usa",{"Law / Policy":773,"Jurisdiction":774,"Sub-jurisdiction":141,"Type of Act":142,"Status":775,"Legal Value":144,"Description":776,"Strengths":777,"Weaknesses":778,"Date enacted":779,"Date updated":149,"Official citation":780,"Link to text":781,"Slug":782,"Agriculture":27,"Alternative Proteins":27,"Animal health":27,"Animal welfare":27,"Antimicrobial resistance":27,"Aquaculture":27,"Climate & environmental protection":27,"Labelling":27,"Recognition of sentience":27,"Public procurement":27,"Sales Bans":27,"Subsidies":27,"Taxation":153,"Wild-caught fishing":27,"All animals":27,"Farmed animals":153,"Beef cows":27,"Dairy cows":27,"Calves":27,"Broiler chickens":27,"Egg laying hens":27,"Fish":27,"Pigs":27},"The Fat Tax Act","Denmark","Repealed","Introduces a tax on saturated fat in food products, including dairy and meat products.","The tax applied on a variety of meat and dairy products in which saturated fat exceeded 2.3%.\n\nThe tax was set at DKK 16 per (€ 2.15) per kilogram of saturated fat, which represented a significant price increase in some cases. For instance, the price of a standard package of butter increased by 20%.\n\nThe implementation of the Act relied on the food's nutritional label, which facilitated its implementation.\n\nThe tax applied to imported food products.","The law imposed a threshold under which the tax would not be implemented, which excluded  several animal source foods from its scope, such as fluid milk.\n\nThe tax solely relied on fat content and so did not apply to lean meat.\n\nThe law contained broad exemption for food products for export,  animal feed, and food from small companies.\n\nThe revenues generated by the tax were not allocated to subsidise plant-based foods.","2011","The Danish Act on Taxation of Saturated Fat in Certain Food Products, Law No 247 of 30 March 2011, 2011, (Denmark)","https://www.retsinformation.dk/eli/lta/2011/247","the-fat-tax-act-denmark",{"Law / Policy":784,"Jurisdiction":472,"Sub-jurisdiction":141,"Type of Act":142,"Status":158,"Legal Value":141,"Description":785,"Strengths":786,"Weaknesses":787,"Date enacted":324,"Date updated":149,"Official citation":788,"Link to text":789,"Slug":790,"Agriculture":153,"Alternative Proteins":27,"Animal health":27,"Animal welfare":27,"Antimicrobial resistance":27,"Aquaculture":27,"Climate & environmental protection":153,"Labelling":27,"Recognition of sentience":27,"Public procurement":27,"Sales Bans":27,"Subsidies":27,"Taxation":27,"Wild-caught fishing":27,"All animals":27,"Farmed animals":153,"Beef cows":27,"Dairy cows":27,"Calves":27,"Broiler chickens":27,"Egg laying hens":27,"Fish":27,"Pigs":27},"The Netherland's 2020 Bill to Curb Nitrogen Emissions","Sets a limit on nitrogen emissions in The Netherlands.","Sets limits on nitrogen levels in Natura-2000 areas.\n\nAims to halve nitrogen emissions by construction and agriculture by 2035.\n\nSets three targets:\n(1) 40 percent of the nitrogen sensitive Natura-2000 areas must be below the critical deposition value (\u003C 255 mole per hectare) in 2025,\n(2) 50 percent of the nitrogen sensitive Natura-2000 areas must be below the critical deposition value in 2030, and\n(3) 74 percent of the nitrogen sensitive Natura-2000 areas must be below the critical deposition value in 2035.\n\nProvides £2bn funding to support implementation in the agricultural sectors, through buy-out programs, innovation, and technical measures. Farmers participating in buy outs can start a new farm in a new location but must commit to reduce nitrogen emissions. The Dutch government announced a 1,45-billion-euro package till 2023, to pay husbandry farmers to stop farming and reduce the number of animals for environmental reasons.","Only applies to Natura 2000 areas (EU's natural reserves).","Conceptbesluit stikstofreductie en natuurverbetering, 2020 (The Netherlands)","https://www.rijksoverheid.nl/regering/bewindspersonen/carola-schouten/documenten/kamerstukken/2020/12/04/conceptbesluit-stikstofreductie-en-natuurverbetering","2020-bill-to-curb-nitrogen-emissions-the-netherlands",{"Law / Policy":792,"Jurisdiction":184,"Sub-jurisdiction":309,"Type of Act":142,"Status":143,"Legal Value":144,"Description":793,"Strengths":794,"Weaknesses":795,"Date enacted":796,"Date updated":149,"Official citation":797,"Link to text":798,"Slug":799,"Agriculture":153,"Alternative Proteins":27,"Animal health":27,"Animal welfare":153,"Antimicrobial resistance":27,"Aquaculture":27,"Climate & environmental protection":27,"Labelling":27,"Recognition of sentience":27,"Public procurement":27,"Sales Bans":27,"Subsidies":27,"Taxation":27,"Wild-caught fishing":27,"All animals":153,"Farmed animals":27,"Beef cows":27,"Dairy cows":27,"Calves":27,"Broiler chickens":27,"Egg laying hens":27,"Fish":27,"Pigs":27},"Transport Regulation","Regulates the transport duration of live animals (by sea, by air, and road) by imposing minimum animal welfare standards during transport.","Establishes limit on the duration of transport duration per animal species and age.\n\nEstablishes minimum space allowance per species and age.\n\nEstablishes minimum interval and length of resting, watering, and feeding periods.\n\nRequires training of transporters.\n\nEstablishes specifications of vessels.\n\nImposes planning requirements (journey logs).","Covers the transport of live vertebrate, but not invertebrate animals, and aquatic animals are virtually excluded from all provisions.\n\nDoes not provide proper enforcement mechanisms (no GPS tracking, no certification system for trucks and ships).\n\nContains unenforceable provisions (e.g.: obligation to feed unweaned animals on board).\n\nContains vague and broad regulatory definitions (e.g.: \"animals unfit for transport\").\n\nAllows the use of electric prods.","2005","Council Regulation 1/2005 of 22 December 2004 on the Protection of Animals During Transport and Related Operations, 2005 O.J. (L 3) 1 - 44 (E.U.)","https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/ALL/?uri=celex:32005R0001","transport-regulation-eu",{"Law / Policy":801,"Jurisdiction":184,"Sub-jurisdiction":141,"Type of Act":802,"Status":143,"Legal Value":144,"Description":803,"Strengths":804,"Weaknesses":805,"Date enacted":221,"Date updated":149,"Official citation":806,"Link to text":807,"Slug":808,"Agriculture":153,"Alternative Proteins":27,"Animal health":27,"Animal welfare":153,"Antimicrobial resistance":27,"Aquaculture":27,"Climate & environmental protection":27,"Labelling":27,"Recognition of sentience":153,"Public procurement":27,"Sales Bans":27,"Subsidies":27,"Taxation":27,"Wild-caught fishing":153,"All animals":153,"Farmed animals":27,"Beef cows":27,"Dairy cows":27,"Calves":27,"Broiler chickens":27,"Egg laying hens":27,"Fish":27,"Pigs":27},"Treaty of the Functioning of the European Union","Constitutional treaty","Recognises animal sentience and imposes a duty on the EU and national governments to take into account the welfare of animals.","Recognises animals as \"sentient beings.\"\n\nImposes a duty on the EU and national governments to take into account the welfare of animals when formulating and implementing laws in certain policy areas.","This provision only provides a limited list of policies in which the governments must take into account animal welfare, although it does not prevent other policy areas from taking animal welfare into account.\n\nTranslations into different languages than English refer to an animal's ability to feel pain (rather than sentience).","Treaty of Lisbon amending the Treaty on European Union and the Treaty Establishing the European Community, Dec. 13, 2007, 2007 O.J. (C 306)54 (E.U.)","https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/treaty/tfeu_2012/oj","lisbon-treaty-eu",{"Law / Policy":810,"Jurisdiction":184,"Sub-jurisdiction":141,"Type of Act":142,"Status":143,"Legal Value":144,"Description":811,"Strengths":812,"Weaknesses":813,"Date enacted":450,"Date updated":149,"Official citation":814,"Link to text":815,"Slug":816,"Agriculture":153,"Alternative Proteins":27,"Animal health":153,"Animal welfare":27,"Antimicrobial resistance":153,"Aquaculture":27,"Climate & environmental protection":27,"Labelling":27,"Recognition of sentience":27,"Public procurement":27,"Sales Bans":27,"Subsidies":27,"Taxation":27,"Wild-caught fishing":27,"All animals":27,"Farmed animals":153,"Beef cows":27,"Dairy cows":27,"Calves":27,"Broiler chickens":27,"Egg laying hens":27,"Fish":27,"Pigs":27},"Use of Additives in Feedingstuff Regulation","Regulates the use of feed additives by requiring a market authorisation for feed additives, their labelling, and use.","Imposes that all feed additives be granted a market authorisation before they can be sold and used. Authorisations are granted for use in feed intended for specific animal species or categories, and for specific conditions of use.\n\nAdditives must be labelled in a conspicuous, clearly, legible and indelible manner. The label must include certain information (including name and identification number of additives, net weight and volume, directions of use etc.)\n\nThe regulation also sets requirements for the labelling of premixtures of feed additives.","Allows the use of coccidiostats and histomonostats, which have antimicrobial properties, albeit limitedly.","Regulation (EC) No 1831/2003 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 22 September 2003 on additives for use in animal nutrition, O.J. L 268/29–43 (E.U.)","https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:32003R1831","use-of-additives-in-feedingstuff-eu",{"Law / Policy":818,"Jurisdiction":184,"Sub-jurisdiction":141,"Type of Act":142,"Status":143,"Legal Value":144,"Description":819,"Strengths":820,"Weaknesses":821,"Date enacted":201,"Date updated":149,"Official citation":822,"Link to text":604,"Slug":823,"Agriculture":153,"Alternative Proteins":27,"Animal health":153,"Animal welfare":27,"Antimicrobial resistance":153,"Aquaculture":27,"Climate & environmental protection":27,"Labelling":27,"Recognition of sentience":27,"Public procurement":27,"Sales Bans":27,"Subsidies":27,"Taxation":27,"Wild-caught fishing":27,"All animals":27,"Farmed animals":153,"Beef cows":27,"Dairy cows":27,"Calves":27,"Broiler chickens":27,"Egg laying hens":27,"Fish":27,"Pigs":27},"Veterinary Medical Products Regulation","This regulation prohibits the use of antimicrobials for preventive purposes.","Limits advertising to veterinary professionals only.\n\nPrescribed medicated feed requires veterinary prescription.\n\nBans the use of antimicrobials via medicated feed for prophylactic or growth promotion purposes.\n\nRestricts the validity and duration of veterinary prescriptions with antimicrobials.\n\nSets harmonised residue limits for antimicrobials.","Does not refer to a list of antimicrobials of critical importance in human medicine.\n\nAllows the use of medicated feed containing immunological veterinary medicinal products or some antiparasitics in the absence of a diagnosed disease.","Regulation 2019/6 of 11 December 2018 on veterinary medicinal products and repealing Directive 2001/82/EC, 2018, O.J. L 4/43 - 167 (EU)","veterinary-medical-products-regulation-eu",{"Law / Policy":825,"Jurisdiction":156,"Sub-jurisdiction":826,"Type of Act":142,"Status":143,"Legal Value":144,"Description":827,"Strengths":828,"Weaknesses":829,"Date enacted":201,"Date updated":149,"Official citation":830,"Link to text":831,"Slug":832,"Agriculture":153,"Alternative Proteins":27,"Animal health":153,"Animal welfare":153,"Antimicrobial resistance":27,"Aquaculture":27,"Climate & environmental protection":27,"Labelling":27,"Recognition of sentience":27,"Public procurement":27,"Sales Bans":27,"Subsidies":27,"Taxation":27,"Wild-caught fishing":27,"All animals":27,"Farmed animals":27,"Beef cows":27,"Dairy cows":27,"Calves":27,"Broiler chickens":27,"Egg laying hens":153,"Fish":27,"Pigs":27},"Washington Wholesome Eggs and Egg Products Act","Washington","Prohibits confining egg-laying hens in cages and only allows cage-free housing systems. The law bans the use of cages in egg production and bans the sale of eggs from caged hens, whether sourced from Washington or not.","Applies the cage free American Humane Association (AHA) facility system plan (or an equivalent plan) in all commercial egg layer operations - which sets relatively high standards, putting an emphasis on animal welfare. This could set a good example for other states as well.\n\nRequires areas for nesting, scratching and perching. \n\nApplies extra-territorially by banning the sale of all eggs of egg-laying hens that have not been raised following equivalent standards set in the legislation.\n\nBill (substitute House Bill 2049) language explicitly links animal welfare as the basis for the law, as well as human health and negative fiscal effects on the state associated with the lack of effective regulation of egg production and sales.","Applies only to egg-laying hens and does not cover other animals. \n\nSets some exclusions, that still allow the confining of animals in tight places, for instance for testing, exhibitions and depopulation operations.","RCW, Washington wholesome eggs and egg products act § 69.25. RCW 69.25.107\nCommercial egg layer operations—Requirements.","https://app.leg.wa.gov/RCW/default.aspx?cite=69.25.107","washington-wholesome-eggs-and-egg-products-act-usa",{"Law / Policy":834,"Jurisdiction":835,"Sub-jurisdiction":141,"Type of Act":142,"Status":143,"Legal Value":144,"Description":836,"Strengths":837,"Weaknesses":838,"Date enacted":796,"Date updated":149,"Official citation":839,"Link to text":840,"Slug":841,"Agriculture":27,"Alternative Proteins":27,"Animal health":27,"Animal welfare":153,"Antimicrobial resistance":27,"Aquaculture":153,"Climate & environmental protection":153,"Labelling":27,"Recognition of sentience":27,"Public procurement":27,"Sales Bans":27,"Subsidies":27,"Taxation":27,"Wild-caught fishing":27,"All animals":27,"Farmed animals":27,"Beef cows":27,"Dairy cows":27,"Calves":27,"Broiler chickens":27,"Egg laying hens":27,"Fish":153,"Pigs":27},"Norwegian Aquaculture Act","Norway","Regulates aquaculture facilities through a licensing system that allows for government inspection and requires the adherence of environmental standards.","Onsite inspections performed by government officials.\nProhibition on building aquaculture facilities in environmentally protected areas.\n\nThe government can force the shutdown of aquaculture facilities if the site fails inspection.\n\nThe government can fine aquaculture facilities for any environmental damages.","Provides no regulations regarding fish welfare, worker protections, escapee captive fishes, nor limitation or suggestion on farming herbivorous rather than carnivorous fishes.","Act of 17 June 2005 no. 79 relating to aquaculture\n(Aquaculture Act) (Lov om akvakultur (akvakulturloven), LOV-2005-06-17-79)(Norway)","https://lovdata.no/dokument/NL/lov/2005-06-17-79","aquaculture-act-norway",{"Law / Policy":843,"Jurisdiction":835,"Sub-jurisdiction":141,"Type of Act":142,"Status":143,"Legal Value":144,"Description":844,"Strengths":845,"Weaknesses":846,"Date enacted":847,"Date updated":149,"Official citation":848,"Link to text":849,"Slug":850,"Agriculture":27,"Alternative Proteins":27,"Animal health":153,"Animal welfare":27,"Antimicrobial resistance":27,"Aquaculture":153,"Climate & environmental protection":27,"Labelling":27,"Recognition of sentience":27,"Public procurement":27,"Sales Bans":27,"Subsidies":27,"Taxation":27,"Wild-caught fishing":27,"All animals":27,"Farmed animals":27,"Beef cows":27,"Dairy cows":27,"Calves":27,"Broiler chickens":27,"Egg laying hens":27,"Fish":153,"Pigs":27},"Act Relating to Veterinarians and Other Animal Health Personnel","Limits the ways in which aquaculture facilities may obtain antibiotics.","Limits overuse of antibiotics in farmed animals.\n\nRequires veterinarian's prescription to obtain antibiotics.","Does not require veterinarian to inspect premises to see if antibiotics are necessary.","2001","Act Relating to Veterinarians and Other Animal Health Personnel 15 June 2001 No. 75. (Lov om veterinærer og annet dyrehelsepersonell [dyrehelsepersonelloven], LOV-2001-06-15-75)(Norway)","https://www.regjeringen.no/en/dokumenter/Act-relating-to-Veterinarians-and-Other-Animal-Health-Personnel-/id213321/","act-relating-to-veterinarians-and-other-animal-health-personnel-norway",{"Law / Policy":852,"Jurisdiction":853,"Sub-jurisdiction":141,"Type of Act":142,"Status":143,"Legal Value":144,"Description":844,"Strengths":854,"Weaknesses":838,"Date enacted":254,"Date updated":149,"Official citation":855,"Link to text":856,"Slug":857,"Agriculture":27,"Alternative Proteins":27,"Animal health":27,"Animal welfare":27,"Antimicrobial resistance":27,"Aquaculture":153,"Climate & environmental protection":153,"Labelling":27,"Recognition of sentience":27,"Public procurement":27,"Sales Bans":27,"Subsidies":27,"Taxation":27,"Wild-caught fishing":27,"All animals":27,"Farmed animals":27,"Beef cows":27,"Dairy cows":27,"Calves":27,"Broiler chickens":27,"Egg laying hens":27,"Fish":153,"Pigs":27},"General Fisheries and Aquaculture Law","Chile","Prohibits building aquaculture facilities in environmentally protected areas.\n\nRequires Environmental Impact Assessments.\n\nRegulates the spread of disease in fishes.","General Fisheries and Aquaculture Law, as amended in 2022) (Ley General de Pesca y Acuicultura, Nº 430)(Chile)","https://www.subpesca.cl/portal/615/w3-article-88020.html","general-fisheries-and-aquaculture-law-chile",{"Law / Policy":859,"Jurisdiction":156,"Sub-jurisdiction":141,"Type of Act":391,"Status":143,"Legal Value":144,"Description":860,"Strengths":861,"Weaknesses":862,"Date enacted":863,"Date updated":149,"Official citation":864,"Link to text":865,"Slug":866,"Agriculture":27,"Alternative Proteins":27,"Animal health":27,"Animal welfare":27,"Antimicrobial resistance":27,"Aquaculture":153,"Climate & environmental protection":153,"Labelling":27,"Recognition of sentience":27,"Public procurement":27,"Sales Bans":27,"Subsidies":27,"Taxation":27,"Wild-caught fishing":27,"All animals":27,"Farmed animals":27,"Beef cows":27,"Dairy cows":27,"Calves":27,"Broiler chickens":27,"Egg laying hens":27,"Fish":153,"Pigs":27},"National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System","Regulates the water discharges of agricultural facilities.","Includes aquaculture facilities in its regulation.\n\nRegulates water pollution.","Limits regulation of water pollution only to certain sizes of aquaculture facilities.\n\nDoes not take into account consideration of fish welfare.\n\nDoes not prohibit aquaculture facilities in environmentally protected areas.\n\nDoes not provides regulations on worker protections, nor on escapee captive fishes.","1983","40 C.F.R. § 122.24  (USA)","https://www.ecfr.gov/current/title-40/chapter-I/subchapter-D/part-122/subpart-B/section-122.24","national-pollutant-discharge-elimination-system-usa",{"Law / Policy":868,"Jurisdiction":869,"Sub-jurisdiction":141,"Type of Act":142,"Status":870,"Legal Value":141,"Description":871,"Strengths":872,"Weaknesses":873,"Date enacted":141,"Date updated":149,"Official citation":874,"Link to text":875,"Slug":876,"Agriculture":27,"Alternative Proteins":27,"Animal health":27,"Animal welfare":27,"Antimicrobial resistance":27,"Aquaculture":27,"Climate & environmental protection":27,"Labelling":27,"Recognition of sentience":153,"Public procurement":27,"Sales Bans":27,"Subsidies":27,"Taxation":153,"Wild-caught fishing":27,"All animals":27,"Farmed animals":27,"Beef cows":27,"Dairy cows":27,"Calves":27,"Broiler chickens":27,"Egg laying hens":27,"Fish":27,"Pigs":27},"Animal Sentience Bill","United Kingdom","Bill Proposal","Sets a new framework for the proper consideration of animal sentience in policy and legislative-making.","Legally recognises that animals are living, feeling beings with complex thoughts and emotions, each able to experience pain, fear, love, and joy. \n\nRequires that the UK government consider the welfare needs of animals as sentient beings when making and implementing policies – which could help protect them from abuse or harm.\n\nRecognises all vertebrate animals and some invertebrates (decapod crustaceans and cephalopod molluscs, i.e., crabs, lobsters, and octopuses) as 'sentient beings.'","Sentience is undefined. \n\nThe new committee will not have enforcement or advisory powers, meaning it is only able to scrutinize and report on whether government policy is adequately considering the interests of animals - which activists and journalists already do.\n\nAmendment extending sentience to the small number of invertebrates will not change existing industry practices.","Animal Welfare (Sentience) Act 2022 (UK)","https://bills.parliament.uk/bills/2867","animal-sentience-bill-united-kingdom",{"Law / Policy":878,"Jurisdiction":156,"Sub-jurisdiction":879,"Type of Act":142,"Status":870,"Legal Value":141,"Description":880,"Strengths":881,"Weaknesses":882,"Date enacted":141,"Date updated":149,"Official citation":883,"Link to text":884,"Slug":885,"Agriculture":27,"Alternative Proteins":27,"Animal health":27,"Animal welfare":27,"Antimicrobial resistance":27,"Aquaculture":27,"Climate & environmental protection":27,"Labelling":27,"Recognition of sentience":27,"Public procurement":27,"Sales Bans":27,"Subsidies":27,"Taxation":27,"Wild-caught fishing":153,"All animals":27,"Farmed animals":27,"Beef cows":27,"Dairy cows":27,"Calves":27,"Broiler chickens":27,"Egg laying hens":27,"Fish":153,"Pigs":27},"Act 51 (House Bill 553) Hawaii, USA","Hawaii","Limits the bycatch of sharks.","Requires the government (the Department of Land and Natural Resources) to establish rules to prevent \"wanton waste\" of sharks and to limit gear such as gill nets in areas identified as shark nursery habitats.\n\nViolation is a misdemeanour but with possible significant penalties.","The law does not apply to people with special activity permits; shark fishing for public safety purposes as authorized or conducted by the Department; sharks taken outside of state marine waters, with required documentation; sharks captured, entangled, or killed for self-defence or the defence of another; and sharks captured or killed according to a permit.","ACT 51. H.B. NO. 553. A Bill for an Act Relating to the Protection of Sharks (Hawaii, USA)","https://www.capitol.hawaii.gov/slh/Years/SLH2021/SLH2021_Act51.pdf","act-51-house-bill-553-hawaii-usa",{"Law / Policy":887,"Jurisdiction":184,"Sub-jurisdiction":141,"Type of Act":142,"Status":143,"Legal Value":144,"Description":888,"Strengths":889,"Weaknesses":890,"Date enacted":352,"Date updated":149,"Official citation":891,"Link to text":427,"Slug":892,"Agriculture":27,"Alternative Proteins":27,"Animal health":27,"Animal welfare":27,"Antimicrobial resistance":27,"Aquaculture":27,"Climate & environmental protection":27,"Labelling":27,"Recognition of sentience":27,"Public procurement":27,"Sales Bans":27,"Subsidies":27,"Taxation":27,"Wild-caught fishing":153,"All animals":27,"Farmed animals":27,"Beef cows":27,"Dairy cows":27,"Calves":27,"Broiler chickens":27,"Egg laying hens":27,"Fish":153,"Pigs":27},"EU Common Fisheries Policies' Landing Obligation Rules","Limits overfishing.","All catches of species regulated through catch limits or minimum size should be landed and counted against the fishers' quotas.\n\nUndersized fish caught and landed should not be used (sold) for direct human consumption, but for products such as pet food, fish meal, pharmaceuticals, and food supplements.\n\nProducer organizations have a duty to help their members find adequate outlets for undersized catches, without promoting the creation of a market for them.\n\nEU countries also have the obligation to assist fishers by facilitating the storage of undersize fish and finding possible outlets.","Exemptions include fisheries in which more than one species is present and where different species are likely to be caught in the same fishing operation ('mixed fisheries').\n\nAdministrative rules provide some flexibility as regards the landing obligation, for example where unwanted catches are difficult to avoid, lead to disproportionate costs, or have a high survivability rate.\n\nAside from high survivability and de minimis exemptions, predator damaged and prohibited species are also exempted from the landing obligation.","Article 15, Regulation 1380/2013 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 11 December 2013 on the Common Fisheries Policy, OJ L 354, 28.12.2013, p. 22–61 (EU)","common-fisheries-policies-landing-obligation-rules-eu",{"Law / Policy":894,"Jurisdiction":835,"Sub-jurisdiction":141,"Type of Act":142,"Status":143,"Legal Value":144,"Description":895,"Strengths":896,"Weaknesses":897,"Date enacted":898,"Date updated":149,"Official citation":899,"Link to text":900,"Slug":901,"Agriculture":27,"Alternative Proteins":27,"Animal health":27,"Animal welfare":27,"Antimicrobial resistance":27,"Aquaculture":27,"Climate & environmental protection":27,"Labelling":27,"Recognition of sentience":27,"Public procurement":27,"Sales Bans":27,"Subsidies":27,"Taxation":27,"Wild-caught fishing":153,"All animals":27,"Farmed animals":27,"Beef cows":27,"Dairy cows":27,"Calves":27,"Broiler chickens":27,"Egg laying hens":27,"Fish":153,"Pigs":27},"Marine Resources Act","Prohibits discards of dead fish.","The landing obligations apply to all catches species of fishes.","The ban on applies to dead or dying fish and does not apply to viable fishes, who can be released back to the sea.","1987","Section 39, Act on the Management of Wild Marine Resources (Marine Resources Act) (Lov om forvaltning av viltlevande marine ressursar (havressurslova), LOV-2008-06-06-37)(Norway)","https://lovdata.no/dokument/NL/lov/2008-06-06-37","marine-resources-act-norway",{"Law / Policy":903,"Jurisdiction":904,"Sub-jurisdiction":141,"Type of Act":185,"Status":143,"Legal Value":197,"Description":905,"Strengths":906,"Weaknesses":907,"Date enacted":245,"Date updated":149,"Official citation":908,"Link to text":909,"Slug":910,"Agriculture":27,"Alternative Proteins":27,"Animal health":27,"Animal welfare":27,"Antimicrobial resistance":27,"Aquaculture":27,"Climate & environmental protection":27,"Labelling":27,"Recognition of sentience":27,"Public procurement":27,"Sales Bans":27,"Subsidies":27,"Taxation":27,"Wild-caught fishing":153,"All animals":27,"Farmed animals":27,"Beef cows":27,"Dairy cows":27,"Calves":27,"Broiler chickens":27,"Egg laying hens":27,"Fish":153,"Pigs":27},"Sustainable Development Goal 14","UN","Improves sustainability in fish production.","Calls for methods of catching wild fishes will improve their welfare and reduce bycatch.\n\nCalls for the catching of alternative fish species so as to reduce wastage associated with bycatch and relieve pressure  on threatened species.","The UN's SDGs are voluntary policy measures that do not provide specific rules on how to achieve such objectives.\n\nThis policy does not address animal welfare issues directly.","The Sustainable Development Goals Report 2022","https://unstats.un.org/sdgs/report/2022/","sustainable-development-goal-14-un",{"Law / Policy":912,"Jurisdiction":156,"Sub-jurisdiction":141,"Type of Act":391,"Status":143,"Legal Value":144,"Description":913,"Strengths":914,"Weaknesses":915,"Date enacted":916,"Date updated":149,"Official citation":917,"Link to text":918,"Slug":919,"Agriculture":27,"Alternative Proteins":27,"Animal health":27,"Animal welfare":27,"Antimicrobial resistance":27,"Aquaculture":27,"Climate & environmental protection":27,"Labelling":27,"Recognition of sentience":27,"Public procurement":27,"Sales Bans":27,"Subsidies":27,"Taxation":27,"Wild-caught fishing":153,"All animals":27,"Farmed animals":27,"Beef cows":27,"Dairy cows":27,"Calves":27,"Broiler chickens":27,"Egg laying hens":27,"Fish":153,"Pigs":27},"The National System of Marine Protected Areas","Creates conservation measures for marine areas.","Clearly defines geographic space managed for long-term conservation.","Provides different levels of protection from minimally protected to fully protected.\n\nMay not be suitable for local and indigenous management reliant on traditional knowledge.\n\nResources to manage MPAs are limited and their effectiveness relies on contextual factors, such as governance and socio-economic characteristics, rather than the design attributes, such as the MPA size.","2000","Executive Order 13158 of May 26, 2000 Marine Protected Areas (U.S.A.)","https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/FR-2000-05-31/pdf/00-13830.pdf","the-national-system-of-marine-protected-areas-usa",{"Law / Policy":921,"Jurisdiction":608,"Sub-jurisdiction":141,"Type of Act":922,"Status":143,"Legal Value":144,"Description":923,"Strengths":924,"Weaknesses":925,"Date enacted":303,"Date updated":149,"Official citation":926,"Link to text":927,"Slug":928,"Agriculture":27,"Alternative Proteins":27,"Animal health":27,"Animal welfare":27,"Antimicrobial resistance":27,"Aquaculture":27,"Climate & environmental protection":27,"Labelling":27,"Recognition of sentience":27,"Public procurement":27,"Sales Bans":27,"Subsidies":27,"Taxation":27,"Wild-caught fishing":153,"All animals":27,"Farmed animals":27,"Beef cows":27,"Dairy cows":27,"Calves":27,"Broiler chickens":27,"Egg laying hens":27,"Fish":153,"Pigs":27},"The Agreement to Prevent Unregulated High Seas Fisheries in the Central Arctic Ocean","Treaty","Establishes conservation protection for fisheries in the Artic Ocean. Applies to Canada, China, Denmark, the EU, Iceland, Japan, Norway, South Korea, Russia, and the USA.","Includes Indigenous communities.\n\nEstablishes full protection for areas covered.\n\nParties have agreed not to authorise commercial fishing operations in the large portion of the Central Arctic Ocean for a period of time.\n\nEstablishes a Joint Program of Scientific Research and Monitoring for the Central Arctic Ocean.\n\nProvides preventative measure.","Deals with a non-emergency situation in a part of the world that most people rarely consider.","The Agreement to Prevent Unregulated High Seas Fisheries in the Central Arctic Ocean (2018)","https://www.mofa.go.jp/files/000449233.pdf","the-agreement-to-prevent-unregulated-high-seas-fisheries-in-the-central-arctic-ocean",{"Law / Policy":930,"Jurisdiction":156,"Sub-jurisdiction":141,"Type of Act":391,"Status":143,"Legal Value":144,"Description":931,"Strengths":932,"Weaknesses":933,"Date enacted":201,"Date updated":149,"Official citation":934,"Link to text":935,"Slug":936,"Agriculture":27,"Alternative Proteins":27,"Animal health":27,"Animal welfare":27,"Antimicrobial resistance":27,"Aquaculture":27,"Climate & environmental protection":153,"Labelling":27,"Recognition of sentience":27,"Public procurement":27,"Sales Bans":27,"Subsidies":27,"Taxation":27,"Wild-caught fishing":153,"All animals":27,"Farmed animals":27,"Beef cows":27,"Dairy cows":27,"Calves":27,"Broiler chickens":27,"Egg laying hens":27,"Fish":153,"Pigs":27},"US Sea Turtle Conservation and Shrimp Trawling Requirements","Reduces incidental bycatch and mortality of sea turtles in the south-eastern US shrimp fisheries.","Requires the use of Turtle Excluder Devices (TEDs) on fishing vessels.","Limited scope: the requirements only apply to certain areas only and only requires Turtle Excluder Devices (TEDs) on skimmer trawl vessels 40 feet and greater in length.","Sea Turtle Conservation; Shrimp Trawling Requirements, 84 FR 70048 (USA)","https://www.federalregister.gov/documents/2019/12/20/2019-27398/sea-turtle-conservation-shrimp-trawling-requirements","sea-turtle-conservation-and-shrimp-trawling-requirements-usa",{"Law / Policy":938,"Jurisdiction":184,"Sub-jurisdiction":141,"Type of Act":142,"Status":143,"Legal Value":144,"Description":939,"Strengths":940,"Weaknesses":941,"Date enacted":942,"Date updated":149,"Official citation":943,"Link to text":944,"Slug":945,"Agriculture":27,"Alternative Proteins":27,"Animal health":27,"Animal welfare":27,"Antimicrobial resistance":27,"Aquaculture":27,"Climate & environmental protection":153,"Labelling":27,"Recognition of sentience":27,"Public procurement":27,"Sales Bans":27,"Subsidies":27,"Taxation":27,"Wild-caught fishing":153,"All animals":27,"Farmed animals":27,"Beef cows":27,"Dairy cows":27,"Calves":27,"Broiler chickens":27,"Egg laying hens":27,"Fish":153,"Pigs":27},"EU Habitats Directive","Reduces incidental bycatch by prohibiting the use of non-selective fishing methods","Establishes a protection regime for natural areas ('Special Areas of Conservation'), including marine ecosystems.\n\nEstablishes a protection regime for certain animal species, including marine species ('Priority Species'), and specifically prohibits the taking of all mammal species as well as certain sea turtles and fishes.\n\nProhibits 'the use of all indiscriminate means capable of causing local disappearance of, or serious disturbance to' listed species. Prohibited means of capture and killing include nets that are non-selective and explosives.","The statute provides numerous derogations and exemptions to the prohibition on the taking of protected animals, including for the purpose of preventing 'serious damage, in particular [...] to fisheries and other types of properties,' and 'for other  imperative reasons of overriding interests including those of social and economic nature.'","1992","Council Directive 92/43/EEC of 21 May 1992 on the conservation of natural habitats and of wild fauna and flora\nOJ L 206, 22.7.1992, p. 7–50 (EU)","https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=celex%3A31992L0043","habitats-directive-eu",{"Law / Policy":947,"Jurisdiction":184,"Sub-jurisdiction":141,"Type of Act":142,"Status":143,"Legal Value":144,"Description":948,"Strengths":949,"Weaknesses":950,"Date enacted":730,"Date updated":149,"Official citation":951,"Link to text":952,"Slug":953,"Agriculture":27,"Alternative Proteins":27,"Animal health":27,"Animal welfare":27,"Antimicrobial resistance":27,"Aquaculture":27,"Climate & environmental protection":153,"Labelling":27,"Recognition of sentience":27,"Public procurement":27,"Sales Bans":27,"Subsidies":27,"Taxation":27,"Wild-caught fishing":153,"All animals":27,"Farmed animals":27,"Beef cows":27,"Dairy cows":27,"Calves":27,"Broiler chickens":27,"Egg laying hens":27,"Fish":153,"Pigs":27},"EU Birds Directive","Reduces incidental bycatch of birds at sea by prohibiting the use of non-selective catching methods.","Establishes a protection regime for bird native to Europe, and prohibits their 'deliberate killing or capture by any method.'\n\nProhibits the use of 'arrangements or methods used for the large-scale or nonselective capture or killing of birds or capable of causing the local disappearance of a species,' including the use of nets.","The statute provides a broad scope derogation on the taking of birds, including for the purpose of preventing 'serious damage, in particular [...] to fisheries.'","Directive 2009/147/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 30 November 2009 on the conservation of wild birds\nOJ L 20, 26.1.2010, p. 7–25 (EU)","https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX%3A32009L0147","birds-directive-eu",{"Law / Policy":955,"Jurisdiction":156,"Sub-jurisdiction":141,"Type of Act":142,"Status":143,"Legal Value":144,"Description":956,"Strengths":957,"Weaknesses":958,"Date enacted":959,"Date updated":149,"Official citation":960,"Link to text":961,"Slug":962,"Agriculture":27,"Alternative Proteins":27,"Animal health":27,"Animal welfare":27,"Antimicrobial resistance":27,"Aquaculture":27,"Climate & environmental protection":153,"Labelling":27,"Recognition of sentience":27,"Public procurement":27,"Sales Bans":27,"Subsidies":27,"Taxation":27,"Wild-caught fishing":153,"All animals":27,"Farmed animals":27,"Beef cows":27,"Dairy cows":27,"Calves":27,"Broiler chickens":27,"Egg laying hens":27,"Fish":153,"Pigs":27},"US Marine Mammal Protection Act","Reduces incidental bycatch of marine animals by prohibiting their killing and by prohibiting the sale of seafood from jurisdictions that do not have equivalent protection rules.","Prohibits the \"take\" of marine mammals (e.g., harassment, hunting, capturing, collecting, or killing). The act also makes it illegal to import or export marine mammals and marine mammal products into or out of the United States without a permit or other applicable authorization.\n\nUnder a regulation implementing the Act, the United States will not import seafood from countries that lack similar restrictions of their own on bycatch.","Permits can be issued to allow for the \"take\" of marine mammals. Some examples of situations when permits are given include allowance for scientific research, photography, capture or first-time imports for public display (e.g., in aquariums), incidental take as a side effect of fishing or enhancing the survival or health of an animal (e.g., stranding rescues).","1972","16 U.S.C. 1361-1407 (USA)","https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/USCODE-2017-title16/pdf/USCODE-2017-title16-chap31-subchapI-sec1361.pdf","marine-mammal-protection-act-usa",{"Law / Policy":964,"Jurisdiction":774,"Sub-jurisdiction":141,"Type of Act":185,"Status":143,"Legal Value":141,"Description":965,"Strengths":966,"Weaknesses":967,"Date enacted":285,"Date updated":149,"Official citation":968,"Link to text":969,"Slug":970,"Agriculture":153,"Alternative Proteins":153,"Animal health":27,"Animal welfare":27,"Antimicrobial resistance":27,"Aquaculture":27,"Climate & environmental protection":27,"Labelling":27,"Recognition of sentience":27,"Public procurement":27,"Sales Bans":27,"Subsidies":27,"Taxation":27,"Wild-caught fishing":27,"All animals":27,"Farmed animals":27,"Beef cows":27,"Dairy cows":27,"Calves":27,"Broiler chickens":27,"Egg laying hens":27,"Fish":27,"Pigs":27},"Climate Agreement","Provides a policy for the development of alternative proteins","Denmark will make $90 million available for five years to farmers who produce plant-based foods, and committed to creating an annual fund of $11.7 million until 2030 to support the transition to plant-based food.","The plan does not provide for a reduction target set and largely ignores livestock production.","Aftale om grøn omstilling af dansk landbrug\naf 4. October 2021 (Denmark)","https://https://fm.dk/media/25302/aftale-om-groen-omstilling-af-dansk-landbrug_a.pdf","Climate-Agreement-Denmark",{"Law / Policy":972,"Jurisdiction":184,"Sub-jurisdiction":141,"Type of Act":185,"Status":158,"Legal Value":141,"Description":973,"Strengths":974,"Weaknesses":975,"Date enacted":303,"Date updated":149,"Official citation":976,"Link to text":977,"Slug":978,"Agriculture":153,"Alternative Proteins":153,"Animal health":27,"Animal welfare":27,"Antimicrobial resistance":27,"Aquaculture":27,"Climate & environmental protection":27,"Labelling":27,"Recognition of sentience":27,"Public procurement":27,"Sales Bans":27,"Subsidies":153,"Taxation":27,"Wild-caught fishing":27,"All animals":27,"Farmed animals":27,"Beef cows":27,"Dairy cows":27,"Calves":27,"Broiler chickens":27,"Egg laying hens":27,"Fish":27,"Pigs":27},"EU Protein Plan","Provides a policy for the development of  proteins, including for human consumption","Identifies existing and prospective levers to encourage the production of plant-based food in the EU.","The EU Protein Plan is mainly concerned with increasing protein production for animal feed, does not recognize the need for reduction in animal-source food production and consumption. Furthermore, the plan was never implemented.","Report from the European Commission to the Council and the European Parliament on the development of plant proteins in the European Union, COM/2018/757 final","https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX%3A52018DC0757","Protein-Plan-EU",{"Law / Policy":980,"Jurisdiction":981,"Sub-jurisdiction":141,"Type of Act":142,"Status":599,"Legal Value":144,"Description":982,"Strengths":983,"Weaknesses":984,"Date enacted":985,"Date updated":149,"Official citation":986,"Link to text":987,"Slug":988,"Agriculture":153,"Alternative Proteins":153,"Animal health":27,"Animal welfare":27,"Antimicrobial resistance":27,"Aquaculture":27,"Climate & environmental protection":153,"Labelling":27,"Recognition of sentience":27,"Public procurement":27,"Sales Bans":27,"Subsidies":27,"Taxation":27,"Wild-caught fishing":27,"All animals":27,"Farmed animals":27,"Beef cows":27,"Dairy cows":27,"Calves":27,"Broiler chickens":27,"Egg laying hens":27,"Fish":27,"Pigs":27},"Taiwan Climate Change Response Act","Taiwan","Promotes low-carbon diet, including plant-based diets.","The legislation mandates Taiwan's Council of Agriculture to promote low-carbon diets, including plant-based foods.\n\nThe legislation further requires all levels of government to promote low-carbon diets as a means of climate change mitigation and adaptation.","Does not include requirements regarding the implementation of the objectives stated in the law.","2023","Taiwan Climate Change Response Act, 2023 (Taiwan)","https://gazette.nat.gov.tw/EG_FileManager/eguploadpub/eg029028/ch09/type10/gov80/num47/Eg.pdf","Climate-Change-Response-Act-Taiwan",{"Law / Policy":990,"Jurisdiction":284,"Sub-jurisdiction":141,"Type of Act":185,"Status":599,"Legal Value":197,"Description":991,"Strengths":992,"Weaknesses":993,"Date enacted":985,"Date updated":149,"Official citation":994,"Link to text":995,"Slug":996,"Agriculture":27,"Alternative Proteins":27,"Animal health":27,"Animal welfare":153,"Antimicrobial resistance":27,"Aquaculture":153,"Climate & environmental protection":27,"Labelling":27,"Recognition of sentience":27,"Public procurement":27,"Sales Bans":27,"Subsidies":27,"Taxation":27,"Wild-caught fishing":27,"All animals":27,"Farmed animals":27,"Beef cows":27,"Dairy cows":27,"Calves":27,"Broiler chickens":27,"Egg laying hens":27,"Fish":153,"Pigs":27},"Voluntary Guidelines on Fish Welfare in Spanish Aquaculture","Establishes fish welfare standards in aquaculture","Establishes minimum welfare standards for fish in Spain and introduces the use of animal welfare (behavioral and envionmental) indicators","These guidelines are voluntary.","Guía sobre el bienestar de los peces en la acuicultura española, Apromar (2023)","https://apromar.es/wp-content/uploads/2022/10/APROMAR-Guia-Bienestar_ESP.pdf","Guía-sobre-el-bienestar-de-los-peces-en-la-acuicultura-española-Spain",{"Law / Policy":998,"Jurisdiction":156,"Sub-jurisdiction":141,"Type of Act":391,"Status":599,"Legal Value":144,"Description":999,"Strengths":1000,"Weaknesses":27,"Date enacted":201,"Date updated":149,"Official citation":1001,"Link to text":1002,"Slug":1003,"Agriculture":153,"Alternative Proteins":153,"Animal health":27,"Animal welfare":27,"Antimicrobial resistance":27,"Aquaculture":27,"Climate & environmental protection":27,"Labelling":153,"Recognition of sentience":27,"Public procurement":27,"Sales Bans":27,"Subsidies":27,"Taxation":27,"Wild-caught fishing":27,"All animals":27,"Farmed animals":27,"Beef cows":27,"Dairy cows":27,"Calves":27,"Broiler chickens":27,"Egg laying hens":27,"Fish":27,"Pigs":27},"Formal Agreement Between FDA and USDA Regarding Cell-Based Agriculture","Establishes the regulatory pathway for the commercialisation of cell-based agriculture products","Establishes a clear pathway for the marketing of cell-based animal agriculture products.\n\nBoth administrations sharing regulatory oversight (USDA and FDA) committs to cooperating.","Formal Agreement Between FDA and USDA Regarding Oversight of Human Food Produced Using Animal Cell Technology Derived from Cell Lines of USDA-amenable Species (2019)","https://www.fda.gov/food/domestic-interagency-agreements-food/formal-agreement-between-fda-and-usda-regarding-oversight-human-food-produced-using-animal-cell","Formal-Agreement-Between-FDA-and-USDA-Regarding-Cell-Based-Agriculture-USA",{"Law / Policy":1005,"Jurisdiction":156,"Sub-jurisdiction":141,"Type of Act":391,"Status":158,"Legal Value":320,"Description":1006,"Strengths":1007,"Weaknesses":1008,"Date enacted":985,"Date updated":149,"Official citation":1009,"Link to text":1010,"Slug":1011,"Agriculture":153,"Alternative Proteins":153,"Animal health":27,"Animal welfare":27,"Antimicrobial resistance":27,"Aquaculture":27,"Climate & environmental protection":27,"Labelling":153,"Recognition of sentience":27,"Public procurement":27,"Sales Bans":27,"Subsidies":27,"Taxation":27,"Wild-caught fishing":27,"All animals":27,"Farmed animals":27,"Beef cows":27,"Dairy cows":27,"Calves":27,"Broiler chickens":27,"Egg laying hens":27,"Fish":27,"Pigs":27},"Labeling of Plant-Based Milk\nAlternatives and Voluntary Nutrient\nStatements: Guidance for Industry","Establishes guidance for the labeling of plant-based milk\nalternatives","Approves the use of certain dairy terms for plant-based alternatives to dairy product","Suggests voluntary labelling on nutritional equivalence to dairy, which cn be detrimental to plant-based milk.","US Food and Drug Administration, Draft Guidance, Labeling of Plant-Based Milk Alternatives and Voluntary Nutrient Statements: Guidance for Industry (2023)","https://www.fda.gov/media/165420/download","Labeling-of-Plant-Based-Milk\nAlternatives-and-Voluntary-Nutrient-Statements-USA",{"Law / Policy":1013,"Jurisdiction":1014,"Sub-jurisdiction":141,"Type of Act":391,"Status":143,"Legal Value":144,"Description":1015,"Strengths":1016,"Weaknesses":27,"Date enacted":324,"Date updated":149,"Official citation":1017,"Link to text":1018,"Slug":1019,"Agriculture":153,"Alternative Proteins":153,"Animal health":27,"Animal welfare":27,"Antimicrobial resistance":27,"Aquaculture":27,"Climate & environmental protection":27,"Labelling":153,"Recognition of sentience":27,"Public procurement":27,"Sales Bans":27,"Subsidies":27,"Taxation":27,"Wild-caught fishing":27,"All animals":27,"Farmed animals":27,"Beef cows":27,"Dairy cows":27,"Calves":27,"Broiler chickens":27,"Egg laying hens":27,"Fish":27,"Pigs":27},"Singapore Food Agency, Requirements for the Safety Assessment of Novel Foods and Novel Food\nIngredients","Singapore","Establishes requirement for the marketing of cell-basd agricutural products","Details the application process for the commercialisation of cell-based food products on the Singaporean market.\n\nProvides predictable and reasonable timelines for each step of the application process.","Singaporean Food Agency, Requirements for the Safety Assessment of Novel Foods and Novel Food\nIngredients (2022)","https://www.sfa.gov.sg/docs/default-source/food-import-and-export/Requirements-on-safety-assessment-of-novel-foods_26Sep.pdf","Singapore-Food-Agency-Requirements-for-the-Safety-Assessment-of-Novel-Foods-and-Novel-Food-Ingredients-Singapore",{"Law / Policy":1021,"Jurisdiction":156,"Sub-jurisdiction":1022,"Type of Act":142,"Status":143,"Legal Value":144,"Description":1023,"Strengths":1024,"Weaknesses":1025,"Date enacted":201,"Date updated":149,"Official citation":1026,"Link to text":1026,"Slug":1027,"Agriculture":153,"Alternative Proteins":27,"Animal health":27,"Animal welfare":153,"Antimicrobial resistance":27,"Aquaculture":27,"Climate & environmental protection":27,"Labelling":27,"Recognition of sentience":27,"Public procurement":27,"Sales Bans":153,"Subsidies":27,"Taxation":27,"Wild-caught fishing":27,"All animals":27,"Farmed animals":27,"Beef cows":27,"Dairy cows":153,"Calves":153,"Broiler chickens":27,"Egg laying hens":153,"Fish":27,"Pigs":27},"Michigan Cage Ban","Michigan","Prohibits confining sows, calves and egg laying hens in a manner that prevents the covered animal from lying down, standing up, or fully extending their limbs, as well as turning around freely without touching a wall or another animal.","Sets a moratorium on the keeping of sows in gestation crates, as well as the confinement of egg-laying hens in cages.\n\nProhibits all types of battery cages, including enriched ones. \n\nIncludes a sales ban on eggs from caged hens and prohibits their importation.  \n\nRequires that hens are provided with enrichments that allow them to exhibit natural behaviors, including scratch areas, perches, nest boxes, and dust bathing areas.\n\nProhibits gestation crates for sows. \n\nIncludes an enforcement mechanism by the Attorney General.","The sales ban only covers egg-laying hens. The sales ban further excludes egg products.\n\nIncludes a transition period until December 2024.  \n\nIn the case of a gestating sow, the period beginning 7 days before the gestating sow's expected date of giving birth is excluded. \n\nThe law still allows the minimal space allowance per animals in some cases, for instance for testing or in farms holding less than 3,000 egg laying hens.","Michigan Animal industry Act, Act 446 of 1988. (Amended by Senate Bill 174)","michigan-cage-ban-usa",{"Law / Policy":1029,"Jurisdiction":156,"Sub-jurisdiction":826,"Type of Act":142,"Status":143,"Legal Value":144,"Description":1030,"Strengths":1031,"Weaknesses":1032,"Date enacted":201,"Date updated":149,"Official citation":830,"Link to text":1033,"Slug":1034,"Agriculture":153,"Alternative Proteins":27,"Animal health":27,"Animal welfare":153,"Antimicrobial resistance":27,"Aquaculture":27,"Climate & environmental protection":27,"Labelling":27,"Recognition of sentience":27,"Public procurement":27,"Sales Bans":153,"Subsidies":27,"Taxation":27,"Wild-caught fishing":27,"All animals":27,"Farmed animals":27,"Beef cows":27,"Dairy cows":27,"Calves":27,"Broiler chickens":27,"Egg laying hens":153,"Fish":27,"Pigs":27},"Washington Caged Eggs Ban","Prohibits confining egg-laying hens, as well as the sale of eggs from caged hens.","Prohibits the keeping of egg-layins hens in cages.\n\nRequires that hens have access to nesting, scratching and perching areas. \n\nProhibits the sale of all eggs originating from egg-laying hens that have not been raised following equivalent standards set in the legislation.","Applies only to egg-laying hens and does not cover other animals. Does not include quail hens.\n\nWill enter into force on January 1, 2024.\n\nThe law still allows the minimal space allowance per animals in some cases, for instance for testing or in farms holding less than 3,000 egg laying hens.","https://app.leg.wa.gov/rcw/default.aspx?cite=69.25.107","washington-caged-eggs-ban-usa",{"Law / Policy":1036,"Jurisdiction":156,"Sub-jurisdiction":1037,"Type of Act":142,"Status":143,"Legal Value":144,"Description":1038,"Strengths":1039,"Weaknesses":1040,"Date enacted":324,"Date updated":149,"Official citation":1041,"Link to text":1042,"Slug":1043,"Agriculture":1044,"Alternative Proteins":27,"Animal health":27,"Animal welfare":153,"Antimicrobial resistance":27,"Aquaculture":27,"Climate & environmental protection":27,"Labelling":27,"Recognition of sentience":27,"Public procurement":27,"Sales Bans":153,"Subsidies":27,"Taxation":27,"Wild-caught fishing":27,"All animals":27,"Farmed animals":27,"Beef cows":27,"Dairy cows":27,"Calves":27,"Broiler chickens":27,"Egg laying hens":153,"Fish":27,"Pigs":27},"Colorado Caged Eggs Ban","Colorado","Prohibits confining egg-laying hens in cages, as well as the sale of eggs from caged hens.","Prohibits the keeping of egg-layins hens in cages, as well as other species: domesticated chicken, turkey, duck, goose, and guinea fowl.\n\nRequires that hens have access to nesting, scratching and perching areas.\n\nProhibits the sale and transport of all eggs originating from egg-laying hens that have not been raised following equivalent standards set in the legislation. \n\nIncludes a sales ban on certain products containing eggs.","Applies only to egg-laying hens and does not cover other animals. Does not include quail hens.\n\nWill enter into force on January 1, 2025.\n\nThe law still allows the minimal space allowance per animals in some cases, for instance for testing or in farms holding less than 3,000 egg laying hens.\n\nThe sales ban provides exemption for small stores that sell small number of eggs.","Colorado Revised Statutes (CRS) Title 35 – Agriculture","https://leg.colorado.gov/sites/default/files/images/olls/crs2020-title-35.pdf","colorado-caged-eggs-ban-usa","yes",{"Law / Policy":1046,"Jurisdiction":156,"Sub-jurisdiction":1047,"Type of Act":142,"Status":143,"Legal Value":144,"Description":1038,"Strengths":1048,"Weaknesses":1049,"Date enacted":1050,"Date updated":149,"Official citation":1051,"Link to text":1052,"Slug":1053,"Agriculture":153,"Alternative Proteins":27,"Animal health":27,"Animal welfare":153,"Antimicrobial resistance":27,"Aquaculture":27,"Climate & environmental protection":27,"Labelling":27,"Recognition of sentience":27,"Public procurement":27,"Sales Bans":153,"Subsidies":27,"Taxation":27,"Wild-caught fishing":27,"All animals":27,"Farmed animals":27,"Beef cows":27,"Dairy cows":27,"Calves":27,"Broiler chickens":27,"Egg laying hens":153,"Fish":27,"Pigs":27},"Arizona Caged Eggs Ban","Arizona","Prohibits the keeping of egg-layins hens of all species.\n\nProhibits the sale of all eggs and eggs products originating from egg-laying hens that have not been raised following equivalent standards set in the legislation.","Applies only to egg-laying hens and does not cover other animals.\n\nWill enter into force on January 1, 2025.","2022","Arizona Notice of Rulemaking Docket Opening: 28 A.A.R. 818, April 22, 2022","https://apps.azsos.gov/public_services/register/2022/16/contents.pdf","arizona-caged-eggs-ban-usa",{"Law / Policy":1055,"Jurisdiction":156,"Sub-jurisdiction":1056,"Type of Act":142,"Status":143,"Legal Value":144,"Description":1038,"Strengths":1057,"Weaknesses":1058,"Date enacted":285,"Date updated":149,"Official citation":1059,"Link to text":1060,"Slug":1061,"Agriculture":153,"Alternative Proteins":27,"Animal health":27,"Animal welfare":153,"Antimicrobial resistance":27,"Aquaculture":27,"Climate & environmental protection":27,"Labelling":27,"Recognition of sentience":27,"Public procurement":27,"Sales Bans":153,"Subsidies":27,"Taxation":27,"Wild-caught fishing":27,"All animals":27,"Farmed animals":27,"Beef cows":27,"Dairy cows":27,"Calves":27,"Broiler chickens":27,"Egg laying hens":153,"Fish":27,"Pigs":27},"Nevada Caged Eggs Ban","Nevada","Prohibits the keeping of egg-layins hens of different species including chickens, turkeys, ducks, geese, and guinea fowl. \n\nSets a relatively short transition period of three years.\n\nProhibits the sale eggs and egg products originating from egg-laying hens that have not been raised following equivalent standards set in the legislation.","The scope of the ban exlcudes quail hens.","Nevada Revised Statues (NRS) Chapter 583- Meat, fish, Produce, Poultry and Eggs. (Amended by Assembly Bill No. 399–Committee on Natural Resources)","https://www.leg.state.nv.us/nrs/NRS-583.html","nevada-caged-eggs-ban-usa",{"Law / Policy":1063,"Jurisdiction":156,"Sub-jurisdiction":299,"Type of Act":142,"Status":143,"Legal Value":144,"Description":1064,"Strengths":1065,"Weaknesses":27,"Date enacted":1050,"Date updated":509,"Official citation":1066,"Link to text":1067,"Slug":1068,"Agriculture":27,"Alternative Proteins":153,"Animal health":27,"Animal welfare":27,"Antimicrobial resistance":27,"Aquaculture":27,"Climate & environmental protection":153,"Labelling":27,"Recognition of sentience":27,"Public procurement":153,"Sales Bans":27,"Subsidies":27,"Taxation":27,"Wild-caught fishing":27,"All animals":27,"Farmed animals":27,"Beef cows":27,"Dairy cows":27,"Calves":27,"Broiler chickens":27,"Egg laying hens":27,"Fish":27,"Pigs":27},"California School Procurement Policy","Establishes within the State Department of Education the California School Plant-Based Food and Beverage Program.","Establishes within the State Department of Education the California School Plant-Based Food and Beverage Program.\n\nAuthorizes local educational agencies to apply for funding for reimbursement of up to $0.20 per meal for meals that include a plant-based food option or up to $0.10 per meal which would include a plant-based milk option. It requires the department to make additional one-time payments of up to $1,000, as specified, on a first-come-first-served basis to local educational agencies that receive meal reimbursement pursuant to the bill's provisions. \n\nRequires the department, upon a one-time appropriation by the Legislature, to provide grants of up to $100,000 to local educational agencies for additional purposes relating to the program.\n\nRequires the department to adopt regulations to implement the program, establish guidelines for the evaluation of the program, report evaluation results to the Legislature, and outreach.","Child Nutrition Act of 2022, CAAB 558, California (USA) (2022)","https://legiscan.com/CA/text/AB558/id/2582695","california-school-procurement-policy-USA",{"Law / Policy":1070,"Jurisdiction":156,"Sub-jurisdiction":1071,"Type of Act":142,"Status":143,"Legal Value":144,"Description":1072,"Strengths":1073,"Weaknesses":27,"Date enacted":141,"Date updated":509,"Official citation":1074,"Link to text":1075,"Slug":1076,"Agriculture":27,"Alternative Proteins":153,"Animal health":27,"Animal welfare":27,"Antimicrobial resistance":27,"Aquaculture":27,"Climate & environmental protection":27,"Labelling":27,"Recognition of sentience":27,"Public procurement":153,"Sales Bans":27,"Subsidies":27,"Taxation":27,"Wild-caught fishing":27,"All animals":27,"Farmed animals":27,"Beef cows":27,"Dairy cows":27,"Calves":27,"Broiler chickens":27,"Egg laying hens":27,"Fish":27,"Pigs":27},"Illinois Plant-Based School Lunch Option","Illinois","Requires school districts to provide a plant-based school lunch option.","Requires school districts to provide a plant-based school lunch option that complies with the National School Lunch Program to students who submit a prior request to the school district. The new law states: \"As a part of the school lunch program, a school district shall provide a plant-based school lunch option that complies with federal nutritional mandates to those students who submit a prior request to the school district requesting a plant-based school lunch option.\"","School Breakfast and Lunch Program Act, 1102-0761, Illinois (USA) (2022)","https://www.ilga.gov/legislation/publicacts/fulltext.asp?Name=102-0761","illinois_plant-based-school-lunch-option-usa",{"Law / Policy":1078,"Jurisdiction":156,"Sub-jurisdiction":1079,"Type of Act":142,"Status":143,"Legal Value":144,"Description":1080,"Strengths":1081,"Weaknesses":1082,"Date enacted":245,"Date updated":509,"Official citation":1083,"Link to text":1084,"Slug":1085,"Agriculture":27,"Alternative Proteins":153,"Animal health":27,"Animal welfare":27,"Antimicrobial resistance":27,"Aquaculture":27,"Climate & environmental protection":153,"Labelling":27,"Recognition of sentience":27,"Public procurement":153,"Sales Bans":27,"Subsidies":27,"Taxation":27,"Wild-caught fishing":27,"All animals":27,"Farmed animals":27,"Beef cows":27,"Dairy cows":27,"Calves":27,"Broiler chickens":27,"Egg laying hens":27,"Fish":27,"Pigs":27},"San Francisco Admin Code CH 101","California (City of San Francisco)","Restricts the purchase, sale, or distribution of sugar-sweetened beverages by or for the city.","Restricts the use of city funds to buy sugar-sweetened beverages in any form, except as specifically exempted; also does not allow sugar-sweetened beverages to be sold, provided or distributed under a city contract or grant.","Applies to sugar-sweetened beverages.","San Francisco Admin Code CH 101, San Francisco (USA) (2015)","https://codelibrary.amlegal.com/codes/san_francisco/latest/sf_admin/0-0-0-51665","san_francisco-admin-code-CH-101-USA",{"Law / Policy":1087,"Jurisdiction":244,"Sub-jurisdiction":27,"Type of Act":142,"Status":143,"Legal Value":144,"Description":1088,"Strengths":1089,"Weaknesses":1090,"Date enacted":303,"Date updated":509,"Official citation":1091,"Link to text":1092,"Slug":1093,"Agriculture":27,"Alternative Proteins":153,"Animal health":27,"Animal welfare":27,"Antimicrobial resistance":27,"Aquaculture":27,"Climate & environmental protection":153,"Labelling":27,"Recognition of sentience":27,"Public procurement":153,"Sales Bans":27,"Subsidies":27,"Taxation":27,"Wild-caught fishing":27,"All animals":27,"Farmed animals":27,"Beef cows":27,"Dairy cows":27,"Calves":27,"Broiler chickens":27,"Egg laying hens":27,"Fish":27,"Pigs":27},"Loi Egalim","Sets a minimum of 50% of foods served in public cafetarias to originate from quality labeled production.","Provides that food public procurement must contain at least 50% of food products labeled as quality products.\n\nQuality products include products that are labeled EU organic and Label Rouge, which both provide higher animal welfare standards compared to minimum legal standards.","Labels that qualify as quality labels include food labels that do not provide animal welfare standards. For those labels that do include animal welfare standards, these standards can vary greatly depending on the food label and  animal species, and so a quality food label does not always guarantee high animal welfare levels.","Loi n° 2018-938 du 30 octobre 2018 pour l'équilibre des relations commerciales dans le secteur agricole et alimentaire et une alimentation saine, durable et accessible à tous, France (2018)","https://www.legifrance.gouv.fr/loda/id/JORFTEXT000037547946/","loi-egalim-france",{"Law / Policy":1095,"Jurisdiction":227,"Sub-jurisdiction":141,"Type of Act":142,"Status":143,"Legal Value":144,"Description":1096,"Strengths":1097,"Weaknesses":1098,"Date enacted":189,"Date updated":1099,"Official citation":1100,"Link to text":1101,"Slug":1102,"Agriculture":27,"Alternative Proteins":153,"Animal health":27,"Animal welfare":27,"Antimicrobial resistance":27,"Aquaculture":27,"Climate & environmental protection":153,"Labelling":27,"Recognition of sentience":27,"Public procurement":153,"Sales Bans":27,"Subsidies":27,"Taxation":27,"Wild-caught fishing":27,"All animals":27,"Farmed animals":27,"Beef cows":27,"Dairy cows":27,"Calves":27,"Broiler chickens":27,"Egg laying hens":27,"Fish":27,"Pigs":27},"Legislacao 11/2017","Requires public cafeterias to offer at least one vegetarian option every day.","Provides that all public cafetarias, including hospital, school, and prison cafeterias, must offer at least one vegetarian option every day. \n\nThe law defines \"vegetarian food\" as not containing any animal products.","The law provides an exemption for facilities when there is no demand for the vegetarian option.","May, 2024","Lei n.11/2017, de 17 de abril estabelece a obrigatoriedade de existência de opcao vegetariana nas ementas das cantinas e refeitorios publicos","https://diariodarepublica.pt/dr/detalhe/lei/11-2017-106886578","Legislacao-11-20-17-Portugal",{"Law / Policy":1104,"Jurisdiction":1105,"Sub-jurisdiction":1106,"Type of Act":185,"Status":143,"Legal Value":197,"Description":1107,"Strengths":1108,"Weaknesses":1109,"Date enacted":1110,"Date updated":1099,"Official citation":1104,"Link to text":27,"Slug":1111,"Agriculture":27,"Alternative Proteins":27,"Animal health":27,"Animal welfare":153,"Antimicrobial resistance":27,"Aquaculture":27,"Climate & environmental protection":153,"Labelling":27,"Recognition of sentience":27,"Public procurement":153,"Sales Bans":27,"Subsidies":27,"Taxation":27,"Wild-caught fishing":27,"All animals":27,"Farmed animals":153,"Beef cows":27,"Dairy cows":27,"Calves":27,"Broiler chickens":27,"Egg laying hens":27,"Fish":27,"Pigs":27},"Malmo's Policy for Sustainable Development and Food","Sweden","City of Malmo","Requires city cafeterias to provide only organic food","The policy requires that all city cafeterias (pre-schools, schools and elderly care homes) only offer organic food, and that the city reduce greenhouse gas emissions relating to food procurement by 40 % by 2020 (from 2002 level).","The city of Malmo is behind the set objectives regarding organic food and reduction in greenhouse gas emissions.","2010","Malmo's-Policy-for-Sustainable-Development-and-Food-Swden",{"title":1113,"slug":1114,"parent":1115,"content":1241,"includeContactForm":1240,"includeNewsletter":1240},"Humane Slaughter of Aquatic Farmed Animals","humane-slaughter-of-aquatic-farmed-animals",{"metadata":1116,"sys":1119,"fields":1130},{"tags":1117,"concepts":1118},[],[],{"space":1120,"id":1122,"type":87,"createdAt":1123,"updatedAt":1123,"environment":1124,"publishedVersion":1126,"revision":23,"contentType":1127,"locale":24},{"sys":1121},{"type":12,"linkType":13,"id":14},"3u0ln2MdkNzMdQ2ZdX0pgv","2026-07-06T11:51:24.626Z",{"sys":1125},{"id":20,"type":12,"linkType":21},6,{"sys":1128},{"type":12,"linkType":94,"id":1129},"page",{"title":1131,"slug":1132,"content":1133,"includeContactForm":1240,"includeNewsletter":1240},"Insights Hub","insights-hub",{"nodeType":1134,"data":1135,"content":1136},"document",{},[1137,1157,1232],{"nodeType":1138,"data":1139,"content":1156},"embedded-entry-block",{"target":1140},{"metadata":1141,"sys":1144,"fields":1154},{"tags":1142,"concepts":1143},[],[],{"space":1145,"id":1147,"type":87,"createdAt":1148,"updatedAt":1148,"environment":1149,"publishedVersion":48,"revision":23,"contentType":1151,"locale":24},{"sys":1146},{"type":12,"linkType":13,"id":14},"5ld3K4T7pHJgfnz1UTtgw8","2026-07-06T11:51:40.526Z",{"sys":1150},{"id":20,"type":12,"linkType":21},{"sys":1152},{"type":12,"linkType":94,"id":1153},"pageHeader",{"title":1131,"excerpt":1155},"The CALF Insights Hub brings together expert perspectives, practical reflections, and evidence-based analysis on farm animal protection and food system reform. It is a space to share timely insights from the field – helping advocates, policymakers, funders, and practitioners better understand where change is possible. Through accessible, thoughtfully curated pieces, the Hub aims to translate complex ideas into actionable knowledge, supporting more informed advocacy, legal action, and policy debates across UK, Europe, and beyond.",[],{"nodeType":1138,"data":1158,"content":1231},{"target":1159},{"metadata":1160,"sys":1163,"fields":1174},{"tags":1161,"concepts":1162},[],[],{"space":1164,"id":1166,"type":87,"createdAt":1167,"updatedAt":1167,"environment":1168,"publishedVersion":1170,"revision":23,"contentType":1171,"locale":24},{"sys":1165},{"type":12,"linkType":13,"id":14},"7mKfMx3PrNjrhorMF1JiRO","2026-07-06T11:48:05.211Z",{"sys":1169},{"id":20,"type":12,"linkType":21},11,{"sys":1172},{"type":12,"linkType":94,"id":1173},"featuredContent",{"title":1113,"subTitle":1175,"excerpt":1176,"media":1177,"links":1200,"displayType":1230},"Yoriko Otomo, Global Research Network","Humane slaughter of aquatic farmed animals remains largely unregulated despite the scale of global aquaculture. Practices prohibited for terrestrial animals are still widely used for fish, raising growing ethical, legal, and economic concerns as the sector expands worldwide.",[1178],{"metadata":1179,"sys":1182,"fields":1189},{"tags":1180,"concepts":1181},[],[],{"space":1183,"id":1185,"type":16,"createdAt":1186,"updatedAt":1186,"environment":1187,"publishedVersion":48,"revision":23,"locale":24},{"sys":1184},{"type":12,"linkType":13,"id":14},"474dtnNAI9mAL4gnN9eHId","2026-07-06T11:48:34.719Z",{"sys":1188},{"id":20,"type":12,"linkType":21},{"title":1190,"description":27,"file":1191},"CALF Aquatic Animals",{"url":1192,"details":1193,"fileName":1198,"contentType":1199},"//images.ctfassets.net/5n7qh8xf3t5v/474dtnNAI9mAL4gnN9eHId/3ed832816d94e4ea145375b008aed3bb/CALF_Aquatic_Animals.avif",{"size":1194,"image":1195},2031316,{"width":1196,"height":1197},6167,3778,"CALF_Aquatic_Animals.avif","image/avif",[1201],{"metadata":1202,"sys":1205,"fields":1214},{"tags":1203,"concepts":1204},[],[],{"space":1206,"id":1208,"type":87,"createdAt":1209,"updatedAt":1209,"environment":1210,"publishedVersion":48,"revision":23,"contentType":1212,"locale":24},{"sys":1207},{"type":12,"linkType":13,"id":14},"2OnIIGjrGkiqlHygI1vVdk","2026-07-06T11:51:24.430Z",{"sys":1211},{"id":20,"type":12,"linkType":21},{"sys":1213},{"type":12,"linkType":94,"id":95},{"label":1215,"reference":1216,"displayType":1229},"Read More",{"metadata":1217,"sys":1220,"fields":1112},{"tags":1218,"concepts":1219},[],[],{"space":1221,"id":1223,"type":87,"createdAt":1224,"updatedAt":1224,"environment":1225,"publishedVersion":1126,"revision":23,"contentType":1227,"locale":24},{"sys":1222},{"type":12,"linkType":13,"id":14},"4rcHubh6V9aOn20N044KPc","2026-07-06T11:51:24.729Z",{"sys":1226},{"id":20,"type":12,"linkType":21},{"sys":1228},{"type":12,"linkType":94,"id":1129},"Primary Button","Small Image",[],{"nodeType":1233,"data":1234,"content":1235},"paragraph",{},[1236],{"nodeType":1237,"value":27,"marks":1238,"data":1239},"text",[],{},false,{"nodeType":1134,"data":1242,"content":1243},{},[1244,1261,1690],{"nodeType":1138,"data":1245,"content":1260},{"target":1246},{"metadata":1247,"sys":1250,"fields":1259},{"tags":1248,"concepts":1249},[],[],{"space":1251,"id":1253,"type":87,"createdAt":1254,"updatedAt":1254,"environment":1255,"publishedVersion":48,"revision":23,"contentType":1257,"locale":24},{"sys":1252},{"type":12,"linkType":13,"id":14},"61wZ4FxYdFCOqzXQ1jj4kW","2026-07-06T11:51:24.744Z",{"sys":1256},{"id":20,"type":12,"linkType":21},{"sys":1258},{"type":12,"linkType":94,"id":1153},{"title":1113,"excerpt":1175},[],{"nodeType":1138,"data":1262,"content":1689},{"target":1263},{"metadata":1264,"sys":1267,"fields":1278},{"tags":1265,"concepts":1266},[],[],{"space":1268,"id":1270,"type":87,"createdAt":1271,"updatedAt":1271,"environment":1272,"publishedVersion":1274,"revision":23,"contentType":1275,"locale":24},{"sys":1269},{"type":12,"linkType":13,"id":14},"3wPn6p8vt0ZIWWqzeH6hW9","2026-07-06T11:51:24.288Z",{"sys":1273},{"id":20,"type":12,"linkType":21},21,{"sys":1276},{"type":12,"linkType":94,"id":1277},"richText",{"content":1279,"displayMenu":1688,"displayChild":1240},{"nodeType":1134,"data":1280,"content":1281},{},[1282,1290,1297,1305,1312,1319,1325,1332,1339,1346,1353,1360,1395,1402,1409,1426,1433,1440,1447,1453,1460,1467,1509,1516,1539,1546,1569,1576,1599,1606,1619,1639,1645,1649,1657,1682],{"nodeType":1283,"data":1284,"content":1285},"heading-2",{},[1286],{"nodeType":1237,"value":1287,"marks":1288,"data":1289},"Background",[],{},{"nodeType":1233,"data":1291,"content":1292},{},[1293],{"nodeType":1237,"value":1294,"marks":1295,"data":1296},"Every year, more than ten billion aquatic animals are farmed and slaughtered for food. Yet their welfare remains almost entirely unregulated. Most fish are killed using methods that cause prolonged suffering—asphyxiation, gill-cutting without stunning, live chilling, or freezing in ice slurries. Most of these practices would be illegal for any land animal. Despite this, fish and other aquatic animals have long remained invisible in both legislation and public debate.",[],{},{"nodeType":1298,"data":1299,"content":1300},"heading-3",{},[1301],{"nodeType":1237,"value":1302,"marks":1303,"data":1304},"Global Research Network",[],{},{"nodeType":1233,"data":1306,"content":1307},{},[1308],{"nodeType":1237,"value":1309,"marks":1310,"data":1311},"In 2024, the Global Research Network (GRN) convened an international team of researchers in law, ethics, economics, and animal welfare science to address this gap. Our purpose was to make the case—empirical, ethical, and economic—for humane slaughter of farmed aquatic animals worldwide.",[],{},{"nodeType":1233,"data":1313,"content":1314},{},[1315],{"nodeType":1237,"value":1316,"marks":1317,"data":1318},"The GRN has produced a report to show that humane slaughter not only is possible but practical. The science is clear, the technologies exist, and the financial cost is negligible compared to the moral and reputational costs of inaction.",[],{},{"nodeType":1233,"data":1320,"content":1321},{},[1322],{"nodeType":1237,"value":27,"marks":1323,"data":1324},[],{},{"nodeType":1283,"data":1326,"content":1327},{},[1328],{"nodeType":1237,"value":1329,"marks":1330,"data":1331},"Main Findings",[],{},{"nodeType":1298,"data":1333,"content":1334},{},[1335],{"nodeType":1237,"value":1336,"marks":1337,"data":1338},"1. The Growing Context",[],{},{"nodeType":1233,"data":1340,"content":1341},{},[1342],{"nodeType":1237,"value":1343,"marks":1344,"data":1345},"Aquaculture now supplies more fish than all wild-capture fisheries combined. It is one of the fastest-growing food sectors in the world, valued at over 670 billion US dollars annually and expanding by 6–8 percent per year. As aquaculture grows, public awareness of animal welfare is also increasing. Consumers are beginning to ask how fish are killed and whether their treatment is humane. In particular, younger generations expect ethical and sustainable practices from food producers. In every region studied, the direction of change is the same: higher expectations for transparency and welfare standards in food production. Humane slaughter is increasingly viewed as a baseline requirement, not an optional add-on.",[],{},{"nodeType":1298,"data":1347,"content":1348},{},[1349],{"nodeType":1237,"value":1350,"marks":1351,"data":1352},"2. Humane Slaughter Technologies",[],{},{"nodeType":1233,"data":1354,"content":1355},{},[1356],{"nodeType":1237,"value":1357,"marks":1358,"data":1359},"The report evaluates three main methods that can ensure farmed fish lose consciousness rapidly and permanently before death:",[],{},{"nodeType":1361,"data":1362,"content":1363},"unordered-list",{},[1364,1375,1385],{"nodeType":1365,"data":1366,"content":1367},"list-item",{},[1368],{"nodeType":1233,"data":1369,"content":1370},{},[1371],{"nodeType":1237,"value":1372,"marks":1373,"data":1374},"Percussive stunning: a mechanical blow to the head, causing immediate unconsciousness. Highly effective for large fish such as salmon and cod;",[],{},{"nodeType":1365,"data":1376,"content":1377},{},[1378],{"nodeType":1233,"data":1379,"content":1380},{},[1381],{"nodeType":1237,"value":1382,"marks":1383,"data":1384},"Dry electrical stunning: direct current applied to fish in air. Effective when properly calibrated for medium-sized fish but requires careful handling;",[],{},{"nodeType":1365,"data":1386,"content":1387},{},[1388],{"nodeType":1233,"data":1389,"content":1390},{},[1391],{"nodeType":1237,"value":1392,"marks":1393,"data":1394},"Wet electrical stunning: immersion in electrified water, allowing multiple fish to be processed quickly. When voltage and frequency are correctly adjusted, this is a humane and efficient method for smaller species.",[],{},{"nodeType":1233,"data":1396,"content":1397},{},[1398],{"nodeType":1237,"value":1399,"marks":1400,"data":1401},"Each method is already commercially available and technically feasible. The challenge is not technology but implementation. In many countries, regulation lags behind science, and producers lack incentives to invest in equipment that would eliminate suffering at slaughter.",[],{},{"nodeType":1298,"data":1403,"content":1404},{},[1405],{"nodeType":1237,"value":1406,"marks":1407,"data":1408},"3. Existing Regulatory Protection",[],{},{"nodeType":1233,"data":1410,"content":1411},{},[1412,1416,1422],{"nodeType":1237,"value":1413,"marks":1414,"data":1415},"The report analyses legal protection of fish and other aquatic species globally and found significant variation across jurisdictions, depending on each country’s recognition of sentience as reflected in its existing welfare laws and enforcement mechanisms. Protection ranges from mandatory stunning practices, implemented in countries such as Norway or New Zealand due to the acknowledged sentience of fish, to the exclusion of fish from enforcement mechanisms in countries including China, Vietnam or Bangladesh. Although varying degrees of protection and enforcement are present in all regions, the global demand for fish continues to rise annually. It is therefore imperative to standardise and secure humane slaughter practices for key species of farmed fish worldwide. The World Organisation for Animal Health’s ",[],{},{"nodeType":1237,"value":1417,"marks":1418,"data":1421},"Aquatic Animal Code 2019",[1419],{"type":1420},"italic",{},{"nodeType":1237,"value":1423,"marks":1424,"data":1425}," and the Aquaculture Stewardship Council’s standards could serve as the basis for a proposed Model Law on humane slaughter for farmed aquatic animals, mandating stunning before killing using methods that ensure an immediate and irreversible loss of consciousness.",[],{},{"nodeType":1298,"data":1427,"content":1428},{},[1429],{"nodeType":1237,"value":1430,"marks":1431,"data":1432},"4. The Financial Case",[],{},{"nodeType":1233,"data":1434,"content":1435},{},[1436],{"nodeType":1237,"value":1437,"marks":1438,"data":1439},"A detailed financial analysis shows that introducing humane slaughter systems changes production costs by only –2.1 percent to +2.5 percent—in some cases reducing costs through improved efficiency and product quality. Capital investment requirements range from 140,000 to 625,000 euros per facility, depending on species and system size. Once installed, humane slaughter systems often lower staff injury rates, improve product shelf life, and facilitate compliance with export standards. Consumer research shows that people are willing to pay more for ethically produced seafood—typically 8–20 percent more, and sometimes as high as 40 percent in high-income markets. Even if humane slaughter accounts for a fraction of this premium, the shift is economically sound.",[],{},{"nodeType":1233,"data":1441,"content":1442},{},[1443],{"nodeType":1237,"value":1444,"marks":1445,"data":1446},"The evidence suggests that humane slaughter is not a financial burden but a strategic opportunity. Collective adoption would eliminate competitive disadvantages and accelerate market transformation.",[],{},{"nodeType":1233,"data":1448,"content":1449},{},[1450],{"nodeType":1237,"value":27,"marks":1451,"data":1452},[],{},{"nodeType":1283,"data":1454,"content":1455},{},[1456],{"nodeType":1237,"value":1457,"marks":1458,"data":1459},"Key Recommendations",[],{},{"nodeType":1298,"data":1461,"content":1462},{},[1463],{"nodeType":1237,"value":1464,"marks":1465,"data":1466},"1. Governments",[],{},{"nodeType":1361,"data":1468,"content":1469},{},[1470,1489,1499],{"nodeType":1365,"data":1471,"content":1472},{},[1473],{"nodeType":1233,"data":1474,"content":1475},{},[1476,1480,1485],{"nodeType":1237,"value":1477,"marks":1478,"data":1479},"Establish clear legal requirements for stunning before slaughter across all farmed fish species, modelled on the standard provided in the ",[],{},{"nodeType":1237,"value":1481,"marks":1482,"data":1484},"Aquatic Animal Code 2019. ",[1483],{"type":1420},{},{"nodeType":1237,"value":1486,"marks":1487,"data":1488},"Stunning methods must, where possible, result in an immediate and irreversible loss of consciousness.",[],{},{"nodeType":1365,"data":1490,"content":1491},{},[1492],{"nodeType":1233,"data":1493,"content":1494},{},[1495],{"nodeType":1237,"value":1496,"marks":1497,"data":1498},"To ensure humane slaughter, species-specific methods of killing should be explicitly mandated. Provide transitional funding or tax incentives to help smaller producers adapt.",[],{},{"nodeType":1365,"data":1500,"content":1501},{},[1502],{"nodeType":1233,"data":1503,"content":1504},{},[1505],{"nodeType":1237,"value":1506,"marks":1507,"data":1508},"Align national inspection standards with validated welfare science, using measurable indicators of unconsciousness and death.",[],{},{"nodeType":1298,"data":1510,"content":1511},{},[1512],{"nodeType":1237,"value":1513,"marks":1514,"data":1515},"2. Certification and Standards Bodies",[],{},{"nodeType":1361,"data":1517,"content":1518},{},[1519,1529],{"nodeType":1365,"data":1520,"content":1521},{},[1522],{"nodeType":1233,"data":1523,"content":1524},{},[1525],{"nodeType":1237,"value":1526,"marks":1527,"data":1528},"Integrate humane slaughter into the criteria for eco-labels and certification schemes.",[],{},{"nodeType":1365,"data":1530,"content":1531},{},[1532],{"nodeType":1233,"data":1533,"content":1534},{},[1535],{"nodeType":1237,"value":1536,"marks":1537,"data":1538},"Existing programs such as the Aquaculture Stewardship Council already influence consumer behaviour; adding welfare standards, such as the ASC’s standard, which requires oversight of effective stunning and killing, for example by verifying the absence of opercular, eye or body movements, will make these schemes more credible and consistent.",[],{},{"nodeType":1298,"data":1540,"content":1541},{},[1542],{"nodeType":1237,"value":1543,"marks":1544,"data":1545},"3. Industry and Producers",[],{},{"nodeType":1361,"data":1547,"content":1548},{},[1549,1559],{"nodeType":1365,"data":1550,"content":1551},{},[1552],{"nodeType":1233,"data":1553,"content":1554},{},[1555],{"nodeType":1237,"value":1556,"marks":1557,"data":1558},"Treat humane slaughter as a core operational standard rather than an optional welfare measure.",[],{},{"nodeType":1365,"data":1560,"content":1561},{},[1562],{"nodeType":1233,"data":1563,"content":1564},{},[1565],{"nodeType":1237,"value":1566,"marks":1567,"data":1568},"Transparent adoption of humane slaughter methods enhances efficiency, product quality, and brand integrity. Early adopters will be best positioned for regulatory change and consumer trust.",[],{},{"nodeType":1298,"data":1570,"content":1571},{},[1572],{"nodeType":1237,"value":1573,"marks":1574,"data":1575},"4. 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Civil Society and Consumers",[],{},{"nodeType":1361,"data":1607,"content":1608},{},[1609],{"nodeType":1365,"data":1610,"content":1611},{},[1612],{"nodeType":1233,"data":1613,"content":1614},{},[1615],{"nodeType":1237,"value":1616,"marks":1617,"data":1618},"Continue to hold governments and producers accountable. Public awareness and advocacy are vital in ensuring that welfare reforms are implemented, monitored, and enforced.",[],{},{"nodeType":1233,"data":1620,"content":1621},{},[1622,1626,1635],{"nodeType":1237,"value":1623,"marks":1624,"data":1625},"A humane food system is not only possible—it is within reach. The time to act is now. 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Select a law or policy to access information and analysis. Note that the database is not exhaustive and can be seen as a collection of legal and policy approaches that show some leadership or stewardship from the perspective of farmed animal advocacy. 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Each factsheet presents background information on the topic, key considerations for enacting laws and policies, and a review of better and worse practices.",[],{"nodeType":1233,"data":1812,"content":1813},{},[1814],{"nodeType":1237,"value":27,"marks":1815,"data":1816},[],{},"Grid",[1819,2210,2836,3516,4389,5079,5681,6179,7197,7939,8505],{"metadata":1820,"sys":1823,"fields":1832},{"tags":1821,"concepts":1822},[],[],{"space":1824,"id":1826,"type":87,"createdAt":1827,"updatedAt":1827,"environment":1828,"publishedVersion":69,"revision":23,"contentType":1830,"locale":24},{"sys":1825},{"type":12,"linkType":13,"id":14},"ZPU2pAhmHjRJFGgLx1iER","2026-07-06T11:51:25.233Z",{"sys":1829},{"id":20,"type":12,"linkType":21},{"sys":1831},{"type":12,"linkType":94,"id":95},{"label":1833,"icon":1834,"reference":1835,"displayType":1229},"Public Procurement","calf:procurement",{"metadata":1836,"sys":1839,"fields":1849},{"tags":1837,"concepts":1838},[],[],{"space":1840,"id":1842,"type":87,"createdAt":1843,"updatedAt":1843,"environment":1844,"publishedVersion":1768,"revision":23,"contentType":1846,"locale":24},{"sys":1841},{"type":12,"linkType":13,"id":14},"jofSzNy0mBSkMNh8owJPk","2026-07-06T11:48:04.888Z",{"sys":1845},{"id":20,"type":12,"linkType":21},{"sys":1847},{"type":12,"linkType":94,"id":1848},"factsheet",{"title":1833,"slug":1850,"icon":1834,"relatedTopic":1851,"image":1868,"content":1890},"public-procurement",{"metadata":1852,"sys":1855,"fields":1865},{"tags":1853,"concepts":1854},[],[],{"space":1856,"id":1858,"type":87,"createdAt":1859,"updatedAt":1859,"environment":1860,"publishedVersion":48,"revision":23,"contentType":1862,"locale":24},{"sys":1857},{"type":12,"linkType":13,"id":14},"2fOKj7HArPMO80Q7RwGQnO","2026-07-06T11:48:05.645Z",{"sys":1861},{"id":20,"type":12,"linkType":21},{"sys":1863},{"type":12,"linkType":94,"id":1864},"topic",{"title":1866,"slug":1850,"excerpt":1867},"Public procurement","The rules that govern the ways in which public and private administrations, such as corporations and governments, purchase goods and services from companies. This database lists the rules pertaining to the purchase of food products only, and highlights good practices that increase purchase levels of plant-based foods.",{"metadata":1869,"sys":1872,"fields":1879},{"tags":1870,"concepts":1871},[],[],{"space":1873,"id":1875,"type":16,"createdAt":1876,"updatedAt":1876,"environment":1877,"publishedVersion":48,"revision":23,"locale":24},{"sys":1874},{"type":12,"linkType":13,"id":14},"2IMXtgeogIk3SwlMz0pJ3h","2026-02-25T11:52:04.505Z",{"sys":1878},{"id":20,"type":12,"linkType":21},{"title":1880,"description":27,"file":1881},"calf public procurement",{"url":1882,"details":1883,"fileName":1888,"contentType":1889},"//images.ctfassets.net/5n7qh8xf3t5v/2IMXtgeogIk3SwlMz0pJ3h/ba2714379270ddcef722523ab999b654/calf_public_procurement.jpg",{"size":1884,"image":1885},4697288,{"width":1886,"height":1887},3300,2500,"calf_public_procurement.jpg","image/jpeg",{"data":1891,"content":1892,"nodeType":1134},{},[1893,1899,1908,1915,1922,1930,1937,1945,1952,1959,1966,1973,1985,1992,2015,2023,2030,2037,2056,2075,2105,2113,2120,2127,2138,2145,2152,2159,2176,2193],{"data":1894,"content":1895,"nodeType":1283},{},[1896],{"data":1897,"marks":1898,"value":1287,"nodeType":1237},{},[],{"data":1900,"content":1901,"nodeType":1650},{},[1902],{"data":1903,"marks":1904,"value":1907,"nodeType":1237},{},[1905],{"type":1906},"bold","What is public procurement? ",{"data":1909,"content":1910,"nodeType":1233},{},[1911],{"data":1912,"marks":1913,"value":1914,"nodeType":1237},{},[],"Public procurement is the purchasing of goods and services from an external source, usually private, for a local government or agency. Public procurement by public administrations typically involves an assessment, usually under the form of a bidding process. Public procurement agreements are always contractual, meaning that the vendors who win the bidding process are related to the public administration by way of a contract.",{"data":1916,"content":1917,"nodeType":1233},{},[1918],{"data":1919,"marks":1920,"value":1921,"nodeType":1237},{},[],"In most jurisdictions, all levels of governments follow public procurement rules, from local (municipalities, regions, states), to national and federal level. In addition to rules, administrations usually have to follow public procurement guidelines.",{"data":1923,"content":1924,"nodeType":1650},{},[1925],{"data":1926,"marks":1927,"value":1929,"nodeType":1237},{},[1928],{"type":1906},"To what extent are public procurement guidelines relevant to animal protection and/or food sustainability? ",{"data":1931,"content":1932,"nodeType":1233},{},[1933],{"data":1934,"marks":1935,"value":1936,"nodeType":1237},{},[],"Public procurement guidelines, which set requirements that vendors must comply with if they want to be considered in the bidding process, are relevant to animal protection and food sustainability goals to the extent that large purchasing institutions can back the entire food system. Institutions such as hospitals, prisons, and schools represent a significant share of the demand. Flipping the demand towards more sustainable and more humane food could thus determine food production standards and volumes. In other words, influencing public procurement to improve food sustainability follows a supply and demand logic, whereby animal advocates pursue two main goals: (1) make certain food affordable for the general public and (2) stimulate supply for more sustainable and humane food products. A third goal might be to have government encourage more humane food habits. The end result is to end the reliance on animal source products. ",{"data":1938,"content":1939,"nodeType":1650},{},[1940],{"data":1941,"marks":1942,"value":1944,"nodeType":1237},{},[1943],{"type":1906},"How common are sustainable and humane standards in public procurement guidelines? ",{"data":1946,"content":1947,"nodeType":1233},{},[1948],{"data":1949,"marks":1950,"value":1951,"nodeType":1237},{},[],"Sustainable and humane standards in public procurement policies are not that common around the world. A few public procurement policies include health and environmental standards, but they do not typically consider the health benefits of plant-based foods compared to animal-based food products. An additional issue is that these policies are drafted in a vague, broad way. At best, the standards are enacted under the form of a voluntary good practices list, and so are not mandatory. ",{"data":1953,"content":1954,"nodeType":1233},{},[1955],{"data":1956,"marks":1957,"value":1958,"nodeType":1237},{},[],"Procurement policies that focus on sourcing goods (including foods) locally are also common. For instance, at least 45 states in the US, plus the District of Columbia, have procurement policies designed to give a preference to businesses that meet certain characteristics, such as those that are owned by veterans, pay certain wages, use environmentally sustainable practices, or manufacture within the state.",{"data":1960,"content":1961,"nodeType":1283},{},[1962],{"data":1963,"marks":1964,"value":1965,"nodeType":1237},{},[],"Key Considerations",{"data":1967,"content":1968,"nodeType":1233},{},[1969],{"data":1970,"marks":1971,"value":1972,"nodeType":1237},{},[],"When evaluating, drafting or comparing public procurement related to purchase of food products, local context, political feasibility and the regulatory environment all influence what one considers “Better Practice.” With that caveat in mind, the following considerations indicate better and worse practices for public procurement policies. ",{"data":1974,"content":1975,"nodeType":1650},{},[1976,1981],{"data":1977,"marks":1978,"value":1980,"nodeType":1237},{},[1979],{"type":1906},"1. Humane and Sustainable Standards in Public Procurement Policies",{"data":1982,"marks":1983,"value":1984,"nodeType":1237},{},[]," ",{"data":1986,"content":1987,"nodeType":1233},{},[1988],{"data":1989,"marks":1990,"value":1991,"nodeType":1237},{},[],"Public procurement rules should include standards related to sustainability and animal welfare. Public health standards are also of relevance to the extent that whole plant-based food diets are healthier compared to diets rich in animal-source products. A good public procurement policy would also include a minimum portion of plant-based food and specific language that points to a decrease in animal-based food products.",{"data":1993,"content":1994,"nodeType":1233},{},[1995,1999,2003,2011],{"data":1996,"marks":1997,"value":1998,"nodeType":1237},{},[],"The State of Connecticut (USA), the",{"data":2000,"marks":2001,"value":1984,"nodeType":1237},{},[2002],{"type":1906},{"data":2004,"content":2006,"nodeType":1627},{"uri":2005},"https://calf.law/database/policy/DC-green-food-purchasing-amendment-act-of-2020-usa",[2007],{"data":2008,"marks":2009,"value":2010,"nodeType":1237},{},[],"City of Washington DC",{"data":2012,"marks":2013,"value":2014,"nodeType":1237},{},[],", and the City of Berkeley (California) also provide encouraging language in their public food procurement focusing on limiting greenhouse gas emissions from the agri-food sector – although the Connecticut Climate Friendly Food purchasing Bill has not passed yet. However, from an animal protection perspective, such environmental standards risk shifting from beef consumption to pork, poultry, or fish production, as opposed to switching to more plant-based diets. ",{"data":2016,"content":2017,"nodeType":1650},{},[2018],{"data":2019,"marks":2020,"value":2022,"nodeType":1237},{},[2021],{"type":1906},"2. Specific and Binding Standards",{"data":2024,"content":2025,"nodeType":1233},{},[2026],{"data":2027,"marks":2028,"value":2029,"nodeType":1237},{},[],"Standards in the public procurement policies must be specific enough to produce tangible effects on the vendors’ offers, and ultimately on the type of food that will be offered to public service users. A positive public procurement policy would provide animal welfare standards that animal-source producers should comply with, and/or specific targets in the portion of plant-based food. To do so, public administrations can rely on already-existing labels, such as the organic label, which provides minimum animal welfare standards. ",{"data":2031,"content":2032,"nodeType":1233},{},[2033],{"data":2034,"marks":2035,"value":2036,"nodeType":1237},{},[],"Additionally, these standards should also be binding, and so should be enacted by way of a legal act or administrative act (such as an executive order) before changing the policy, as opposed to resolutions, which are not binding.",{"data":2038,"content":2039,"nodeType":1233},{},[2040,2044,2052],{"data":2041,"marks":2042,"value":2043,"nodeType":1237},{},[],"A good example of specific and binding standards in public procurement rules can be found in ",{"data":2045,"content":2047,"nodeType":1627},{"uri":2046},"https://calf.law/database/policy/loi-egalim-france",[2048],{"data":2049,"marks":2050,"value":2051,"nodeType":1237},{},[],"French Law n° 2018-938",{"data":2053,"marks":2054,"value":2055,"nodeType":1237},{},[]," (also known as “Loi EGalim”), which provides that food public procurement must contain at least 50% of food products labeled as quality products. Quality products include products that are labeled EU organic and Label Rouge, which both provide higher animal welfare standards compared to minimum legal standards. ",{"data":2057,"content":2058,"nodeType":1233},{},[2059,2063,2071],{"data":2060,"marks":2061,"value":2062,"nodeType":1237},{},[],"Portugal also enacted a law (",{"data":2064,"content":2066,"nodeType":1627},{"uri":2065},"https://calf.law/database/policy/Legisla%EF%BF%BD%EF%BF%BDo-11-20-17-Portugal",[2067],{"data":2068,"marks":2069,"value":2070,"nodeType":1237},{},[],"Law 11/2017",{"data":2072,"marks":2073,"value":2074,"nodeType":1237},{},[],") requiring all public cafeterias to offer at least one vegan option every day. ",{"data":2076,"content":2077,"nodeType":1233},{},[2078,2082,2089,2093,2101],{"data":2079,"marks":2080,"value":2081,"nodeType":1237},{},[],"An example of a strong binding language can also be found in the City of San Francisco food policy (",{"data":2083,"content":2085,"nodeType":1627},{"uri":2084},"https://calf.law/database/policy/san_francisco-admin-code-CH-101-USA",[2086],{"data":2087,"marks":2088,"value":1078,"nodeType":1237},{},[],{"data":2090,"marks":2091,"value":2092,"nodeType":1237},{},[],"), which prohibits the purchase and sale of sweet and sugary beverages. Another relevant initiative is New York City’s “Greener by Default” ",{"data":2094,"content":2096,"nodeType":1627},{"uri":2095},"https://www.nychealthandhospitals.org/pressrelease/nyc-health-hospitals-now-serving-plant-based-meals-as-primary-dinner-option-for-inpatients-at-all-of-its-11-public-hospitals/",[2097],{"data":2098,"marks":2099,"value":2100,"nodeType":1237},{},[],"pilot program for hospitals",{"data":2102,"marks":2103,"value":2104,"nodeType":1237},{},[],", which would provide plant-based food by default to patients, while not formalized into a policy, demonstrates a proactive approach toward providing plant-based food to patients. ",{"data":2106,"content":2107,"nodeType":1650},{},[2108],{"data":2109,"marks":2110,"value":2112,"nodeType":1237},{},[2111],{"type":1906},"3. Specific Assessment Methodologies and Reporting Requirements",{"data":2114,"content":2115,"nodeType":1233},{},[2116],{"data":2117,"marks":2118,"value":2119,"nodeType":1237},{},[],"Administrations adopting public procurement policies should furthermore assess such policies and report on their implementation to ensure that the policies produce the intended effects. ",{"data":2121,"content":2122,"nodeType":1233},{},[2123],{"data":2124,"marks":2125,"value":2126,"nodeType":1237},{},[],"For instance, the city of Washington DC is currently developing a methodology to assess the environmental impact of food as part of the cities’ Sustainable Purchasing Policies. ",{"data":2128,"content":2129,"nodeType":1650},{},[2130,2135],{"data":2131,"marks":2132,"value":2134,"nodeType":1237},{},[2133],{"type":1906},"4. Collaboration with Vendors",{"data":2136,"marks":2137,"value":1984,"nodeType":1237},{},[],{"data":2139,"content":2140,"nodeType":1233},{},[2141],{"data":2142,"marks":2143,"value":2144,"nodeType":1237},{},[],"A challenge for advocates trying to influence public procurement rules is the fact that no vendor might be applying to bids because the new standards make it not profitable enough for them. In general, governments have a hard time getting bidders partially due to slow and low pay so including additional requirements to contracts may prove too burdensome. It is therefore crucial that advocates collaborate with vendors to help them develop their professional network and practices to provide more humane and plant-based food.",{"data":2146,"content":2147,"nodeType":1283},{},[2148],{"data":2149,"marks":2150,"value":2151,"nodeType":1237},{},[],"References",{"data":2153,"content":2154,"nodeType":1233},{},[2155],{"data":2156,"marks":2157,"value":2158,"nodeType":1237},{},[],"Jessica Crane, Senior Policy Advisor, The Humane League",{"data":2160,"content":2161,"nodeType":1233},{},[2162,2165,2173],{"data":2163,"marks":2164,"value":27,"nodeType":1237},{},[],{"data":2166,"content":2168,"nodeType":1627},{"uri":2167},"https://epha.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/12/public-procurement-for-sustainable-food-environments-epha-hcwh-12-19.pdf",[2169],{"data":2170,"marks":2171,"value":2172,"nodeType":1237},{},[],"EPHA, How Can the EU Farm to Fork Strategy Contribute? Public Procurement for Sustainable Food Environments (2019), available online ",{"data":2174,"marks":2175,"value":27,"nodeType":1237},{},[],{"data":2177,"content":2178,"nodeType":1233},{},[2179,2182,2190],{"data":2180,"marks":2181,"value":27,"nodeType":1237},{},[],{"data":2183,"content":2185,"nodeType":1627},{"uri":2184},"https://foodpolicycoalition.eu/wp-content/uploads/2021/06/Sustainable-public-procurement-of-food-a-goal-within-reach_EU-FPC-website.pdf",[2186],{"data":2187,"marks":2188,"value":2189,"nodeType":1237},{},[],"EU Food Policy Coalition, Sustainable Public Procurement of Food: A Goal Within Reach (2021), available online",{"data":2191,"marks":2192,"value":27,"nodeType":1237},{},[],{"data":2194,"content":2195,"nodeType":1233},{},[2196,2199,2207],{"data":2197,"marks":2198,"value":27,"nodeType":1237},{},[],{"data":2200,"content":2202,"nodeType":1627},{"uri":2201},"https://www.euroveg.eu/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/Plant-Based-Sustainable-Public-Procurement-EVU-report-1.pdf",[2203],{"data":2204,"marks":2205,"value":2206,"nodeType":1237},{},[],"European Vegetarian Association, Plant-Based Sustainable Public Procurement Best Practices (2023), available online",{"data":2208,"marks":2209,"value":27,"nodeType":1237},{},[],{"metadata":2211,"sys":2214,"fields":2223},{"tags":2212,"concepts":2213},[],[],{"space":2215,"id":2217,"type":87,"createdAt":2218,"updatedAt":2218,"environment":2219,"publishedVersion":1126,"revision":23,"contentType":2221,"locale":24},{"sys":2216},{"type":12,"linkType":13,"id":14},"2f2eyKnfiGKjWiCNQXVd7q","2026-07-06T11:51:25.203Z",{"sys":2220},{"id":20,"type":12,"linkType":21},{"sys":2222},{"type":12,"linkType":94,"id":95},{"label":2224,"icon":2225,"reference":2226,"displayType":1229},"Alternative Protein ","calf:alternative-proteins",{"metadata":2227,"sys":2230,"fields":2240},{"tags":2228,"concepts":2229},[],[],{"space":2231,"id":2233,"type":87,"createdAt":2234,"updatedAt":2234,"environment":2235,"publishedVersion":2237,"revision":23,"contentType":2238,"locale":24},{"sys":2232},{"type":12,"linkType":13,"id":14},"1d9zrJFcCY8vPUkY5YSipu","2026-07-06T11:48:04.811Z",{"sys":2236},{"id":20,"type":12,"linkType":21},26,{"sys":2239},{"type":12,"linkType":94,"id":1848},{"title":2241,"slug":2242,"icon":2225,"relatedTopic":2243,"image":2259,"content":2280},"Alternative Proteins","alternative-proteins",{"metadata":2244,"sys":2247,"fields":2256},{"tags":2245,"concepts":2246},[],[],{"space":2248,"id":2250,"type":87,"createdAt":2251,"updatedAt":2251,"environment":2252,"publishedVersion":48,"revision":23,"contentType":2254,"locale":24},{"sys":2249},{"type":12,"linkType":13,"id":14},"4sat0X6nyvfDvIfrL4OsiG","2026-07-06T11:51:40.065Z",{"sys":2253},{"id":20,"type":12,"linkType":21},{"sys":2255},{"type":12,"linkType":94,"id":1864},{"title":2257,"slug":2242,"excerpt":2258},"Alternative proteins","Alternative proteins are proteins alternative to conventional, animal-based products, derived from plants or animal cells, or by way of fermentation.",{"metadata":2260,"sys":2263,"fields":2270},{"tags":2261,"concepts":2262},[],[],{"space":2264,"id":2266,"type":16,"createdAt":2267,"updatedAt":2267,"environment":2268,"publishedVersion":48,"revision":23,"locale":24},{"sys":2265},{"type":12,"linkType":13,"id":14},"8oyJKIo8ydC1Y9maqpKd5","2026-02-25T12:01:50.021Z",{"sys":2269},{"id":20,"type":12,"linkType":21},{"title":2271,"description":27,"file":2272},"calf alternative protein",{"url":2273,"details":2274,"fileName":2279,"contentType":1889},"//images.ctfassets.net/5n7qh8xf3t5v/8oyJKIo8ydC1Y9maqpKd5/bdb57cda5ad7c5e03c6a5524f67b36e0/calf_alternative_protein.jpg",{"size":2275,"image":2276},622147,{"width":2277,"height":2278},3648,5472,"calf_alternative_protein.jpg",{"data":2281,"content":2282,"nodeType":1134},{},[2283,2289,2332,2353,2359,2366,2419,2426,2432,2438,2445,2452,2459,2466,2484,2491,2510,2517,2524,2557,2564,2571,2578,2585,2628,2635,2642,2673,2680,2687,2706,2713,2720,2726,2732,2738,2786,2793,2812,2830],{"data":2284,"content":2285,"nodeType":1283},{},[2286],{"data":2287,"marks":2288,"value":1287,"nodeType":1237},{},[],{"data":2290,"content":2291,"nodeType":1233},{},[2292,2296,2304,2308,2316,2320,2328],{"data":2293,"marks":2294,"value":2295,"nodeType":1237},{},[],"The United Nations’ Food and Agriculture Organisation (FAO) estimates that",{"data":2297,"content":2299,"nodeType":1627},{"uri":2298},"https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/global-meat-projections-to-2050",[2300],{"data":2301,"marks":2302,"value":2303,"nodeType":1237},{},[]," consumption levels in meat will increase by more than 50",{"data":2305,"marks":2306,"value":2307,"nodeType":1237},{},[],"% by 2050, further exacerbating current trends towards an increase in global meat production and consumption. Yet, animal agriculture represents a major source of externalities on the climate as it generates an estimated ",{"data":2309,"content":2311,"nodeType":1627},{"uri":2310},"https://www.fao.org/3/i3437e/i3437e.pdf",[2312],{"data":2313,"marks":2314,"value":2315,"nodeType":1237},{},[],"14.5%",{"data":2317,"marks":2318,"value":2319,"nodeType":1237},{},[]," of all anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions. For this reason, ",{"data":2321,"content":2323,"nodeType":1627},{"uri":2322},"https://www.wri.org/insights/without-changing-diets-agriculture-alone-could-produce-enough-emissions-surpass-15degc",[2324],{"data":2325,"marks":2326,"value":2327,"nodeType":1237},{},[],"environmental scientists have identified animal agriculture as a strategic sector",{"data":2329,"marks":2330,"value":2331,"nodeType":1237},{},[]," to reach global warming reduction targets. \n",{"data":2333,"content":2352,"nodeType":1138},{"target":2334},{"metadata":2335,"sys":2338,"fields":2348},{"tags":2336,"concepts":2337},[],[],{"space":2339,"id":2341,"type":87,"createdAt":2342,"updatedAt":2342,"environment":2343,"publishedVersion":22,"revision":23,"contentType":2345,"locale":24},{"sys":2340},{"type":12,"linkType":13,"id":14},"j7wRL2pvighdEAiropJDk","2026-07-06T11:51:25.260Z",{"sys":2344},{"id":20,"type":12,"linkType":21},{"sys":2346},{"type":12,"linkType":94,"id":2347},"iFrame",{"title":2349,"url":2350,"aspectRatio":2351},"Meat production by livestock type, World, 1961 to 2024","https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/global-meat-production-by-livestock-type","1:1",[],{"data":2354,"content":2355,"nodeType":1233},{},[2356],{"data":2357,"marks":2358,"value":27,"nodeType":1237},{},[],{"data":2360,"content":2361,"nodeType":1233},{},[2362],{"data":2363,"marks":2364,"value":2365,"nodeType":1237},{},[],"Despite the detrimental effects of massive food consumption levels on the environment and animals, the effectiveness of meat reduction campaigns has, so far, remained limited. Offering consumers a replacement for animal-source products under the form of food alternatives can be a solution to achieve a reduction in the number of farmed animals and to reduce animal agriculture’s footprint on the environment. There exist four types of alternatives proteins, each produced by the following methods: ",{"data":2367,"content":2368,"nodeType":1361},{},[2369,2379,2389,2399,2409],{"data":2370,"content":2371,"nodeType":1365},{},[2372],{"data":2373,"content":2374,"nodeType":1233},{},[2375],{"data":2376,"marks":2377,"value":2378,"nodeType":1237},{},[],"Plant-based: Plant-based alternative protein products include whole food plants (e.g., legumes, pulses, wholegrains, nuts) or proteins that can be derived from plants which, once processed, result in products that mimic the taste and texture of conventional animal-sourced proteins, such as textured soy protein, seitan or tofu. ",{"data":2380,"content":2381,"nodeType":1365},{},[2382],{"data":2383,"content":2384,"nodeType":1233},{},[2385],{"data":2386,"marks":2387,"value":2388,"nodeType":1237},{},[],"Fermented: Fermented alternative protein products are derived from the efficient growth of microbial organisms to either produce an entire foodstuff, or to use the organism itself as a food ingredient. As ingredients, fermented food products can be used flavourings, enzymes, proteins and fats in hybrid products. ",{"data":2390,"content":2391,"nodeType":1365},{},[2392],{"data":2393,"content":2394,"nodeType":1233},{},[2395],{"data":2396,"marks":2397,"value":2398,"nodeType":1237},{},[],"Precision fermentation: Precision fermentation is a process where microorganisms are genetically modified to produce and express complex organic components such as proteins. Precision fermentation has historically been used for food producing products such as enzymes, vitamins and amino acids. However, precision fermentation is now gaining a huge amount of attention as a way to produce animal proteins, fats and other alternatives. ",{"data":2400,"content":2401,"nodeType":1365},{},[2402],{"data":2403,"content":2404,"nodeType":1233},{},[2405],{"data":2406,"marks":2407,"value":2408,"nodeType":1237},{},[],"Recombinant: Recombinant proteins utilise a host organism, such as a microorganism or plant through precision fermentation or molecular farming, that has been genetically modified to produce complex organic components, such as proteins, that perform specific functions. Precision fermentation has historically been used for food producing products such as enzymes, vitamins and amino acids, including rennet for cheese-making and even insulin to treat diabetes. However, recombinant technologies are now gaining a huge amount of attention as a way to produce animal proteins, fats and other alternatives. ",{"data":2410,"content":2411,"nodeType":1365},{},[2412],{"data":2413,"content":2414,"nodeType":1233},{},[2415],{"data":2416,"marks":2417,"value":2418,"nodeType":1237},{},[],"Cultivated (also called “cultured” or “cell-based”): Cultivated products are food products derived from the cultivation of animal cells. This production method typically uses a bioreactor (or “cultivator”) to enable cell growth and production of tissue that replicates the structure of different cuts of meat or other animal proteins. ",{"data":2420,"content":2421,"nodeType":1233},{},[2422],{"data":2423,"marks":2424,"value":2425,"nodeType":1237},{},[],"These types of alternatives proteins are often considered as “novel foods” in the legislation of certain jurisdictions. A novel food is usually defined as a type of food that does not have a significant history of consumption and whose safety for consumers require a pre-market safety assessment and authorisation before being placed on the market. Not all alternative proteins are classified as novel foods; for instance, certain plant-based products derived from beans and peas are not novel foods, but the definition depends on the manufacturing processes applied and the composition of the final ingredients. Similarly, novel foods are not composed only of alternative proteins; for instance, in some jurisdictions, chia seeds are considered a novel food. ",{"data":2427,"content":2428,"nodeType":1233},{},[2429],{"data":2430,"marks":2431,"value":27,"nodeType":1237},{},[],{"data":2433,"content":2434,"nodeType":1283},{},[2435],{"data":2436,"marks":2437,"value":1965,"nodeType":1237},{},[],{"data":2439,"content":2440,"nodeType":1233},{},[2441],{"data":2442,"marks":2443,"value":2444,"nodeType":1237},{},[],"When evaluating, drafting or comparing laws and policies, local context, political feasibility and the regulatory environment all influence what one considers “Better Practice.” With that caveat in mind, when all else is equal, the following considerations indicate better and worse practices for laws and policies.",{"data":2446,"content":2447,"nodeType":1298},{},[2448],{"data":2449,"marks":2450,"value":2451,"nodeType":1237},{},[],"1. Naming ",{"data":2453,"content":2454,"nodeType":1233},{},[2455],{"data":2456,"marks":2457,"value":2458,"nodeType":1237},{},[],"The naming of a product indicates the nature and use of a food product to consumers and should be sufficient to ensure that the consumer is not misled and can make an informed decision about what they eat. Considering that alternative proteins aim to substitute conventional animal products, it is thus essential that regulations allow alternative protein producers to properly convey their products’ intended purpose, and how consumers can use them. ",{"data":2460,"content":2461,"nodeType":1233},{},[2462],{"data":2463,"marks":2464,"value":2465,"nodeType":1237},{},[],"To that effect, the legislation should provide non-restrictive rules on the terminology, so there is a level-playing field with animal-based products, especially for cultivated products as they could have the same chemical composition as conventional meat. Therefore, adequate restrictions should apply to the name, package, or visuals in marketing materials. The restrictions in place in certain jurisdictions, such as the EU, and which prohibit the use of certain terms, such as “milk” are examples of a restrictive regulatory framework. ",{"data":2467,"content":2468,"nodeType":1233},{},[2469,2473,2480],{"data":2470,"marks":2471,"value":2472,"nodeType":1237},{},[],"An example of a positive rule is the ",{"data":2474,"content":2475,"nodeType":1627},{"uri":1010},[2476],{"data":2477,"marks":2478,"value":2479,"nodeType":1237},{},[],"US FDA draft rule",{"data":2481,"marks":2482,"value":2483,"nodeType":1237},{},[]," approving the use of certain dairy terms for non- conventional dairy products. ",{"data":2485,"content":2486,"nodeType":1233},{},[2487],{"data":2488,"marks":2489,"value":2490,"nodeType":1237},{},[],"Furthermore, naming rules should require manufacturers of both conventional and alternative protein products to disclose the method of production, to ensure transparency to consumers and enable them to make conscious purchasing choices. ",{"data":2492,"content":2493,"nodeType":1233},{},[2494,2498,2506],{"data":2495,"marks":2496,"value":2497,"nodeType":1237},{},[],"The ",{"data":2499,"content":2501,"nodeType":1627},{"uri":2500},"https://www.alternativeproteinscouncil.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/09/Final-APC-Meat-Alternative-Guidelines-24062022.docx.pdf",[2502],{"data":2503,"marks":2504,"value":2505,"nodeType":1237},{},[],"Australian Alternative Proteins Council’s Guidelines for Labelling",{"data":2507,"marks":2508,"value":2509,"nodeType":1237},{},[]," is an example of good practice method-of-production labelling rules to the extent that such guidelines are based on a consensus across each alternative protein type. ",{"data":2511,"content":2512,"nodeType":1298},{},[2513],{"data":2514,"marks":2515,"value":2516,"nodeType":1237},{},[],"2. Pathway to Market ",{"data":2518,"content":2519,"nodeType":1233},{},[2520],{"data":2521,"marks":2522,"value":2523,"nodeType":1237},{},[],"Food manufacturers should benefit from a clear regulatory pathway to market to commercialize their products in a given jurisdiction, both in terms of the data food companies should provide and the timeline of the application.",{"data":2525,"content":2526,"nodeType":1233},{},[2527,2530,2538,2542,2546,2553],{"data":2528,"marks":2529,"value":2497,"nodeType":1237},{},[],{"data":2531,"content":2533,"nodeType":1627},{"uri":2532},"https://calf.law/database/policy/Formal-Agreement-Between-FDA-and-USDA-Regarding-Cell-Based-Agriculture-USA",[2534],{"data":2535,"marks":2536,"value":2537,"nodeType":1237},{},[],"US",{"data":2539,"marks":2540,"value":1984,"nodeType":1237},{},[2541],{"type":1906},{"data":2543,"marks":2544,"value":2545,"nodeType":1237},{},[],"and ",{"data":2547,"content":2549,"nodeType":1627},{"uri":2548},"https://www.sfa.gov.sg/food-information/novel-food/novel-food",[2550],{"data":2551,"marks":2552,"value":1014,"nodeType":1237},{},[],{"data":2554,"marks":2555,"value":2556,"nodeType":1237},{},[]," are positive examples of jurisdictions with clear regulatory frameworks, in a way that manufacturers know what to expect once they apply for an authorization to market their products. Furthermore, both the US and Singapore novel food regulatory framework provide predictable and reasonable timelines. The US FDA also offers pre-submission consultations with applicants. ",{"data":2558,"content":2559,"nodeType":1233},{},[2560],{"data":2561,"marks":2562,"value":2563,"nodeType":1237},{},[],"On the other hand, certain jurisdictions do not provide clear guidance on what companies should provide in terms of data requirements to commercialize their products; which creates uncertainty because they fail to properly define the scope of what qualifies as a novel food under the regulation – it sometimes is the case for algae, mycoprotein, which can be used as ingredients for alternative proteins. Furthermore, other legislation, such as EU and UK law, do not provide transparent information on the progress of the application process, and the timelines in legislation are often exceeded in reality ",{"data":2565,"content":2566,"nodeType":1298},{},[2567],{"data":2568,"marks":2569,"value":2570,"nodeType":1237},{},[],"3. Education to Consumers Policy ",{"data":2572,"content":2573,"nodeType":1233},{},[2574],{"data":2575,"marks":2576,"value":2577,"nodeType":1237},{},[],"To support the undertaking of alternative proteins in the general population, governments’ official nutritional guidelines should include alternative proteins as a source of proteins alongside traditional animal-based proteins. ",{"data":2579,"content":2580,"nodeType":1233},{},[2581],{"data":2582,"marks":2583,"value":2584,"nodeType":1237},{},[],"Alternative proteins should be included in and presented in a positive light in nutritional guidelines, and any materials for public education, including in schools to increase awareness of the option and how they can be used. For that reason, the labelling and classification of alternaitve proteins in the food nomenclature is crucial. For example, naming cultivated meat “lab-grown,” “synthetic,” or in vitro meat will have a negative effect on consumer trust and acceptance. ",{"data":2586,"content":2587,"nodeType":1233},{},[2588,2592,2600,2604,2612,2616,2624],{"data":2589,"marks":2590,"value":2591,"nodeType":1237},{},[],"The consumption of alternative proteins should also be promoted in health policies, especially those policies aiming to shift consumption levels away from meat and towards more plant-based diets, with potential sustainability benefits. Furthrermore, then ",{"data":2593,"content":2595,"nodeType":1627},{"uri":2594},"https://proveg.com/5-pros/health/",[2596],{"data":2597,"marks":2598,"value":2599,"nodeType":1237},{},[],"a rich and varied plant-based diet can offer prevention and treatment of a host of modern lifestyle diseases",{"data":2601,"marks":2602,"value":2603,"nodeType":1237},{},[],". Compared to processed animal-based products, ",{"data":2605,"content":2607,"nodeType":1627},{"uri":2606},"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2666833522000612",[2608],{"data":2609,"marks":2610,"value":2611,"nodeType":1237},{},[],"plant-based products also offer a healthier option",{"data":2613,"marks":2614,"value":2615,"nodeType":1237},{},[]," to consumers ",{"data":2617,"content":2619,"nodeType":1627},{"uri":2618},"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S2212267221003038",[2620],{"data":2621,"marks":2622,"value":2623,"nodeType":1237},{},[],"in terms of saturated fat, cholesterol, fibre, and a range of other nutrients",{"data":2625,"marks":2626,"value":2627,"nodeType":1237},{},[],". ",{"data":2629,"content":2630,"nodeType":1233},{},[2631],{"data":2632,"marks":2633,"value":2634,"nodeType":1237},{},[],"At the moment though, national nutritional guidelines tend to only include unprocessed food and vegetables among plant-based options. ",{"data":2636,"content":2637,"nodeType":1298},{},[2638],{"data":2639,"marks":2640,"value":2641,"nodeType":1237},{},[],"4. Research and Development ",{"data":2643,"content":2644,"nodeType":1233},{},[2645,2649,2657,2661,2669],{"data":2646,"marks":2647,"value":2648,"nodeType":1237},{},[],"A 2021 report funded by the UK government found ",{"data":2650,"content":2652,"nodeType":1627},{"uri":2651},"https://www.climateworks.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/11/GINAs-Protein-Diversity.pdf",[2653],{"data":2654,"marks":2655,"value":2656,"nodeType":1237},{},[],"that $10 billion of global public spending should be invested each year",{"data":2658,"marks":2659,"value":2660,"nodeType":1237},{},[]," to realise the many benefits of alternative proteins. Public funding could come by way of reformed agricultural subsidies, and more specifically by including provisions to enable a just transition for food producers in new policies. Public funding should also support the research and development of new alternative proteins. Currently, the level of private funding supporting the development of alternative proteins greatly outweighs public funding. Private investments in alternative and plant-based proteins reached a record level of ",{"data":2662,"content":2664,"nodeType":1627},{"uri":2663},"https://www.fairr.org/article/climate-transition-proteins-flavour-future/",[2665],{"data":2666,"marks":2667,"value":2668,"nodeType":1237},{},[],"almost $5 billion last year.",{"data":2670,"marks":2671,"value":2672,"nodeType":1237},{},[]," However, the rate of private investment is slowing, and so public investment is now necessary to accelerate the development of alternative proteins, but also to open access to the research. Countries like Canada, the Netherlands the US, and Singapore have respectfully invested more tens to hundreds of thousand dollars in support of the development of alternative proteins. ",{"data":2674,"content":2675,"nodeType":1298},{},[2676],{"data":2677,"marks":2678,"value":2679,"nodeType":1237},{},[],"5. Taxation and Public Procurement Policies ",{"data":2681,"content":2682,"nodeType":1233},{},[2683],{"data":2684,"marks":2685,"value":2686,"nodeType":1237},{},[],"Governments do not tax all food products at the same rate. To ensure fair competition between alternative protein and conventional animal-source product manufacturers, governments should adopt consistent taxation policies, including on the VAT rate. More generally, taxation policies along the food production chain should enable price parity with animal-based products as a way to ensure consumer accessibility. ",{"data":2688,"content":2689,"nodeType":1233},{},[2690,2694,2702],{"data":2691,"marks":2692,"value":2693,"nodeType":1237},{},[],"Considering ",{"data":2695,"content":2697,"nodeType":1627},{"uri":2696},"https://www.systemiq.earth/wp-content/uploads/2023/01/The-Breakthrough-Effect.pdf",[2698],{"data":2699,"marks":2700,"value":2701,"nodeType":1237},{},[],"the potential of public procurement policies in achieving sustainable production and consumption habits",{"data":2703,"marks":2704,"value":2705,"nodeType":1237},{},[],", governments should further include alternative proteins into their public procurement policies, so that alternative protein products are accessible to users of public services, such as in State schools, hospitals, or prisons. ",{"data":2707,"content":2708,"nodeType":1298},{},[2709],{"data":2710,"marks":2711,"value":2712,"nodeType":1237},{},[],"6. Food and Protein Strategies ",{"data":2714,"content":2715,"nodeType":1233},{},[2716],{"data":2717,"marks":2718,"value":2719,"nodeType":1237},{},[],"Lastly, governments should undertake policy actions to initiate a reduction in animal-source food production and consumption, and to increase alternative protein availability and uptake. An example of a positive Protein Strategy in that regard in the Dutch Protein Strategy. Similar objectives should also be included in environmental, climate, and land use policies, considering the externalities of conventional animal agriculture on the environment. ",{"data":2721,"content":2722,"nodeType":1233},{},[2723],{"data":2724,"marks":2725,"value":27,"nodeType":1237},{},[],{"data":2727,"content":2728,"nodeType":1283},{},[2729],{"data":2730,"marks":2731,"value":2151,"nodeType":1237},{},[],{"data":2733,"content":2734,"nodeType":1298},{},[2735],{"data":2736,"marks":2737,"value":2151,"nodeType":1237},{},[],{"data":2739,"content":2740,"nodeType":1233},{},[2741,2745,2753,2757,2763,2767,2773,2777,2783],{"data":2742,"marks":2743,"value":2744,"nodeType":1237},{},[],"FAO, The Future of Food and Agriculture – Alternative Pathways To 2050 (2018), available ",{"data":2746,"content":2748,"nodeType":1627},{"uri":2747},"https://www.fao.org/global-perspectives-studies/food-agriculture-projections-to-2050/en/",[2749],{"data":2750,"marks":2751,"value":2752,"nodeType":1237},{},[],"online",{"data":2754,"marks":2755,"value":2756,"nodeType":1237},{},[],". Our World in Data, Global Meat Consumption, World, 1961 to 2050, available ",{"data":2758,"content":2759,"nodeType":1627},{"uri":2298},[2760],{"data":2761,"marks":2762,"value":2752,"nodeType":1237},{},[],{"data":2764,"marks":2765,"value":2766,"nodeType":1237},{},[],". FAO, Tackling Climate Through Livestock (2018), available ",{"data":2768,"content":2769,"nodeType":1627},{"uri":2310},[2770],{"data":2771,"marks":2772,"value":2752,"nodeType":1237},{},[],{"data":2774,"marks":2775,"value":2776,"nodeType":1237},{},[],". FAIRR, Climate Transition Proteins: Flavour of the Future (2022) Global Innovation Needs Assessments, Protein Diversity (2021), available ",{"data":2778,"content":2779,"nodeType":1627},{"uri":2651},[2780],{"data":2781,"marks":2782,"value":2752,"nodeType":1237},{},[],{"data":2784,"marks":2785,"value":2627,"nodeType":1237},{},[],{"data":2787,"content":2788,"nodeType":1298},{},[2789],{"data":2790,"marks":2791,"value":2792,"nodeType":1237},{},[],"Further Readings",{"data":2794,"content":2795,"nodeType":1233},{},[2796,2800,2808],{"data":2797,"marks":2798,"value":2799,"nodeType":1237},{},[],"Alternative Proteins Association, ",{"data":2801,"content":2803,"nodeType":1627},{"uri":2802},"https://www.alternativeproteinsassociation.com/novel-foods-paper",[2804],{"data":2805,"marks":2806,"value":2807,"nodeType":1237},{},[],"Regulation of Cultivated Meat & Recombinant Proteins in the United Kingdom: Recommendations for Ensuring Safety and Embracing Innovation",{"data":2809,"marks":2810,"value":2811,"nodeType":1237},{},[]," (2022). ",{"data":2813,"content":2814,"nodeType":1233},{},[2815,2819,2827],{"data":2816,"marks":2817,"value":2818,"nodeType":1237},{},[],"Atova Consulting, ",{"data":2820,"content":2822,"nodeType":1627},{"uri":2821},"https://www.amgenconsulting.com/post/thestatusofalternativeproteinapprovalsintheeu-singapore-uk-theusa",[2823],{"data":2824,"marks":2825,"value":2826,"nodeType":1237},{},[],"The Status of Alternative Protein Approvals in the EU, Singapore, UK & the USA",{"data":2828,"marks":2829,"value":2811,"nodeType":1237},{},[],{"data":2831,"content":2832,"nodeType":1233},{},[2833],{"data":2834,"marks":2835,"value":27,"nodeType":1237},{},[],{"metadata":2837,"sys":2840,"fields":2849},{"tags":2838,"concepts":2839},[],[],{"space":2841,"id":2843,"type":87,"createdAt":2844,"updatedAt":2844,"environment":2845,"publishedVersion":1126,"revision":23,"contentType":2847,"locale":24},{"sys":2842},{"type":12,"linkType":13,"id":14},"4njtfUwvtqUMXUeOw4V4p9","2026-07-06T11:51:25.174Z",{"sys":2846},{"id":20,"type":12,"linkType":21},{"sys":2848},{"type":12,"linkType":94,"id":95},{"label":2850,"icon":2851,"reference":2852,"displayType":1229},"Animal Welfare","calf:animal-welfare",{"metadata":2853,"sys":2856,"fields":2866},{"tags":2854,"concepts":2855},[],[],{"space":2857,"id":2859,"type":87,"createdAt":2860,"updatedAt":2860,"environment":2861,"publishedVersion":2863,"revision":23,"contentType":2864,"locale":24},{"sys":2858},{"type":12,"linkType":13,"id":14},"E4HPivWRTEsd1en80I1kP","2026-07-06T11:48:04.852Z",{"sys":2862},{"id":20,"type":12,"linkType":21},18,{"sys":2865},{"type":12,"linkType":94,"id":1848},{"title":2850,"slug":2867,"icon":2851,"relatedTopic":2868,"image":2884,"content":2906},"animal-welfare",{"metadata":2869,"sys":2872,"fields":2881},{"tags":2870,"concepts":2871},[],[],{"space":2873,"id":2875,"type":87,"createdAt":2876,"updatedAt":2876,"environment":2877,"publishedVersion":48,"revision":23,"contentType":2879,"locale":24},{"sys":2874},{"type":12,"linkType":13,"id":14},"WDm2AiGF0R1HCiuKFGyeJ","2026-07-06T11:51:40.040Z",{"sys":2878},{"id":20,"type":12,"linkType":21},{"sys":2880},{"type":12,"linkType":94,"id":1864},{"title":2882,"slug":2867,"excerpt":2883},"Animal welfare","Legislation and policies that regulate the treatment of animals by limiting painful practices and enabling animals to display natural behaviour.",{"metadata":2885,"sys":2888,"fields":2895},{"tags":2886,"concepts":2887},[],[],{"space":2889,"id":2891,"type":16,"createdAt":2892,"updatedAt":2892,"environment":2893,"publishedVersion":48,"revision":23,"locale":24},{"sys":2890},{"type":12,"linkType":13,"id":14},"6IGiJEv3QjPHWTinURKaPd","2026-02-25T12:01:50.024Z",{"sys":2894},{"id":20,"type":12,"linkType":21},{"title":2896,"description":27,"file":2897},"calf animal welfare",{"url":2898,"details":2899,"fileName":2904,"contentType":2905},"//images.ctfassets.net/5n7qh8xf3t5v/6IGiJEv3QjPHWTinURKaPd/e95d79089d0097edb5837e284edf0e7b/calf_animal_welfare.jpg",{"size":2900,"image":2901},406231,{"width":2902,"height":2903},485,396,"calf_animal_welfare.jpg","image/png",{"data":2907,"content":2908,"nodeType":1134},{},[2909,2915,2922,2976,2983,2990,2997,3003,3009,3016,3023,3051,3079,3086,3093,3136,3153,3160,3167,3184,3200,3207,3214,3242,3249,3256,3263,3270,3318,3337,3343,3349,3355,3362,3369,3376,3393,3400,3406,3412,3419,3426,3433,3440,3447,3464,3471,3478,3485,3492,3499],{"data":2910,"content":2911,"nodeType":1283},{},[2912],{"data":2913,"marks":2914,"value":1287,"nodeType":1237},{},[],{"data":2916,"content":2917,"nodeType":1233},{},[2918],{"data":2919,"marks":2920,"value":2921,"nodeType":1237},{},[],"A legal definition of animal welfare can be found in the International Animal Health Organization (OIE)’s Terrestrial Code, which defines animal welfare as “the physical and mental state of an animal in relation to the conditions in which it lives and dies.” This definition is derived from animal sciences, where animal welfare is a parameter measuring “the attempt of an individual animal to cope with its environment.”Animal welfare as a law and policy concept was developed in 1965 in the United Kingdom (U.K.), following the publication of Ruth Harrison’s Animal Machines, a book which sparked public concern over the suffering of farmed animals in industrial animal agriculture. In response, the U.K. government created an independent advisory body, the Farm Animal Welfare Council, which in 1979, formalised its recommendations to the government of Great Britain via a concept called the “Five Freedoms.” The Five Freedoms refer to the most basic levels of protection for animals:",{"data":2923,"content":2924,"nodeType":2975},{},[2925,2935,2945,2955,2965],{"data":2926,"content":2927,"nodeType":1365},{},[2928],{"data":2929,"content":2930,"nodeType":1233},{},[2931],{"data":2932,"marks":2933,"value":2934,"nodeType":1237},{},[],"Freedom from hunger or thirst by ready access to fresh water and a diet to maintain full health and vigour ;",{"data":2936,"content":2937,"nodeType":1365},{},[2938],{"data":2939,"content":2940,"nodeType":1233},{},[2941],{"data":2942,"marks":2943,"value":2944,"nodeType":1237},{},[],"Freedom from discomfort by providing an appropriate environment including shelter and a comfortable resting area ;",{"data":2946,"content":2947,"nodeType":1365},{},[2948],{"data":2949,"content":2950,"nodeType":1233},{},[2951],{"data":2952,"marks":2953,"value":2954,"nodeType":1237},{},[],"Freedom from pain, injury or disease by prevention or rapid diagnosis and treatment ;",{"data":2956,"content":2957,"nodeType":1365},{},[2958],{"data":2959,"content":2960,"nodeType":1233},{},[2961],{"data":2962,"marks":2963,"value":2964,"nodeType":1237},{},[],"Freedom to express (most) normal behaviour by providing sufficient space, proper facilities and company of the animal's own kind ;",{"data":2966,"content":2967,"nodeType":1365},{},[2968],{"data":2969,"content":2970,"nodeType":1233},{},[2971],{"data":2972,"marks":2973,"value":2974,"nodeType":1237},{},[],"Freedom from fear and distress by ensuring conditions and treatment which avoid mental suffering.","ordered-list",{"data":2977,"content":2978,"nodeType":1233},{},[2979],{"data":2980,"marks":2981,"value":2982,"nodeType":1237},{},[],"The “Five Freedoms” then provided the conceptual basis for E.U. animal welfare legislation, which, though initiated in the 1970s, only began addressing on-farm treatment of animals in the early 1990s.",{"data":2984,"content":2985,"nodeType":1233},{},[2986],{"data":2987,"marks":2988,"value":2989,"nodeType":1237},{},[],"Today, the concept of the Five Freedoms and the resulting E.U. animal welfare legislation is criticised for failing to identify positive experiences as a fundamental need for animals. In practice, the Five Freedoms model has not entailed significant change for animals, since E.U. animal welfare legislation still allows inhumane common industry practices, such as extreme confinement, the use of cages, and mutilations. When limitations on common industry practices exist, they typically contain broad exemptions. A new concept, the “Five Domains,” is considered more adequate to account for the welfare of animals in law by enlarging the scope of the assessment of animal welfare levels to include the animals’ mental state and their ability to interact with the environment in which they are kept. The Five Domains also entails a change in approach when assessing and improving animal welfare by measuring positive experiences in addition to negative ones.",{"data":2991,"content":2992,"nodeType":1233},{},[2993],{"data":2994,"marks":2995,"value":2996,"nodeType":1237},{},[],"Other jurisdictions, apart from the E.U. have also adopted laws and regulations pertaining to the treatment of farmed animals throughout the second half of the 20th century – with similar limited effects. India and New Zealand have passed most of their legislation at the federal level, whereas the United States of America, Canada, and Australia have opted to regulate farm animal welfare partly at federal and state levels. However, animal welfare legislation in these countries typically contains the same limitations as E.U. legislation, allowing for similar exemptions which subject farmed animals to inhumane industry practices.",{"data":2998,"content":2999,"nodeType":1233},{},[3000],{"data":3001,"marks":3002,"value":27,"nodeType":1237},{},[],{"data":3004,"content":3005,"nodeType":1283},{},[3006],{"data":3007,"marks":3008,"value":1965,"nodeType":1237},{},[],{"data":3010,"content":3011,"nodeType":1233},{},[3012],{"data":3013,"marks":3014,"value":3015,"nodeType":1237},{},[],"When evaluating, drafting or comparing farmed animal welfare laws and policies, local context, political feasibility and the regulatory environment all influence what one considers “Better Practice.” With that caveat in mind, when all else is equal, the following considerations indicate better and worse practices for laws and policies.",{"data":3017,"content":3018,"nodeType":1298},{},[3019],{"data":3020,"marks":3021,"value":3022,"nodeType":1237},{},[],"1. Countries and Animals Covered in the Scope of the Legislation",{"data":3024,"content":3025,"nodeType":1233},{},[3026,3030,3035,3039,3047],{"data":3027,"marks":3028,"value":3029,"nodeType":1237},{},[],"Animal welfare standards in the legislation ",{"data":3031,"marks":3032,"value":3034,"nodeType":1237},{},[3033],{"type":1906},"should apply to all farmed animals",{"data":3036,"marks":3037,"value":3038,"nodeType":1237},{},[],", including animals farmed for fibre and food purposes, and also invertebrates, such as insects, crustaceans, and cephalopods. An example of a better practice that moves closer to encompassing all farmed animals is Article 2 of the ",{"data":3040,"content":3042,"nodeType":1627},{"uri":3041},"https://www.calf.law/database/policy/general-farming-directive-eu/",[3043],{"data":3044,"marks":3045,"value":3046,"nodeType":1237},{},[],"EU General Farming Directive",{"data":3048,"marks":3049,"value":3050,"nodeType":1237},{},[],", which includes all “animal[s] (including fish, reptiles or amphibians) bred or kept for the production of food, wool, skin or fur or for other farming purposes” in its scope.",{"data":3052,"content":3053,"nodeType":1233},{},[3054,3058,3063,3067,3075],{"data":3055,"marks":3056,"value":3057,"nodeType":1237},{},[],"Another important element of a better practice is to ",{"data":3059,"marks":3060,"value":3062,"nodeType":1237},{},[3061],{"type":1906},"ensure the scope of the provision includes animals raised outside of the jurisdiction",{"data":3064,"marks":3065,"value":3066,"nodeType":1237},{},[],", but sold in the relevant jurisdiction. One example of legislation that accomplishes this is ",{"data":3068,"content":3070,"nodeType":1627},{"uri":3069},"https://www.calf.law/database/policy/california's-proposition-12-usa/",[3071],{"data":3072,"marks":3073,"value":3074,"nodeType":1237},{},[],"California’s Proposition 12",{"data":3076,"marks":3077,"value":3078,"nodeType":1237},{},[],", which bans the sales of eggs, pork, and veal from animals raised in cages, including those raised in other U.S. states and overseas. This ensures the ban does not merely increase the purchase of animal products from animals raised in cages outside of California.",{"data":3080,"content":3081,"nodeType":1298},{},[3082],{"data":3083,"marks":3084,"value":3085,"nodeType":1237},{},[],"2. Prohibition of Cruel Practices",{"data":3087,"content":3088,"nodeType":1233},{},[3089],{"data":3090,"marks":3091,"value":3092,"nodeType":1237},{},[],"To ensure a minimum level of animal welfare, animal welfare legislation should prohibit cruel practices such as the use of cages, mutilations, and high density levels on farms and during transport; speed limits should be placed on lines at slaughter as well.",{"data":3094,"content":3095,"nodeType":1233},{},[3096,3100,3108,3112,3120,3124,3132],{"data":3097,"marks":3098,"value":3099,"nodeType":1237},{},[],"An example of legislation which can lead to cruel practices would be the ",{"data":3101,"content":3103,"nodeType":1627},{"uri":3102},"https://www.calf.law/database/policy/egg-laying-hens-directive-eu/",[3104],{"data":3105,"marks":3106,"value":3107,"nodeType":1237},{},[],"EU Egg Laying Hens Directive",{"data":3109,"marks":3110,"value":3111,"nodeType":1237},{},[],", which allows the use of cages and, in doing so, denies animals the ability to express natural behaviour, starting with spreading their wings without constraint. The ",{"data":3113,"content":3115,"nodeType":1627},{"uri":3114},"https://www.calf.law/database/policy/broilers-directive-eu/",[3116],{"data":3117,"marks":3118,"value":3119,"nodeType":1237},{},[],"EU Broiler Chickens Directive",{"data":3121,"marks":3122,"value":3123,"nodeType":1237},{},[]," also permits extreme density levels, up to 42kg/m2, when animal protection organisations recommend a maximum density level of 30kg/m2 to guarantee animals have enough space to satisfy their physiological needs. The ",{"data":3125,"content":3127,"nodeType":1627},{"uri":3126},"https://www.calf.law/database/policy/slaughter-regulation-eu/",[3128],{"data":3129,"marks":3130,"value":3131,"nodeType":1237},{},[],"EU Regulation on slaughter",{"data":3133,"marks":3134,"value":3135,"nodeType":1237},{},[]," also permits cruel methods of slaughter, such as CO2 stunning for pigs and water bath stunning for poultry, both of which are against the recommendation of the European Food Safety Authority, which has determined such methods generate unnecessary pain in animals.",{"data":3137,"content":3138,"nodeType":1233},{},[3139,3143,3149],{"data":3140,"marks":3141,"value":3142,"nodeType":1237},{},[],"An example of a better practice is ",{"data":3144,"content":3145,"nodeType":1627},{"uri":3069},[3146],{"data":3147,"marks":3148,"value":3074,"nodeType":1237},{},[],{"data":3150,"marks":3151,"value":3152,"nodeType":1237},{},[],", which prohibits the use of cages for egg-laying hens.",{"data":3154,"content":3155,"nodeType":1298},{},[3156],{"data":3157,"marks":3158,"value":3159,"nodeType":1237},{},[],"3. Narrow-Scope Exemptions",{"data":3161,"content":3162,"nodeType":1233},{},[3163],{"data":3164,"marks":3165,"value":3166,"nodeType":1237},{},[],"Exemptions to animal welfare standards should have a narrow scope so as to avoid undermining the protective effects contained in the standards.",{"data":3168,"content":3169,"nodeType":1233},{},[3170,3174,3180],{"data":3171,"marks":3172,"value":3173,"nodeType":1237},{},[],"An example of a bad practice can be found in the ",{"data":3175,"content":3176,"nodeType":1627},{"uri":3041},[3177],{"data":3178,"marks":3179,"value":3046,"nodeType":1237},{},[],{"data":3181,"marks":3182,"value":3183,"nodeType":1237},{},[],", which contains a general prohibition on the mutilations of animals, but also provides that any species-specific legislation might provide exemption to this general principle. As a result, the Pigs Directive contains all sorts of exemptions allowing for painful mutilations of piglets (castration without anesthesia, tail docking, and tooth clipping).",{"data":3185,"content":3186,"nodeType":1233},{},[3187,3190,3196],{"data":3188,"marks":3189,"value":3142,"nodeType":1237},{},[],{"data":3191,"content":3192,"nodeType":1627},{"uri":3069},[3193],{"data":3194,"marks":3195,"value":3074,"nodeType":1237},{},[],{"data":3197,"marks":3198,"value":3199,"nodeType":1237},{},[],", which provides exemptions to the use of cages only in cases where an animal needs medical treatment or for research purposes.",{"data":3201,"content":3202,"nodeType":1298},{},[3203],{"data":3204,"marks":3205,"value":3206,"nodeType":1237},{},[],"4. Inclusion of Engineering Standards",{"data":3208,"content":3209,"nodeType":1233},{},[3210],{"data":3211,"marks":3212,"value":3213,"nodeType":1237},{},[],"Standards contained in animal welfare legislation should contain quantifiable, measurable engineering standards, as opposed to performance standards, which only require that operators comply with objectives.",{"data":3215,"content":3216,"nodeType":1233},{},[3217,3221,3228,3232,3238],{"data":3218,"marks":3219,"value":3220,"nodeType":1237},{},[],"For instance, the ",{"data":3222,"content":3223,"nodeType":1627},{"uri":3114},[3224],{"data":3225,"marks":3226,"value":3227,"nodeType":1237},{},[],"EU Broilers Directive",{"data":3229,"marks":3230,"value":3231,"nodeType":1237},{},[]," sets mortality rate objectives to be followed by operators who keep stocking densities higher than 33kg/m2. This provision could be considered as a bad practice since it only requires that operators comply with an objective of minimum mortality rate, instead of regulating on-farm practices that cause animal suffering. A better practice is ",{"data":3233,"content":3234,"nodeType":1627},{"uri":3069},[3235],{"data":3236,"marks":3237,"value":3074,"nodeType":1237},{},[],{"data":3239,"marks":3240,"value":3241,"nodeType":1237},{},[],", which provides specifications on the minimum space allowance per individual animal, and so imposes operators to comply with practice standards rather than objectives.",{"data":3243,"content":3244,"nodeType":1298},{},[3245],{"data":3246,"marks":3247,"value":3248,"nodeType":1237},{},[],"5. Enforcement Mechanisms",{"data":3250,"content":3251,"nodeType":1233},{},[3252],{"data":3253,"marks":3254,"value":3255,"nodeType":1237},{},[],"Animal welfare legislation should provide enforcement mechanisms, such as ‘penalties’ in cases of non-compliance with animal welfare standards. Such penalties should be deterring enough to ensure high levels of enforcement.",{"data":3257,"content":3258,"nodeType":1298},{},[3259],{"data":3260,"marks":3261,"value":3262,"nodeType":1237},{},[],"6. Policy Coherence",{"data":3264,"content":3265,"nodeType":1233},{},[3266],{"data":3267,"marks":3268,"value":3269,"nodeType":1237},{},[],"Other key policy areas should be consistent with animal welfare legislation, such as:",{"data":3271,"content":3272,"nodeType":1361},{},[3273,3288,3303],{"data":3274,"content":3275,"nodeType":1365},{},[3276],{"data":3277,"content":3278,"nodeType":1233},{},[3279,3284],{"data":3280,"marks":3281,"value":3283,"nodeType":1237},{},[3282],{"type":1906},"Agricultural policy:",{"data":3285,"marks":3286,"value":3287,"nodeType":1237},{},[]," agricultural subsidies should not reward farms that rely on industry practices that undermine the welfare of animals, such as extreme confinement practices, or routine mutilations. Instead, the agricultural policy should subsidise operators who show a high degree of compliance with animal welfare legislation and go beyond minimum legal standards.",{"data":3289,"content":3290,"nodeType":1365},{},[3291],{"data":3292,"content":3293,"nodeType":1233},{},[3294,3299],{"data":3295,"marks":3296,"value":3298,"nodeType":1237},{},[3297],{"type":1906},"Environmental policy: ",{"data":3300,"marks":3301,"value":3302,"nodeType":1237},{},[],"environmental regulations should apply to all farms, and no exemption should be provided to farms whose practices contradict the spirit of the animal welfare legislation, by confining animals in extreme conditions for instance.",{"data":3304,"content":3305,"nodeType":1365},{},[3306],{"data":3307,"content":3308,"nodeType":1233},{},[3309,3314],{"data":3310,"marks":3311,"value":3313,"nodeType":1237},{},[3312],{"type":1906},"Labor regulations:",{"data":3315,"marks":3316,"value":3317,"nodeType":1237},{},[]," labor regulations should apply across the whole food production chain, including on farms, during transport, and slaughter, and no exemption should be provided to operators who produce high volumes of meat and implement high line speeds.",{"data":3319,"content":3320,"nodeType":1233},{},[3321,3325,3333],{"data":3322,"marks":3323,"value":3324,"nodeType":1237},{},[],"One example of a good practice when it comes to ensuring policy coherence can be found in ",{"data":3326,"content":3328,"nodeType":1627},{"uri":3327},"https://colleranimallawforum.org/database/policy/common-agricultural-policy-pillar-i-payments-eu/",[3329],{"data":3330,"marks":3331,"value":3332,"nodeType":1237},{},[],"EU Regulation on the Direct Payments in the Common Agricultural Policy",{"data":3334,"marks":3335,"value":3336,"nodeType":1237},{},[],", which penalises pork and veal producers under the form of reduced subsidies in cases of breaches with the Pigs and Calves Directives.",{"data":3338,"content":3339,"nodeType":1233},{},[3340],{"data":3341,"marks":3342,"value":27,"nodeType":1237},{},[],{"data":3344,"content":3345,"nodeType":1283},{},[3346],{"data":3347,"marks":3348,"value":2151,"nodeType":1237},{},[],{"data":3350,"content":3351,"nodeType":1298},{},[3352],{"data":3353,"marks":3354,"value":2151,"nodeType":1237},{},[],{"data":3356,"content":3357,"nodeType":1233},{},[3358],{"data":3359,"marks":3360,"value":3361,"nodeType":1237},{},[],"Roger Brambell, Report of the Technical Committee to Enquire Into the Welfare of Animals Kept Under Intensive Livestock Husbandry Systems, Great Britain Parliament, H.M. Stationery Office (1965).",{"data":3363,"content":3364,"nodeType":1233},{},[3365],{"data":3366,"marks":3367,"value":3368,"nodeType":1237},{},[],"Donald D. Broom, Animal Welfare Defined in Terms of Attempts to Cope with the Environment (1996).",{"data":3370,"content":3371,"nodeType":1233},{},[3372],{"data":3373,"marks":3374,"value":3375,"nodeType":1237},{},[],"David J. Mellor, Updating the Animal Welfare Thinking: Moving beyond the “Five Freedoms” towards “A life Worth Living,” Animals, 6:21 (2016). ",{"data":3377,"content":3378,"nodeType":1233},{},[3379,3382,3390],{"data":3380,"marks":3381,"value":27,"nodeType":1237},{},[],{"data":3383,"content":3385,"nodeType":1627},{"uri":3384},"https://www.farms-initiative.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/03/FARMS-RMS-Chickens-Raised-for-Meat-March-2020-FINAL.pdf",[3386],{"data":3387,"marks":3388,"value":3389,"nodeType":1237},{},[],"Farms Initiative, Responsible Minimum Standards for Chickens Raised for Meat (2020).",{"data":3391,"marks":3392,"value":27,"nodeType":1237},{},[],{"data":3394,"content":3395,"nodeType":1233},{},[3396],{"data":3397,"marks":3398,"value":3399,"nodeType":1237},{},[],"World Organization for Animal Health (OIE), Terrestrial Animal Health Code (2019).",{"data":3401,"content":3402,"nodeType":1233},{},[3403],{"data":3404,"marks":3405,"value":27,"nodeType":1237},{},[],{"data":3407,"content":3408,"nodeType":1298},{},[3409],{"data":3410,"marks":3411,"value":2792,"nodeType":1237},{},[],{"data":3413,"content":3414,"nodeType":1233},{},[3415],{"data":3416,"marks":3417,"value":3418,"nodeType":1237},{},[],"Donald M. Broom, Animal Welfare in the European Union, Study for the European Parliament’s Committee on Petitions (2017).",{"data":3420,"content":3421,"nodeType":1233},{},[3422],{"data":3423,"marks":3424,"value":3425,"nodeType":1237},{},[],"Alex Bruce, Animal Law in Australia: An Integrated Approach (2018).",{"data":3427,"content":3428,"nodeType":1233},{},[3429],{"data":3430,"marks":3431,"value":3432,"nodeType":1237},{},[],"Deborah Cao and Steven White, Animal Law and Welfare - International Perspectives (2016).",{"data":3434,"content":3435,"nodeType":1233},{},[3436],{"data":3437,"marks":3438,"value":3439,"nodeType":1237},{},[],"Danielle Duffield, Regulation, Regulatory Capture, and Reform: The Case of New Zealand’s Bobby Calves, Animal Law Review (2020).",{"data":3441,"content":3442,"nodeType":1233},{},[3443],{"data":3444,"marks":3445,"value":3446,"nodeType":1237},{},[],"Elaine L. Hughes and Christiane Meyer, Animal Welfare Law in Canada and Europe Animal Law Review (2000).",{"data":3448,"content":3449,"nodeType":1233},{},[3450,3453,3461],{"data":3451,"marks":3452,"value":27,"nodeType":1237},{},[],{"data":3454,"content":3456,"nodeType":1627},{"uri":3455},"https://www.farms-initiative.com/",[3457],{"data":3458,"marks":3459,"value":3460,"nodeType":1237},{},[],"FARMS Initiative, Responsible Minimum Standards.",{"data":3462,"marks":3463,"value":27,"nodeType":1237},{},[],{"data":3465,"content":3466,"nodeType":1233},{},[3467],{"data":3468,"marks":3469,"value":3470,"nodeType":1237},{},[],"Clare Palmer and Peter Sandøe, “Welfare” in Critical Terms for Animal Studies (ed. Lori Gruen) (2018).",{"data":3472,"content":3473,"nodeType":1233},{},[3474],{"data":3475,"marks":3476,"value":3477,"nodeType":1237},{},[],"Marcelo B. Rodriguez Ferrere, Codes vs Regulations: How Best to Enforce Animal Welfare in New Zealand?, Alternative Law Journal (2018).",{"data":3479,"content":3480,"nodeType":1233},{},[3481],{"data":3482,"marks":3483,"value":3484,"nodeType":1237},{},[],"Bernard E. Rollin, Farm Factories, the End of Animal Husbandry in The CAFO Reader, The Tragedy of Industrial Animal Factories (ed. Daniel Imhoff), 6 – 14 (2010).",{"data":3486,"content":3487,"nodeType":1233},{},[3488],{"data":3489,"marks":3490,"value":3491,"nodeType":1237},{},[],"Delcianna Winders, The Animal Welfare Act at Fifty Conference at Harvard Law School, Animal Law Review (2019).",{"data":3493,"content":3494,"nodeType":1233},{},[3495],{"data":3496,"marks":3497,"value":3498,"nodeType":1237},{},[],"Delcianna Winders, Animal Welfare Act Enforcement, Animal Law Review (2019).",{"data":3500,"content":3501,"nodeType":1233},{},[3502,3505,3513],{"data":3503,"marks":3504,"value":27,"nodeType":1237},{},[],{"data":3506,"content":3508,"nodeType":1627},{"uri":3507},"https://api.worldanimalprotection.org/",[3509],{"data":3510,"marks":3511,"value":3512,"nodeType":1237},{},[],"World Animal Protection, Animal Protection Index.",{"data":3514,"marks":3515,"value":27,"nodeType":1237},{},[],{"metadata":3517,"sys":3520,"fields":3529},{"tags":3518,"concepts":3519},[],[],{"space":3521,"id":3523,"type":87,"createdAt":3524,"updatedAt":3524,"environment":3525,"publishedVersion":69,"revision":23,"contentType":3527,"locale":24},{"sys":3522},{"type":12,"linkType":13,"id":14},"2yVYAj8YDk3qJKGgk0oJE6","2026-07-06T11:51:25.147Z",{"sys":3526},{"id":20,"type":12,"linkType":21},{"sys":3528},{"type":12,"linkType":94,"id":95},{"label":3530,"icon":3531,"reference":3532,"displayType":1229},"Antibiotics","calf:antibiotics",{"metadata":3533,"sys":3536,"fields":3546},{"tags":3534,"concepts":3535},[],[],{"space":3537,"id":3539,"type":87,"createdAt":3540,"updatedAt":3540,"environment":3541,"publishedVersion":3543,"revision":23,"contentType":3544,"locale":24},{"sys":3538},{"type":12,"linkType":13,"id":14},"ViuePBBW086oqznxuxRbD","2026-07-06T11:48:04.560Z",{"sys":3542},{"id":20,"type":12,"linkType":21},33,{"sys":3545},{"type":12,"linkType":94,"id":1848},{"title":3530,"slug":3547,"icon":3531,"relatedTopic":3548,"image":3565,"content":3584},"antibiotics",{"metadata":3549,"sys":3552,"fields":3561},{"tags":3550,"concepts":3551},[],[],{"space":3553,"id":3555,"type":87,"createdAt":3556,"updatedAt":3556,"environment":3557,"publishedVersion":48,"revision":23,"contentType":3559,"locale":24},{"sys":3554},{"type":12,"linkType":13,"id":14},"4ny7d8DnlLHhgRgIHOiso5","2026-07-06T11:51:24.274Z",{"sys":3558},{"id":20,"type":12,"linkType":21},{"sys":3560},{"type":12,"linkType":94,"id":1864},{"title":3562,"slug":3563,"excerpt":3564},"Antimicrobial resistance","antimicrobial-resistance","Laws and policies that regulate the use of antimicrobials, so as to reduce antimicrobial resistance. This database only lists rules related to the use of antimicrobials in animal agriculture, given that this sector is a major user of antimicrobials.",{"metadata":3566,"sys":3569,"fields":3576},{"tags":3567,"concepts":3568},[],[],{"space":3570,"id":3572,"type":16,"createdAt":3573,"updatedAt":3573,"environment":3574,"publishedVersion":1805,"revision":23,"locale":24},{"sys":3571},{"type":12,"linkType":13,"id":14},"2DOTXcnq3V0iDVKcWcuCqI","2026-07-06T11:49:54.004Z",{"sys":3575},{"id":20,"type":12,"linkType":21},{"title":3577,"file":3578},"calf antibiotics",{"url":3579,"details":3580,"fileName":3583,"contentType":1199},"//images.ctfassets.net/5n7qh8xf3t5v/2DOTXcnq3V0iDVKcWcuCqI/2413dd2243ba1ccfa6b1dca70c8e5d09/calf_antibiotics.avif",{"size":3581,"image":3582},8588,{"width":2902,"height":2903},"calf_antibiotics.avif",{"data":3585,"content":3586,"nodeType":1134},{},[3587,3593,3600,3607,3614,3621,3628,3635,3662,3669,3694,3722,3729,3736,3742,3748,3755,3762,3769,3788,3795,3802,3820,3827,3834,3841,3872,3879,3886,3934,3941,3947,3953,3959,3966,3982,4006,4036,4053,4070,4076,4092,4109,4127,4145,4162,4179,4196,4212,4228,4244,4260,4285,4301,4319,4336,4352,4367,4383],{"data":3588,"content":3589,"nodeType":1283},{},[3590],{"data":3591,"marks":3592,"value":1287,"nodeType":1237},{},[],{"data":3594,"content":3595,"nodeType":1298},{},[3596],{"data":3597,"marks":3598,"value":3599,"nodeType":1237},{},[],"What is AMR?",{"data":3601,"content":3602,"nodeType":1233},{},[3603],{"data":3604,"marks":3605,"value":3606,"nodeType":1237},{},[],"Antimicrobials refer to drugs that kill or inhibit the growth of microorganisms, such as bacteria, viruses, fungi, and parasites. Antimicrobials include antibiotics, antifungals, antiprotozoals, and antivirals. Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) occurs when microorganisms evolve to become partially or fully resistant to once effective antimicrobial drugs. Antimicrobial resistance is a natural phenomenon which occurs as microbes become exposed to antimicrobial substances. However, antimicrobial resistance is accelerated by the overuse or misuse of antimicrobials, notably in animal agriculture and aquaculture.",{"data":3608,"content":3609,"nodeType":1298},{},[3610],{"data":3611,"marks":3612,"value":3613,"nodeType":1237},{},[],"How is AMR a threat?",{"data":3615,"content":3616,"nodeType":1233},{},[3617],{"data":3618,"marks":3619,"value":3620,"nodeType":1237},{},[],"Antimicrobial resistance is a threat to public health and can occur in humans, animals and the environment. Antimicrobial resistant microorganisms can spread to humans directly from animals, either through contact with animals or via consumption of animal-derived products such as meat, or indirectly, via the environment such as through drinking water, contaminated air or soil. As a result, antimicrobial resistance renders a lot of antimicrobials, including antibiotics, ineffective in treating common infectious diseases.",{"data":3622,"content":3623,"nodeType":1298},{},[3624],{"data":3625,"marks":3626,"value":3627,"nodeType":1237},{},[],"How is animal agriculture a major driver of AMR?",{"data":3629,"content":3630,"nodeType":1233},{},[3631],{"data":3632,"marks":3633,"value":3634,"nodeType":1237},{},[],"The routine use of antimicrobials developed after WWII, enabling the evolution and acceleration of industrial farm animal production, by limiting the incidence and spread of diseases in animals with weakened immune systems due to high stress levels and unsanitary housing conditions. The use of antimicrobials in industrial farm animal production has been a significant driver of antimicrobial resistance, and hence poses major risks to human and animal health. Approximately 70% of all antimicrobials worldwide are used in food animals. Antimicrobials are used across all animal source food production sectors, in terrestrial animals, but also aquatic animals, like fish. Although the type and extent of use of antimicrobials in animal agriculture varies greatly between jurisdictions, mainly due to differences in regulation, the use of antimicrobials for both therapeutic and non-therapeutic purposes within intensive systems is common practice globally.",{"data":3636,"content":3637,"nodeType":1233},{},[3638,3642,3647,3651,3659],{"data":3639,"marks":3640,"value":3641,"nodeType":1237},{},[],"Despite regulatory efforts in meat and fish-producing countries, it is estimated that the use of antimicrobials in animal agriculture will continue to grow, especially in countries where the demand for animal source proteins is increasing, such as in the BRIC countries. Today, there already are multidrug resistant microorganisms, such as ",{"data":3643,"marks":3644,"value":3646,"nodeType":1237},{},[3645],{"type":1420},"Staphylococcus aureus",{"data":3648,"marks":3649,"value":3650,"nodeType":1237},{},[],", ",{"data":3652,"content":3654,"nodeType":1627},{"uri":3653},"https://www.frontiersin.org/research-topics/6689/livestock-associated-staphylococcus-aureus-la-mrsa",[3655],{"data":3656,"marks":3657,"value":3658,"nodeType":1237},{},[],"which is prevalent in pigs, and has spread to humans via livestock workers",{"data":3660,"marks":3661,"value":1636,"nodeType":1237},{},[],{"data":3663,"content":3664,"nodeType":1298},{},[3665],{"data":3666,"marks":3667,"value":3668,"nodeType":1237},{},[],"How and Why Antimicrobials Used?",{"data":3670,"content":3671,"nodeType":1233},{},[3672,3676,3681,3685,3690],{"data":3673,"marks":3674,"value":3675,"nodeType":1237},{},[],"Therapeutic use refers to the administration of antibiotics to treat diseases that have been diagnosed by a licensed veterinarian. On the other hand, non-therapeutic use of antimicrobials involves the administration of low, sub-therapeutic doses of antimicrobial agents to otherwise healthy animals that have not been diagnosed with a disease. Non-therapeutic use pursues two, overlapping, purposes: first, a preventive purpose to control the spread of infections, also called ",{"data":3677,"marks":3678,"value":3680,"nodeType":1237},{},[3679],{"type":1420},"prophylaxis",{"data":3682,"marks":3683,"value":3684,"nodeType":1237},{},[],"; second, a productivity purpose, as the use of very low, sub-therapeutic levels of antimicrobials have the effect of stimulating growth in animals (",{"data":3686,"marks":3687,"value":3689,"nodeType":1237},{},[3688],{"type":1420},"i.e.",{"data":3691,"marks":3692,"value":3693,"nodeType":1237},{},[],", the animals grow faster and fatter).",{"data":3695,"content":3696,"nodeType":1233},{},[3697,3701,3709,3713,3718],{"data":3698,"marks":3699,"value":3700,"nodeType":1237},{},[],"Some ",{"data":3702,"content":3704,"nodeType":1627},{"uri":3703},"https://www.avma.org/resources-tools/avma-policies/judicious-therapeutic-use-antimicrobials",[3705],{"data":3706,"marks":3707,"value":3708,"nodeType":1237},{},[],"administration methods can blur the lines",{"data":3710,"marks":3711,"value":3712,"nodeType":1237},{},[]," between therapeutic use and non-therapeutic use. Such is the case of ",{"data":3714,"marks":3715,"value":3717,"nodeType":1237},{},[3716],{"type":1420},"metaphylaxis",{"data":3719,"marks":3720,"value":3721,"nodeType":1237},{},[],", whereby a whole herd or flock of animals is administered a high dose of antimicrobials (usually antibiotics) after a few animals are found to be carrying a disease.",{"data":3723,"content":3724,"nodeType":1233},{},[3725],{"data":3726,"marks":3727,"value":3728,"nodeType":1237},{},[],"Similarly, it is hard to differentiate between the non-therapeutic use of antimicrobials for prevention purposes and the non-therapeutic use of antimicrobials as growth promoters because, in both cases, the antimicrobials and volumes administered are similar.",{"data":3730,"content":3731,"nodeType":1233},{},[3732],{"data":3733,"marks":3734,"value":3735,"nodeType":1237},{},[],"In any case, many of the antimicrobial agents for non-therapeutic use are the same agents as antimicrobials used to cure diseases, including in humans. For this reason, the non-therapeutic use of antimicrobials in food production is restricted in some jurisdictions, such as the EU, where the use of antimicrobials as growth promoters is prohibited.",{"data":3737,"content":3738,"nodeType":1233},{},[3739],{"data":3740,"marks":3741,"value":27,"nodeType":1237},{},[],{"data":3743,"content":3744,"nodeType":1283},{},[3745],{"data":3746,"marks":3747,"value":1965,"nodeType":1237},{},[],{"data":3749,"content":3750,"nodeType":1233},{},[3751],{"data":3752,"marks":3753,"value":3754,"nodeType":1237},{},[],"When evaluating, drafting or comparing laws and policies related to the use of antimicrobials, local context, political feasibility and the regulatory environment all influence what one considers “Better Practice.” With that caveat in mind, the following considerations indicate better and worse practices for laws and policies.",{"data":3756,"content":3757,"nodeType":1298},{},[3758],{"data":3759,"marks":3760,"value":3761,"nodeType":1237},{},[],"1. Prohibiting the Misuse of Antimicrobials in Animal Agriculture",{"data":3763,"content":3764,"nodeType":1233},{},[3765],{"data":3766,"marks":3767,"value":3768,"nodeType":1237},{},[],"Regulation on the use of antimicrobials in animal agriculture should prohibit practices that are tantamount to a misuse of antimicrobials. This would entail a ban on the use of antimicrobials for all non-therapeutic purposes.",{"data":3770,"content":3771,"nodeType":1233},{},[3772,3776,3784],{"data":3773,"marks":3774,"value":3775,"nodeType":1237},{},[],"A good example of a regulation in the use of antimicrobials for non-therapeutic purposes can be found at Article 107 of the ",{"data":3777,"content":3779,"nodeType":1627},{"uri":3778},"https://www.calf.law/database/policy/veterinary-medical-products-regulation-eu/",[3780],{"data":3781,"marks":3782,"value":3783,"nodeType":1237},{},[],"EU Regulation 2019/6 on Veterinary Medicinal Products",{"data":3785,"marks":3786,"value":3787,"nodeType":1237},{},[],", which lists prohibited use, including: the routine use of antimicrobials, the use of antimicrobials to compensate for poor hygiene or inadequate animal husbandry; and the use of antimicrobials for growth promotion purposes.",{"data":3789,"content":3790,"nodeType":1298},{},[3791],{"data":3792,"marks":3793,"value":3794,"nodeType":1237},{},[],"2. Accurate Classification of Antimicrobial Agents",{"data":3796,"content":3797,"nodeType":1233},{},[3798],{"data":3799,"marks":3800,"value":3801,"nodeType":1237},{},[],"Regulation on the use of antimicrobials in animal agriculture should also properly categorise antimicrobial agents. Such categorisation should distinguish whether or not a particular agent is an antimicrobial, in addition to grading the agent on the level of its importance for human and animal health. This categorisation should follow the classification established by the World Health Organisation so that the list is consistent across jurisdictions. The use of antimicrobials that are critically important to human and animal health should be subject to a moratorium followed by a prohibition on their use. Furthermore, a product that has antimicrobial properties should automatically be categorised as an antimicrobial rather than a feed additive.",{"data":3803,"content":3804,"nodeType":1233},{},[3805,3808,3816],{"data":3806,"marks":3807,"value":2497,"nodeType":1237},{},[],{"data":3809,"content":3811,"nodeType":1627},{"uri":3810},"https://www.calf.law/database/policy/article-l.-5144-1-1-code-de-la-sante-publique-france/",[3812],{"data":3813,"marks":3814,"value":3815,"nodeType":1237},{},[],"French Legislation on Public Health",{"data":3817,"marks":3818,"value":3819,"nodeType":1237},{},[]," provides a positive example of a proper classification of antimicrobials by listing antimicrobials of critical importance for human and animal health, and strictly limits their use.",{"data":3821,"content":3822,"nodeType":1298},{},[3823],{"data":3824,"marks":3825,"value":3826,"nodeType":1237},{},[],"3. Enforcement Mechanisms",{"data":3828,"content":3829,"nodeType":1233},{},[3830],{"data":3831,"marks":3832,"value":3833,"nodeType":1237},{},[],"The regulation on the use of antimicrobials should also provide enforcement mechanisms to ensure the proper implementation of rules, preferably by imposing that all prescriptions for antibiotics be recorded and that the levels of use of antimicrobials be tracked and monitored.",{"data":3835,"content":3836,"nodeType":1233},{},[3837],{"data":3838,"marks":3839,"value":3840,"nodeType":1237},{},[],"A number of EU countries have implemented positive enforcement mechanisms. For example, Denmark established the Danish Integrated Antimicrobial Resistance Monitoring and Research Programme (DANMAP), a programme tasked with monitoring the volumes and types of antimicrobials being used in animals and humans, as well as trends in antimicrobial resistance. There exist other surveillance centres in the EU, in Sweden (SVARM) and in the Netherlands (MARAN), all operating under the EU's European Antimicrobial Resistance Surveillance Network (EARS-Net).",{"data":3842,"content":3843,"nodeType":1233},{},[3844,3848,3856,3860,3868],{"data":3845,"marks":3846,"value":3847,"nodeType":1237},{},[],"Other examples of a better practice to closely monitor the use of antimicrobials can be found in ",{"data":3849,"content":3851,"nodeType":1627},{"uri":3850},"https://www.calf.law/database/policy/decreto-8-febbraio-2019-italy/",[3852],{"data":3853,"marks":3854,"value":3855,"nodeType":1237},{},[],"Italian",{"data":3857,"marks":3858,"value":3859,"nodeType":1237},{},[]," and ",{"data":3861,"content":3863,"nodeType":1627},{"uri":3862},"https://www.calf.law/database/policy/real-decreto-191-2018-spain/",[3864],{"data":3865,"marks":3866,"value":3867,"nodeType":1237},{},[],"Spanish law",{"data":3869,"marks":3870,"value":3871,"nodeType":1237},{},[],", which require the use of electronic prescriptions for all antimicrobials. The data collected on the amount and types of antimicrobials that are prescribed can be used as a proxy to assess the extent to which antibiotics are used in animal agriculture, and ultimately to help reduce the use.",{"data":3873,"content":3874,"nodeType":1298},{},[3875],{"data":3876,"marks":3877,"value":3878,"nodeType":1237},{},[],"4. Policy Coherence",{"data":3880,"content":3881,"nodeType":1233},{},[3882],{"data":3883,"marks":3884,"value":3885,"nodeType":1237},{},[],"Regulations pertaining to the judicious use of antimicrobials should further be coherent with other policies which shape animal agricultural production. 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",{"data":4533,"content":4534,"nodeType":1233},{},[4535],{"data":4536,"marks":4537,"value":4538,"nodeType":1237},{},[],"Aquaculture can contribute to the decline of wild aquatic animal populations given that many animals are taken from the wild in order to feed the animals in aquaculture facilities. Additionally, aquaculture has many negative impacts on the environment, humans, and wild aquatic animals. ",{"data":4540,"content":4541,"nodeType":1298},{},[4542],{"data":4543,"marks":4544,"value":4545,"nodeType":1237},{},[],"Animal Suffering ",{"data":4547,"content":4548,"nodeType":1233},{},[4549,4553,4561,4565,4573],{"data":4550,"marks":4551,"value":4552,"nodeType":1237},{},[],"Aquatic animals raised in aquaculture suffer in every stage of the process, from breeding, to rearing, to transportation and slaughter. ",{"data":4554,"content":4556,"nodeType":1627},{"uri":4555},"https://awionline.org/content/fish-farming",[4557],{"data":4558,"marks":4559,"value":4560,"nodeType":1237},{},[],"Significant suffering",{"data":4562,"marks":4563,"value":4564,"nodeType":1237},{},[]," results from overcrowded enclosures, which leads to injuries and disease, the inability to access food, water quality degradation, and psychological stress. The captive animals live in high concentrations of waste and with parasites from which they cannot escape. These animals are also frequently transferred from one enclosure to another causing additional stress and injury. When aquaculture producers deem the animals ready for market, they deprive them of food to ready them for transportation. The aquatic animals then undergo ",{"data":4566,"content":4568,"nodeType":1627},{"uri":4567},"http://garpga.org/issues/animals-used-for-food/fish",[4569],{"data":4570,"marks":4571,"value":4572,"nodeType":1237},{},[],"stressful transport and then painful slaughter",{"data":4574,"marks":4575,"value":4576,"nodeType":1237},{},[]," with no anaesthesia or requirements for a swift, painless, or humane death. ",{"data":4578,"content":4579,"nodeType":1298},{},[4580],{"data":4581,"marks":4582,"value":4583,"nodeType":1237},{},[],"Harms to the Environment and Wild Animal Welfare ",{"data":4585,"content":4586,"nodeType":1233},{},[4587,4591,4599,4603,4611,4615,4623,4627,4635,4639,4647,4651,4659,4663,4671],{"data":4588,"marks":4589,"value":4590,"nodeType":1237},{},[],"Aquaculture results in significant harms to wild aquatic animals and their environment. Fish raised in aquaculture facilities are typically ",{"data":4592,"content":4594,"nodeType":1627},{"uri":4593},"http://mauricoast.com/pics/mauricoastpics/reports_crossroads.pdf",[4595],{"data":4596,"marks":4597,"value":4598,"nodeType":1237},{},[],"carnivorous",{"data":4600,"marks":4601,"value":4602,"nodeType":1237},{},[],", so the aquaculture system feeds them by catching other wild aquatic animals, which further ",{"data":4604,"content":4606,"nodeType":1627},{"uri":4605},"https://www.sciencenews.org/blog/wild-things/most-fish-turned-fishmeal-are-species-we-could-be-eating",[4607],{"data":4608,"marks":4609,"value":4610,"nodeType":1237},{},[],"depletes",{"data":4612,"marks":4613,"value":4614,"nodeType":1237},{},[]," wild populations. Farmed fish are also fed soy, which contributes to deforestation. Aquaculture facilities have also had significant escapements, including hundreds of thousands of animals in single events, into the wild environment. These escaped animals can potentially breed with wild populations and pass along ",{"data":4616,"content":4618,"nodeType":1627},{"uri":4617},"https://www.nature.com/articles/s42003-018-0112-9#citeas",[4619],{"data":4620,"marks":4621,"value":4622,"nodeType":1237},{},[],"maladaptive traits or diseases",{"data":4624,"marks":4625,"value":4626,"nodeType":1237},{},[],". Aquatic animals can also become ",{"data":4628,"content":4630,"nodeType":1627},{"uri":4629},"https://www.nps.gov/miss/learn/nature/ascarpover.htm",[4631],{"data":4632,"marks":4633,"value":4634,"nodeType":1237},{},[],"invasive",{"data":4636,"marks":4637,"value":4638,"nodeType":1237},{},[]," and outcompete native aquatic animal populations. Aquaculture facilities sometimes ",{"data":4640,"content":4642,"nodeType":1627},{"uri":4641},"https://www.iatp.org/sites/default/files/Marine_Aquaculture_in_the_United_States_Enviro.pdf",[4643],{"data":4644,"marks":4645,"value":4646,"nodeType":1237},{},[],"kill wildlife",{"data":4648,"marks":4649,"value":4650,"nodeType":1237},{},[]," (birds, fishes, and marine mammals) who try to enter into net enclosures or feed on the animals there. Aquaculture enclosures have also destroyed vital ",{"data":4652,"content":4654,"nodeType":1627},{"uri":4653},"https://cdn.coastalscience.noaa.gov/page-attachments/products/2013_PriceandMorris_MarineCageCultureandTheEnvironment.pdf",[4655],{"data":4656,"marks":4657,"value":4658,"nodeType":1237},{},[],"habitats",{"data":4660,"marks":4661,"value":4662,"nodeType":1237},{},[],", such as mangroves, and their accumulation of excrement and feed have contributed to ",{"data":4664,"content":4666,"nodeType":1627},{"uri":4665},"https://www.treehugger.com/aquaculture-problems-inherent-to-aquaculture-1301970",[4667],{"data":4668,"marks":4669,"value":4670,"nodeType":1237},{},[],"declines",{"data":4672,"marks":4673,"value":4674,"nodeType":1237},{},[]," in wild aquatic animal populations and the degradation of habitats, affecting many species. Lastly, the use of antimicrobials on fish farms to treat diseases is of significant concern given the adverse impacts of antimicrobials on animal and human health. ",{"data":4676,"content":4677,"nodeType":1233},{},[4678],{"data":4679,"marks":4680,"value":27,"nodeType":1237},{},[],{"data":4682,"content":4683,"nodeType":1283},{},[4684],{"data":4685,"marks":4686,"value":1965,"nodeType":1237},{},[],{"data":4688,"content":4689,"nodeType":1233},{},[4690],{"data":4691,"marks":4692,"value":4693,"nodeType":1237},{},[],"When evaluating, drafting or comparing laws and policies related to the use of antimicrobials, local context, political feasibility and the regulatory environment all influence what one considers “Better Practice.” With that caveat in mind, the following considerations indicate better and worse practices for laws and policies seeking to regulate the aquaculture industry.",{"data":4695,"content":4696,"nodeType":1298},{},[4697],{"data":4698,"marks":4699,"value":4700,"nodeType":1237},{},[],"1. Animal Welfare Standards ",{"data":4702,"content":4703,"nodeType":1233},{},[4704,4708,4716,4720,4728,4732,4739],{"data":4705,"marks":4706,"value":4707,"nodeType":1237},{},[],"Like all animals, fish have specific needs. At the moment, however, regulations regarding the welfare of aquatic animals, including fish, are almost nonexistent. The very minimal protections afforded to terrestrial farmed animals generally don’t apply to aquatic farmed animals. For example, the ",{"data":4709,"content":4711,"nodeType":1627},{"uri":4710},"https://calf.law/database/policy/humane-method-of-slaughter-act-usa",[4712],{"data":4713,"marks":4714,"value":4715,"nodeType":1237},{},[],"Humane Methods of Slaughter Act",{"data":4717,"marks":4718,"value":4719,"nodeType":1237},{},[]," in the US only applies to cattle, horses, mules, sheep, and swine, and does not include aquatic animals, thus denying them even the minimal protection of a quick and painless death. Similarly, the ",{"data":4721,"content":4723,"nodeType":1627},{"uri":4722},"https://calf.law/database/policy/slaughter-regulation-eu",[4724],{"data":4725,"marks":4726,"value":4727,"nodeType":1237},{},[],"EU Slaughter Regulation",{"data":4729,"marks":4730,"value":4731,"nodeType":1237},{},[]," and the ",{"data":4733,"content":4735,"nodeType":1627},{"uri":4734},"https://calf.law/database/policy/general-farming-directive-eu",[4736],{"data":4737,"marks":4738,"value":3046,"nodeType":1237},{},[],{"data":4740,"marks":4741,"value":4742,"nodeType":1237},{},[]," exclude fish from most of their provisions. Specifically, the Directive excludes fishes from the requirement of addressing their physiological and ethological needs. This exemption means that aquaculture producers do not have to provide enclosures that allow for free movement or provide medical care to sick or injured animals. ",{"data":4744,"content":4745,"nodeType":1233},{},[4746],{"data":4747,"marks":4748,"value":4749,"nodeType":1237},{},[],"Expanding the care requirements for animals raised in aquaculture should include space requirements and stocking densities in line with best welfare practices, simulation of natural habitats in captivity settings, the ability to engage in natural behaviours, stimulation and habitats designed to allow for positive welfare, and the provision of medical care when needed. Care requirements should also be created based on each species’ unique needs and behaviours, and should include regular checks on physical, behavioural, and environmental indicators of welfare. ",{"data":4751,"content":4752,"nodeType":1233},{},[4753,4757,4765],{"data":4754,"marks":4755,"value":4756,"nodeType":1237},{},[],"A positive example of the existence of fish welfare standards can be found in ",{"data":4758,"content":4760,"nodeType":1627},{"uri":4759},"https://calf.law/database/policy/aquaculture-act-norway",[4761],{"data":4762,"marks":4763,"value":4764,"nodeType":1237},{},[],"Norwegian law",{"data":4766,"marks":4767,"value":4768,"nodeType":1237},{},[],", which provides minimum space requirements (25kg/m3) for fish in aquaculture – even though such space requirement should be increased to ensure the proper welfare of animals. ",{"data":4770,"content":4771,"nodeType":1298},{},[4772],{"data":4773,"marks":4774,"value":4775,"nodeType":1237},{},[],"2. Environmental Standards ",{"data":4777,"content":4778,"nodeType":1233},{},[4779],{"data":4780,"marks":4781,"value":4782,"nodeType":1237},{},[],"Aquaculture causes significant adverse impacts on the environment throughout the production cycle. For this reason, the law should stringently regulate aquaculture facilities’ impact on the environment, by requiring a licensing system conditional on a positive environmental assessment and which prohibits building aquaculture facilities in locations where the ecosystem is fragile. The legislation should further provide mandatory reporting systems to alert government health officials in case of disease spread in fish. ",{"data":4784,"content":4785,"nodeType":1233},{},[4786,4790,4796,4800,4806],{"data":4787,"marks":4788,"value":4789,"nodeType":1237},{},[],"For example, the ",{"data":4791,"content":4792,"nodeType":1627},{"uri":4759},[4793],{"data":4794,"marks":4795,"value":834,"nodeType":1237},{},[],{"data":4797,"marks":4798,"value":4799,"nodeType":1237},{},[]," requires aquaculture companies to apply for permits in order for them to operate. In their applications for a permit, companies must detail how their operations will comply with environmental standards. Facilities are not allowed in environmentally protected areas or certain areas of shallow water due to the accumulation of salt and waste that collects in these operations. The ",{"data":4801,"content":4802,"nodeType":1627},{"uri":4759},[4803],{"data":4804,"marks":4805,"value":834,"nodeType":1237},{},[],{"data":4807,"marks":4808,"value":4809,"nodeType":1237},{},[]," further provides inspections requirements, which allows the government to fine the companies which do not comply the environmental regulations, and even shut down or relocate companies if an inspector concludes a facility is causing detrimental impacts to the land or wild aquatic organisms. ",{"data":4811,"content":4812,"nodeType":1233},{},[4813,4817,4824],{"data":4814,"marks":4815,"value":4816,"nodeType":1237},{},[],"Chile also requires facilities to obtain a permit before engaging in production activities and avoid placement in protected areas, as per the ",{"data":4818,"content":4820,"nodeType":1627},{"uri":4819},"https://calf.law/database/policy/general-fisheries-and-aquaculture-law-chile",[4821],{"data":4822,"marks":4823,"value":852,"nodeType":1237},{},[],{"data":4825,"marks":4826,"value":4827,"nodeType":1237},{},[],". The government conducts an Environmental Impact Assessment for all placements, which considers the facility’s impacts on human health, soil, water, air, and other human activity. ",{"data":4829,"content":4830,"nodeType":1233},{},[4831,4834,4840],{"data":4832,"marks":4833,"value":2497,"nodeType":1237},{},[],{"data":4835,"content":4836,"nodeType":1627},{"uri":4819},[4837],{"data":4838,"marks":4839,"value":852,"nodeType":1237},{},[],{"data":4841,"marks":4842,"value":4843,"nodeType":1237},{},[]," further regulates the import of aquatic animals to mitigate the spread of disease to endemic species and the negative environmental impacts if the non-native animals escape into the wild. If disease occur at an aquaculture facility, the Regulation on High Risk Diseases of Living Aquatic Species provides detailed steps to prevent disease from spreading to other facilities and enacts veterinary procedures to stop the outbreak. ",{"data":4845,"content":4846,"nodeType":1233},{},[4847,4851,4859,4863,4871],{"data":4848,"marks":4849,"value":4850,"nodeType":1237},{},[],"The United States also regulates discharges from large aquaculture facilities termed, ",{"data":4852,"content":4854,"nodeType":1627},{"uri":4853},"https://www.ecfr.gov/current/title-40/chapter-I/subchapter-D/part-122#122.24",[4855],{"data":4856,"marks":4857,"value":4858,"nodeType":1237},{},[],"concentrated aquatic animal production facilities",{"data":4860,"marks":4861,"value":4862,"nodeType":1237},{},[]," (CAAP). A ",{"data":4864,"content":4866,"nodeType":1627},{"uri":4865},"https://calf.law/database/policy/national-pollutant-discharge-elimination-system-usa",[4867],{"data":4868,"marks":4869,"value":4870,"nodeType":1237},{},[],"National Pollutant Discharge Elimination Systems Permit ",{"data":4872,"marks":4873,"value":4874,"nodeType":1237},{},[],"provides the government with the ability to regulate the amount of discharge coming from CAAPs to ensure the safety of water quality. The government may issue fines for permit violations and can even issue civil or criminal litigation if wilful violations occur. ",{"data":4876,"content":4877,"nodeType":1298},{},[4878],{"data":4879,"marks":4880,"value":4881,"nodeType":1237},{},[],"3. Regulation on Antimicrobial Use ",{"data":4883,"content":4884,"nodeType":1233},{},[4885],{"data":4886,"marks":4887,"value":4888,"nodeType":1237},{},[],"Given intensive aquaculture systems’ reliance on antimicrobials to avoid the spread of animal diseases, legislation regulating aquaculture activities should provide specific rules prohibiting the routine use of antibiotics. ",{"data":4890,"content":4891,"nodeType":1233},{},[4892,4896,4903],{"data":4893,"marks":4894,"value":4895,"nodeType":1237},{},[],"Norway ‘s ",{"data":4897,"content":4899,"nodeType":1627},{"uri":4898},"https://calf.law/database/policy/act-relating-to-veterinarians-and-other-animal-health-personnel-norway",[4900],{"data":4901,"marks":4902,"value":843,"nodeType":1237},{},[],{"data":4904,"marks":4905,"value":4906,"nodeType":1237},{},[]," states that a person can only obtain antibiotics for an animal with a veterinarian or aquamedicine biologist’s prescription. If a pharmacy believes that a veterinarian or aquamedicine biologist is abusing their power, the pharmacy is obligated to report the individual. ",{"data":4908,"content":4909,"nodeType":1233},{},[4910,4913,4920],{"data":4911,"marks":4912,"value":2497,"nodeType":1237},{},[],{"data":4914,"content":4916,"nodeType":1627},{"uri":4915},"https://calf.law/database/policy/medicated-feed-regulation-eu",[4917],{"data":4918,"marks":4919,"value":184,"nodeType":1237},{},[],{"data":4921,"marks":4922,"value":4923,"nodeType":1237},{},[]," has also required stricter antibiotic usage for all farmed animals, including animals raised in aquaculture. To receive medicated feed, facilities must have a veterinarian enter the premises for a health inspection of the animals. If a veterinarian deems the request as valid, the veterinarian may write a prescription for the medicated feed. ",{"data":4925,"content":4926,"nodeType":1233},{},[4927],{"data":4928,"marks":4929,"value":27,"nodeType":1237},{},[],{"data":4931,"content":4932,"nodeType":1283},{},[4933],{"data":4934,"marks":4935,"value":2151,"nodeType":1237},{},[],{"data":4937,"content":4938,"nodeType":1298},{},[4939],{"data":4940,"marks":4941,"value":2151,"nodeType":1237},{},[],{"data":4943,"content":4944,"nodeType":1233},{},[4945],{"data":4946,"marks":4947,"value":4948,"nodeType":1237},{},[],"Adam Vaughn, Global Demand for Fish Expected to Almost Double by 2050, New Scientist (Sept. 15, 2021). ",{"data":4950,"content":4951,"nodeType":1233},{},[4952],{"data":4953,"marks":4954,"value":4955,"nodeType":1237},{},[],"Conner Bailey & Nhuong Tran, Aquatic CAFOs: Aquaculture and the Future of Seafood Production, in Global Meat Social and Environmental Consequences of the Expanding Meat Industry (Bill Winders & Elizabeth Ransom, eds.) 55 - 74 (2019). ",{"data":4957,"content":4958,"nodeType":1233},{},[4959,4962,4970],{"data":4960,"marks":4961,"value":27,"nodeType":1237},{},[],{"data":4963,"content":4965,"nodeType":1627},{"uri":4964},"https://files.fwi.fish/Salmon_Welfare_Report.pdf",[4966],{"data":4967,"marks":4968,"value":4969,"nodeType":1237},{},[],"Mark Borthwick, Welfare Issues in Farmed Atlantic Salmon, Fish Welfare Initiative (2020), available online",{"data":4971,"marks":4972,"value":27,"nodeType":1237},{},[],{"data":4974,"content":4975,"nodeType":1233},{},[4976],{"data":4977,"marks":4978,"value":4979,"nodeType":1237},{},[],"Simon Funge-Smith and Michael J. Phillips, Aquaculture Systems and Species, FAO (2000). ",{"data":4981,"content":4982,"nodeType":1233},{},[4983],{"data":4984,"marks":4985,"value":4986,"nodeType":1237},{},[],"J.A. Lines & J. Spence, Humane Harvesting and Slaughter of Farmed Fish, Revue Scientifique et Technique (2014). ",{"data":4988,"content":4989,"nodeType":1233},{},[4990],{"data":4991,"marks":4992,"value":4993,"nodeType":1237},{},[],"Kathryn White et al., At a Crossroads: Will Aquaculture Fulfill Its Promise of the Blue Revolution?, SeaWeb Aquaculture Clearinghouse (2004). ",{"data":4995,"content":4996,"nodeType":1233},{},[4997],{"data":4998,"marks":4999,"value":5000,"nodeType":1237},{},[],"Sarah Zielinski, Most Fish Turned into Fishmeal Are Species that We Could Be Eating, Sci. News (Feb. 27, 2017). ",{"data":5002,"content":5003,"nodeType":1233},{},[5004],{"data":5005,"marks":5006,"value":5007,"nodeType":1237},{},[],"Brendan F. Wringe et al., Extensive Hybridization Following a Large Escape of Domesticated Atlantic Salmon in the Norwest Atlantic, Communications Biology (2018). ",{"data":5009,"content":5010,"nodeType":1233},{},[5011],{"data":5012,"marks":5013,"value":5014,"nodeType":1237},{},[],"Asian Carp Overview, National Park Services. U.S. Department of Interior (June 24, 2019). ",{"data":5016,"content":5017,"nodeType":1233},{},[5018],{"data":5019,"marks":5020,"value":5021,"nodeType":1237},{},[],"Rebecca J. Goldburg et al., Marine Aquaculture in the United States, PEW Oceans Commission (2021). ",{"data":5023,"content":5024,"nodeType":1233},{},[5025],{"data":5026,"marks":5027,"value":5028,"nodeType":1237},{},[],"Carol Seals Price and James A. Morris, Jr., Marine Cage Culture & The Environment, NOAA (Dec. 2013). ",{"data":5030,"content":5031,"nodeType":1233},{},[5032],{"data":5033,"marks":5034,"value":5035,"nodeType":1237},{},[],"Michael Souza, Problems Inherent to Aquaculture, Treehugger (Aug. 22, 2019). ",{"data":5037,"content":5038,"nodeType":1233},{},[5039],{"data":5040,"marks":5041,"value":5042,"nodeType":1237},{},[],"Dr. Joseph Mercola, Most Toxic Food in the World? Farmed Salmon., Children’s Health Def. (Feb. 2, 2022). ",{"data":5044,"content":5045,"nodeType":1233},{},[5046],{"data":5047,"marks":5048,"value":5049,"nodeType":1237},{},[],"Celia A. Hoga et al., A Review on the Use of Hormones in Fish Farming: Analytical Methods to Determine Their Residues, Journal of Food (2018). ",{"data":5051,"content":5052,"nodeType":1233},{},[5053],{"data":5054,"marks":5055,"value":4993,"nodeType":1237},{},[],{"data":5057,"content":5058,"nodeType":1233},{},[5059],{"data":5060,"marks":5061,"value":5062,"nodeType":1237},{},[],"Andy Nelson, Norwegian Salmon Industry Reports Lowest Antibiotic Use Ever, Supermarket Perimeter (Nov. 19, 2021). ",{"data":5064,"content":5065,"nodeType":1233},{},[5066],{"data":5067,"marks":5068,"value":5070,"nodeType":1237},{},[5069],{"type":1420},"Author: Natassia Tuhovak, Animal Law Clinic Intern, Animal Law Clinic, Lewis & Clark Law School ",{"data":5072,"content":5073,"nodeType":1233},{},[5074],{"data":5075,"marks":5076,"value":5078,"nodeType":1237},{},[5077],{"type":1420},"Supervisor: Kathy Hessler ",{"metadata":5080,"sys":5083,"fields":5092},{"tags":5081,"concepts":5082},[],[],{"space":5084,"id":5086,"type":87,"createdAt":5087,"updatedAt":5087,"environment":5088,"publishedVersion":22,"revision":23,"contentType":5090,"locale":24},{"sys":5085},{"type":12,"linkType":13,"id":14},"2QIkmmFyYDgcOGIYpcFZse","2026-07-06T11:51:25.119Z",{"sys":5089},{"id":20,"type":12,"linkType":21},{"sys":5091},{"type":12,"linkType":94,"id":95},{"label":5093,"icon":5094,"reference":5095,"displayType":1229},"Climate Change","calf:climate-change",{"metadata":5096,"sys":5099,"fields":5109},{"tags":5097,"concepts":5098},[],[],{"space":5100,"id":5102,"type":87,"createdAt":5103,"updatedAt":5103,"environment":5104,"publishedVersion":5106,"revision":23,"contentType":5107,"locale":24},{"sys":5101},{"type":12,"linkType":13,"id":14},"1wVrfRoNATfSJIhxk4NTEo","2026-07-06T11:48:04.638Z",{"sys":5105},{"id":20,"type":12,"linkType":21},23,{"sys":5108},{"type":12,"linkType":94,"id":1848},{"title":5093,"slug":5110,"icon":5094,"relatedTopic":5111,"image":5128,"content":5147},"climate-change",{"metadata":5112,"sys":5115,"fields":5124},{"tags":5113,"concepts":5114},[],[],{"space":5116,"id":5118,"type":87,"createdAt":5119,"updatedAt":5119,"environment":5120,"publishedVersion":112,"revision":23,"contentType":5122,"locale":24},{"sys":5117},{"type":12,"linkType":13,"id":14},"38h48JrPrWZXitf2r2qbcr","2026-07-06T11:48:04.547Z",{"sys":5121},{"id":20,"type":12,"linkType":21},{"sys":5123},{"type":12,"linkType":94,"id":1864},{"title":5125,"slug":5126,"excerpt":5127},"Climate and environmental protection","climate-environmental-protection","Legislation and policies that regulate the environmental externalities of human activities. Environmental legislation usually pursues an environmental protection objective by setting limits on the release of materials, such as pollutants and toxic waste, into the environment, such as water, soil, and air.",{"metadata":5129,"sys":5132,"fields":5139},{"tags":5130,"concepts":5131},[],[],{"space":5133,"id":5135,"type":16,"createdAt":5136,"updatedAt":5136,"environment":5137,"publishedVersion":1805,"revision":23,"locale":24},{"sys":5134},{"type":12,"linkType":13,"id":14},"3aMtUD4VXoPbfK4Wgu9pum","2026-07-06T11:49:54.007Z",{"sys":5138},{"id":20,"type":12,"linkType":21},{"title":5140,"file":5141},"calf climate-change",{"url":5142,"details":5143,"fileName":5146,"contentType":1199},"//images.ctfassets.net/5n7qh8xf3t5v/3aMtUD4VXoPbfK4Wgu9pum/521fe9b1374c53a14a0f760e26103e74/calf_climate-change.avif",{"size":5144,"image":5145},27682,{"width":2902,"height":2903},"calf_climate-change.avif",{"data":5148,"content":5149,"nodeType":1134},{},[5150,5156,5175,5182,5200,5232,5238,5244,5251,5258,5265,5272,5302,5309,5316,5323,5329,5336,5343,5350,5378,5412,5419,5438,5445,5498,5505,5511,5518,5535,5542,5549,5566,5573,5579,5586,5603,5620,5637,5662,5668,5675],{"data":5151,"content":5152,"nodeType":1283},{},[5153],{"data":5154,"marks":5155,"value":1287,"nodeType":1237},{},[],{"data":5157,"content":5158,"nodeType":1233},{},[5159,5163,5171],{"data":5160,"marks":5161,"value":5162,"nodeType":1237},{},[],"The animal agriculture industry is responsible for ",{"data":5164,"content":5166,"nodeType":1627},{"uri":5165},"https://law.lclark.edu/live/files/36858-5braypdf",[5167],{"data":5168,"marks":5169,"value":5170,"nodeType":1237},{},[],"60% of global food system emissions",{"data":5172,"marks":5173,"value":5174,"nodeType":1237},{},[],". More specifically, animal agriculture emits between 14.5% and 20% of all human-caused GHGs​, around a third of anthropogenic methane,​ and more than half of nitrous oxide. Considering the urgency to reduce greenhouse gas emissions in light of climate change, 196 countries signed the Paris Agreements in 2015. This international treaty aims to “limit global warming well below 2, preferably 1.5 degrees Celsius, compared to pre-industrial levels.”",{"data":5176,"content":5177,"nodeType":1233},{},[5178],{"data":5179,"marks":5180,"value":5181,"nodeType":1237},{},[],"A central mechanism in implementing such an overarching goal has been the enactment of “Nationally-Determined Contributions” (NDCs). NDCs are non-binding national plans listing climate actions undertaken by countries to reduce their greenhouse gas emissions and achieve the global target set out in the Paris Agreement. Besides listing mitigating measures, NDCs also require that countries report on their emissions, tracking greenhouse gas emissions nationally and globally. The United Nations’ Sustainable Development Goal 13 on climate action lists the adoption of an NDC as a climate action target.",{"data":5183,"content":5184,"nodeType":1233},{},[5185,5189,5197],{"data":5186,"marks":5187,"value":5188,"nodeType":1237},{},[],"Countries report on their NDCs every five years. As of September 2021, 186 countries and the European Union are in the process of submitting their 2020 NDCs to the United Nations, with most countries having already done so. Despite agriculture’s major environmental footprint, few countries identified agriculture as a key sector to reform to achieve the Paris Agreement targets. Moreover, few countries translate their NDC objectives into binding pieces of legislation. Notable examples of laws enforcing the Paris Agreement climate goals in the agricultural sector are the EU’s proposal for a Regulation on the Inclusion of Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Land Use, Land Use Change, and Forestry (“LULUFC Regulation”), and the UK’s Climate Change Act, currently under revision, as well as New Zealand’s Zero Carbon Act. Another example is from Denmark, whereby ",{"data":5190,"content":5192,"nodeType":1627},{"uri":5191},"https://www.reuters.com/business/sustainable-business/danish-farmers-required-halve-greenhouse-gas-emissions-by-2030-2021-10-05/",[5193],{"data":5194,"marks":5195,"value":5196,"nodeType":1237},{},[],"the agricultural sector will be required to reduce emissions by 55% by 2030.",{"data":5198,"marks":5199,"value":27,"nodeType":1237},{},[],{"data":5201,"content":5202,"nodeType":1233},{},[5203,5207,5216,5220,5228],{"data":5204,"marks":5205,"value":5206,"nodeType":1237},{},[],"The absence of binding commitments for greenhouse gas emission reduction has prompted climate advocates to challenge governments in courts. Such was the case in The Netherlands, in the ",{"data":5208,"content":5210,"nodeType":1627},{"uri":5209},"https://www.urgenda.nl/en/themas/climate-case/",[5211],{"data":5212,"marks":5213,"value":5215,"nodeType":1237},{},[5214],{"type":1420},"Urgenda ",{"data":5217,"marks":5218,"value":5219,"nodeType":1237},{},[],"case, and in France, in the ",{"data":5221,"content":5223,"nodeType":1627},{"uri":5222},"https://laffairedusiecle.net/",[5224],{"data":5225,"marks":5226,"value":5227,"nodeType":1237},{},[],"Affaire du Siècle case",{"data":5229,"marks":5230,"value":5231,"nodeType":1237},{},[],". In both these cases, courts ruled against the defendants, mandating governments take more effective action on climate change. The courts listed specific industries that the governments would need to regulate more strictly with respect to greenhouse gas emissions, including in agriculture.",{"data":5233,"content":5234,"nodeType":1233},{},[5235],{"data":5236,"marks":5237,"value":27,"nodeType":1237},{},[],{"data":5239,"content":5240,"nodeType":1283},{},[5241],{"data":5242,"marks":5243,"value":1965,"nodeType":1237},{},[],{"data":5245,"content":5246,"nodeType":1233},{},[5247],{"data":5248,"marks":5249,"value":5250,"nodeType":1237},{},[],"The recommendations below focus on reducing emissions caused by animal agriculture, as it is a high-emissions sector. The key considerations for better practices can be divided into: (1) the content contained in NDCs, and (2) the legislation required to meet NDC targets, as primary tools for efficient enforcement of the Paris Agreement’s objectives.",{"data":5252,"content":5253,"nodeType":1298},{},[5254],{"data":5255,"marks":5256,"value":5257,"nodeType":1237},{},[],"1. Better Practices for NDCs",{"data":5259,"content":5260,"nodeType":1650},{},[5261],{"data":5262,"marks":5263,"value":5264,"nodeType":1237},{},[],"1.1. Food Production Reduction Targets",{"data":5266,"content":5267,"nodeType":1233},{},[5268],{"data":5269,"marks":5270,"value":5271,"nodeType":1237},{},[],"Animal agriculture contributes 14.5% of global greenhouse gas emissions. Moreover, if meat demand continues to rise, the livestock sector could use over 80% of the carbon budget, making it virtually impossible to keep warming to below 1.5 °C. NDCs should therefore include reduction targets specific to animal agriculture, or targets specific to certain emissions that are prominent in animal agricultural, such as methane, of which beef production is a major contributor.",{"data":5273,"content":5274,"nodeType":1233},{},[5275,5279,5287,5291,5299],{"data":5276,"marks":5277,"value":5278,"nodeType":1237},{},[],"Emissions reduction targets in agriculture should also be quantified, as a percentage in reduction compared to a baseline year. A positive example is ",{"data":5280,"content":5282,"nodeType":1627},{"uri":5281},"https://www.calf.law/database/policy/2020-ndc-japan/",[5283],{"data":5284,"marks":5285,"value":5286,"nodeType":1237},{},[],"Japan’s NDCs",{"data":5288,"marks":5289,"value":5290,"nodeType":1237},{},[],", which includes a methane reduction target. Methane has received specific focus as ",{"data":5292,"content":5294,"nodeType":1627},{"uri":5293},"https://www.unep.org/news-and-stories/story/methane-emissions-are-driving-climate-change-heres-how-reduce-them",[5295],{"data":5296,"marks":5297,"value":5298,"nodeType":1237},{},[],"it is 80 times more potent than carbon dioxide",{"data":5300,"marks":5301,"value":1636,"nodeType":1237},{},[],{"data":5303,"content":5304,"nodeType":1233},{},[5305],{"data":5306,"marks":5307,"value":5308,"nodeType":1237},{},[],"NDCs should further include a timeframe for peak livestock production. From a point of peak livestock production, total animal source food production would decrease year by year until reaching the NDC target.",{"data":5310,"content":5311,"nodeType":1650},{},[5312],{"data":5313,"marks":5314,"value":5315,"nodeType":1237},{},[],"1.2. Reduction Targets in Animal Source Food Consumption",{"data":5317,"content":5318,"nodeType":1233},{},[5319],{"data":5320,"marks":5321,"value":5322,"nodeType":1237},{},[],"Because countries can import meat from global producers, production levels of animal source foods are not necessarily in line with consumption levels of such products. However, the few NDCs that include reduction targets in the agricultural sector almost always emphasise production levels, and rarely include reduction targets of consumption levels of animal source foods. This situation results in production targets that are inconsistent with projected levels in consumption. In addition to setting reduction targets in the production of animal source foods, NDCs should thus set reduction goals around consumption. NDCs should contain measures that encourage a shift from high-meat diets, towards healthier, more sustainable plant-based diets.",{"data":5324,"content":5325,"nodeType":1233},{},[5326],{"data":5327,"marks":5328,"value":27,"nodeType":1237},{},[],{"data":5330,"content":5331,"nodeType":1298},{},[5332],{"data":5333,"marks":5334,"value":5335,"nodeType":1237},{},[],"2. Enforcement Mechanisms through Legislation",{"data":5337,"content":5338,"nodeType":1233},{},[5339],{"data":5340,"marks":5341,"value":5342,"nodeType":1237},{},[],"NDCs can only be achieved through concrete, measurable, and effective actions undertaken. Binding national laws and policies are essential if the NDCs are to be effective and the examples below are a non-exhaustive list of such policies. ",{"data":5344,"content":5345,"nodeType":1650},{},[5346],{"data":5347,"marks":5348,"value":5349,"nodeType":1237},{},[],"2.1. Environmental Legislation",{"data":5351,"content":5352,"nodeType":1233},{},[5353,5357,5362,5366,5374],{"data":5354,"marks":5355,"value":5356,"nodeType":1237},{},[],"An important action is ",{"data":5358,"marks":5359,"value":5361,"nodeType":1237},{},[5360],{"type":1906},"carbon-pricing measures,",{"data":5363,"marks":5364,"value":5365,"nodeType":1237},{},[]," which are measures that assess the contribution to a product or an activity to climate change, and internalise the price of carbon into the final price of such a product or activity, usually by way of a tax. Measures like carbon taxes on high emitting foods, such as meat and dairy, could disincentivise the purchase of such products, all while the additional funding could fund transitional measures towards the production of more sustainable foods. Good examples of legislation that include carbon pricing measures in the agricultural sector are ",{"data":5367,"content":5369,"nodeType":1627},{"uri":5368},"https://www.calf.law/database/policy/he-waka-eke-noa-carbon-pricing-program-new-zealand/",[5370],{"data":5371,"marks":5372,"value":5373,"nodeType":1237},{},[],"New Zealand’s Zero Carbon Act",{"data":5375,"marks":5376,"value":5377,"nodeType":1237},{},[],". New Zealand is the first country in the world to adopt an emission trading scheme for agriculture.",{"data":5379,"content":5380,"nodeType":1233},{},[5381,5386,5390,5398,5401,5408],{"data":5382,"marks":5383,"value":5385,"nodeType":1237},{},[5384],{"type":1906},"Public procurement rules",{"data":5387,"marks":5388,"value":5389,"nodeType":1237},{},[]," are also effective levers in greenhouse gas reduction. Public procurement rules govern what public administrations buy to provide to citizens in places such as public school cafeterias, hospitals, or prisons. Public procurement rules are a potentially powerful tool to reduce the environmental footprint in the food sector due to the massive volumes of food that public purchase programs acquire. As such a large purchaser, government purchasing programs can affect the type of food the industry produces as well as their production methods. A number of administrations have adopted public procurement rules that reduce the serving of animal food sources to the constituents, and increase the serving of plant-based foods, for public health and environmental reasons. Other measures, such as a commitment to no deforestation, like the one adopted by the EU, also mitigate climate change. Positive examples regarding public procurement practices include the ",{"data":5391,"content":5393,"nodeType":1627},{"uri":5392},"https://www.calf.law/database/policy/city-of-berkeleys-plant-based-foods-usa/",[5394],{"data":5395,"marks":5396,"value":5397,"nodeType":1237},{},[],"City of Berkeley",{"data":5399,"marks":5400,"value":3859,"nodeType":1237},{},[],{"data":5402,"content":5404,"nodeType":1627},{"uri":5403},"https://www.calf.law/database/policy/onenyc-2050-usa/",[5405],{"data":5406,"marks":5407,"value":669,"nodeType":1237},{},[],{"data":5409,"marks":5410,"value":5411,"nodeType":1237},{},[]," in the US, which have both committed to significantly reducing the portion of animal source foods in the foods they acquire and serve to constituents.",{"data":5413,"content":5414,"nodeType":1650},{},[5415],{"data":5416,"marks":5417,"value":5418,"nodeType":1237},{},[],"2.2. Agricultural Legislation",{"data":5420,"content":5421,"nodeType":1233},{},[5422,5426,5434],{"data":5423,"marks":5424,"value":5425,"nodeType":1237},{},[],"There are many possible systemic actions to reduce emissions in the food sector, including the repurposing of land as a carbon sink by restoring native vegetation where grazing is not required or is unsuitable for horticulture or arable production. As an example, the E.U. aims to protect 30% of land and sea which will also meet biodiversity goals. Another effective measure is to diversify food production by replacing livestock with crops that simultaneously minimise environmental burdens and maximise public health benefits, such as pulses, grains, fruits, vegetables, nuts, or seeds. A positive example is ",{"data":5427,"content":5429,"nodeType":1627},{"uri":5428},"https://www.calf.law/database/policy/2020-ndc-indonesia/",[5430],{"data":5431,"marks":5432,"value":5433,"nodeType":1237},{},[],"Indonesia’s NDC",{"data":5435,"marks":5436,"value":5437,"nodeType":1237},{},[],", which considers the use of low emission crops.",{"data":5439,"content":5440,"nodeType":1650},{},[5441],{"data":5442,"marks":5443,"value":5444,"nodeType":1237},{},[],"2.3. Taxation",{"data":5446,"content":5447,"nodeType":1233},{},[5448,5452,5460,5464,5472,5475,5482,5486,5494],{"data":5449,"marks":5450,"value":5451,"nodeType":1237},{},[],"Taxation is another lever that governments can activate to support the shift towards more plant-based diets. Positive examples include the ",{"data":5453,"content":5455,"nodeType":1627},{"uri":5454},"https://www.calf.law/database/policy/ley-37-1992-del-impuesto-sobre-el-valor-a%C3%B1adido-spain/",[5456],{"data":5457,"marks":5458,"value":5459,"nodeType":1237},{},[],"Spanish 2012 tax reform",{"data":5461,"marks":5462,"value":5463,"nodeType":1237},{},[],", which increased the sales tax on meat and dairy products from 8 to 10%, and Spain also has a reduced 4% VAT rate for fruits and vegetables. Bill proposals in the ",{"data":5465,"content":5467,"nodeType":1627},{"uri":5466},"https://www.calf.law/database/policy/fair-meat-price-proposal-the-netherlands/",[5468],{"data":5469,"marks":5470,"value":5471,"nodeType":1237},{},[],"Netherlands",{"data":5473,"marks":5474,"value":3859,"nodeType":1237},{},[],{"data":5476,"content":5478,"nodeType":1627},{"uri":5477},"https://www.calf.law/database/policy/meat-tax-proposal-germany/",[5479],{"data":5480,"marks":5481,"value":235,"nodeType":1237},{},[],{"data":5483,"marks":5484,"value":5485,"nodeType":1237},{},[]," are also discussed to increase the sales tax on meat coupled with the creation of a fund to assist farmers in the transition towards more sustainable and humane methods of production. Finally, ",{"data":5487,"content":5489,"nodeType":1627},{"uri":5488},"https://www.ssek.com/blog/putting-a-price-on-emissions-indonesian-government-plans-to-impose-carbon-tax",[5490],{"data":5491,"marks":5492,"value":5493,"nodeType":1237},{},[],"the Indonesian government announced it would enact a carbon tax that would also apply to agricultural goods",{"data":5495,"marks":5496,"value":5497,"nodeType":1237},{},[]," as a way to achieve its objectives under its NDC.",{"data":5499,"content":5500,"nodeType":1283},{},[5501],{"data":5502,"marks":5503,"value":5504,"nodeType":1237},{},[],"\nReferences",{"data":5506,"content":5507,"nodeType":1298},{},[5508],{"data":5509,"marks":5510,"value":2151,"nodeType":1237},{},[],{"data":5512,"content":5513,"nodeType":1233},{},[5514],{"data":5515,"marks":5516,"value":5517,"nodeType":1237},{},[],"M. Crippa, et al., Food Systems Are Responsible for a Third of Global Anthropogenic GHG Emissions, Nature Food (2021).",{"data":5519,"content":5520,"nodeType":1233},{},[5521,5524,5532],{"data":5522,"marks":5523,"value":27,"nodeType":1237},{},[],{"data":5525,"content":5527,"nodeType":1627},{"uri":5526},"https://eur-lex.europa.eu/resource.html?uri=cellar:a3c806a6-9ab3-11ea-9d2d-01aa75ed71a1.0001.02/DOC_1&format=PDF",[5528],{"data":5529,"marks":5530,"value":5531,"nodeType":1237},{},[],"European Commission, EU Biodiversity Strategy for 2030: Bringing Nature Back into our Lives (2020).",{"data":5533,"marks":5534,"value":27,"nodeType":1237},{},[],{"data":5536,"content":5537,"nodeType":1233},{},[5538],{"data":5539,"marks":5540,"value":5541,"nodeType":1237},{},[],"P.J. Gerber, H. Steinfeld, B. Henderson, A. Mottet, C. Opio, J. Dijkman, A. Falcucci, A. and G. Tempio, Tackling Climate Change through Livestock – A Global Assessment of Emissions and Mitigation Opportunities, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) (2013).",{"data":5543,"content":5544,"nodeType":1233},{},[5545],{"data":5546,"marks":5547,"value":5548,"nodeType":1237},{},[],"Helen Harwatt et al., Scientists Call for Renewed Paris Pledges to Transform Agriculture, The Lancet Planetary Health (2020).",{"data":5550,"content":5551,"nodeType":1233},{},[5552,5555,5563],{"data":5553,"marks":5554,"value":27,"nodeType":1237},{},[],{"data":5556,"content":5558,"nodeType":1627},{"uri":5557},"https://www.iatp.org/sites/default/files/2018-08/Emissions%20impossible%20EN%2012.pdf",[5559],{"data":5560,"marks":5561,"value":5562,"nodeType":1237},{},[],"Institute for Agriculture and Trade Policy, Emissions Impossible: How Big Meat and Dairy Are Heating Up the Planet (2018).",{"data":5564,"marks":5565,"value":27,"nodeType":1237},{},[],{"data":5567,"content":5568,"nodeType":1233},{},[5569],{"data":5570,"marks":5571,"value":5572,"nodeType":1237},{},[],"W. Willett, et al, Food in the Anthropocene: the EAT–Lancet Commission on Healthy Diets from Sustainable Food Systems, Lancet (2019).",{"data":5574,"content":5575,"nodeType":1298},{},[5576],{"data":5577,"marks":5578,"value":2792,"nodeType":1237},{},[],{"data":5580,"content":5581,"nodeType":1233},{},[5582],{"data":5583,"marks":5584,"value":5585,"nodeType":1237},{},[],"Global Alliance for the Future of Food, 2020 NDCs Preview Report: Key Findings and Priority Actions (forthcoming, 2022).",{"data":5587,"content":5588,"nodeType":1233},{},[5589,5592,5600],{"data":5590,"marks":5591,"value":27,"nodeType":1237},{},[],{"data":5593,"content":5595,"nodeType":1627},{"uri":5594},"https://www.climatewatchdata.org/ndcs-explore?category=sectoral_mitigation_measures",[5596],{"data":5597,"marks":5598,"value":5599,"nodeType":1237},{},[],"Climate Watch NDC Content, Sectoral Mitigation Targets (Agriculture). 2021. Washington, DC: World Resources Institute.",{"data":5601,"marks":5602,"value":27,"nodeType":1237},{},[],{"data":5604,"content":5605,"nodeType":1233},{},[5606,5609,5617],{"data":5607,"marks":5608,"value":27,"nodeType":1237},{},[],{"data":5610,"content":5612,"nodeType":1627},{"uri":5611},"https://cedelft.eu/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2021/03/CE_Delft_190106_A_Sustainability_Charge_On_Meat_FINAL.pdf.",[5613],{"data":5614,"marks":5615,"value":5616,"nodeType":1237},{},[],"CE Delft, A Sustainability Charge on Meat (2020).",{"data":5618,"marks":5619,"value":27,"nodeType":1237},{},[],{"data":5621,"content":5622,"nodeType":1233},{},[5623,5626,5634],{"data":5624,"marks":5625,"value":27,"nodeType":1237},{},[],{"data":5627,"content":5629,"nodeType":1627},{"uri":5628},"https://www.fairr.org/article/the-livestock-levy-progress-report/",[5630],{"data":5631,"marks":5632,"value":5633,"nodeType":1237},{},[],"FAIRR, The Livestock Levy: Progress Report (2020).",{"data":5635,"marks":5636,"value":27,"nodeType":1237},{},[],{"data":5638,"content":5639,"nodeType":1233},{},[5640,5644,5653,5658],{"data":5641,"marks":5642,"value":5643,"nodeType":1237},{},[],"Daina Bray, ",{"data":5645,"content":5647,"nodeType":1627},{"uri":5646},"https://eur02.safelinks.protection.outlook.com/?url=https%3A%2F%2Flaw.lclark.edu%2Flive%2Ffiles%2F36858-5braypdf&data=05%7C02%7Cceline.montloin%40jeremycollerfoundation.org%7C71397647ff92438adee308de16f4ede3%7C9d56d41df8f04e40bf77f3530d563254%7C0%7C0%7C638973438380000589%7CUnknown%7CTWFpbGZsb3d8eyJFbXB0eU1hcGkiOnRydWUsIlYiOiIwLjAuMDAwMCIsIlAiOiJXaW4zMiIsIkFOIjoiTWFpbCIsIldUIjoyfQ%3D%3D%7C0%7C%7C%7C&sdata=4G7IsloRDgEQIHGMrfr%2FKSB8P0EcY5Me6AghdWvJ%2F8A%3D&reserved=0",[5648],{"data":5649,"marks":5650,"value":5652,"nodeType":1237},{},[5651],{"type":1420},"Reining in Animal Agriculture’s Emissions by Shrinking the Herd: Early Signs of a Necessary Global Policy S",{"data":5654,"marks":5655,"value":5657,"nodeType":1237},{},[5656],{"type":1420},"hift",{"data":5659,"marks":5660,"value":5661,"nodeType":1237},{},[],", Env. Law Review (2025).",{"data":5663,"content":5664,"nodeType":1233},{},[5665],{"data":5666,"marks":5667,"value":5541,"nodeType":1237},{},[],{"data":5669,"content":5670,"nodeType":1233},{},[5671],{"data":5672,"marks":5673,"value":5674,"nodeType":1237},{},[],"Kari Harmschlag, Alicia Culver, Chloë Waterman, Becca Bartholomey, Meat of the Matter: A Municipal Guide to Climate-friendly Food Purchasing, Friends of the Earth and Responsible Purchasing Network (2017).",{"data":5676,"content":5677,"nodeType":1233},{},[5678],{"data":5679,"marks":5680,"value":27,"nodeType":1237},{},[],{"metadata":5682,"sys":5685,"fields":5694},{"tags":5683,"concepts":5684},[],[],{"space":5686,"id":5688,"type":87,"createdAt":5689,"updatedAt":5689,"environment":5690,"publishedVersion":69,"revision":23,"contentType":5692,"locale":24},{"sys":5687},{"type":12,"linkType":13,"id":14},"4yWNFq4t416COAmoDs3IQK","2026-07-06T11:51:25.093Z",{"sys":5691},{"id":20,"type":12,"linkType":21},{"sys":5693},{"type":12,"linkType":94,"id":95},{"label":5695,"icon":5696,"reference":5697,"displayType":1229},"Labelling","calf:labelling",{"metadata":5698,"sys":5701,"fields":5710},{"tags":5699,"concepts":5700},[],[],{"space":5702,"id":5704,"type":87,"createdAt":5705,"updatedAt":5705,"environment":5706,"publishedVersion":4416,"revision":23,"contentType":5708,"locale":24},{"sys":5703},{"type":12,"linkType":13,"id":14},"4ZzrJzFnVxEanPFyBzhEA8","2026-07-06T11:48:04.663Z",{"sys":5707},{"id":20,"type":12,"linkType":21},{"sys":5709},{"type":12,"linkType":94,"id":1848},{"title":5695,"slug":5711,"icon":5696,"relatedTopic":5712,"image":5727,"content":5748},"labelling",{"metadata":5713,"sys":5716,"fields":5725},{"tags":5714,"concepts":5715},[],[],{"space":5717,"id":5719,"type":87,"createdAt":5720,"updatedAt":5720,"environment":5721,"publishedVersion":48,"revision":23,"contentType":5723,"locale":24},{"sys":5718},{"type":12,"linkType":13,"id":14},"5DLYbGvGPJByOxjNZFgQ3z","2026-07-06T11:51:24.247Z",{"sys":5722},{"id":20,"type":12,"linkType":21},{"sys":5724},{"type":12,"linkType":94,"id":1864},{"title":5695,"slug":5711,"excerpt":5726},"Rules pertaining to the display of information about food products on their packaging.",{"metadata":5728,"sys":5731,"fields":5738},{"tags":5729,"concepts":5730},[],[],{"space":5732,"id":5734,"type":16,"createdAt":5735,"updatedAt":5735,"environment":5736,"publishedVersion":1805,"revision":23,"locale":24},{"sys":5733},{"type":12,"linkType":13,"id":14},"5MsYbLfgKSibtteTMstjkc","2026-07-06T11:49:54.009Z",{"sys":5737},{"id":20,"type":12,"linkType":21},{"title":5739,"file":5740},"calf labelling",{"url":5741,"details":5742,"fileName":5747,"contentType":1199},"//images.ctfassets.net/5n7qh8xf3t5v/5MsYbLfgKSibtteTMstjkc/38d4cf2a8a98936a29ffb3c9883bc836/calf_labelling.avif",{"size":5743,"image":5744},218373,{"width":5745,"height":5746},4704,3136,"calf_labelling.avif",{"data":5749,"content":5750,"nodeType":1134},{},[5751,5757,5764,5771,5790,5833,5840,5847,5853,5859,5865,5872,5887,5894,5936,5943,5950,5969,5976,5994,6001,6008,6034,6040,6046,6052,6069,6086,6093,6110,6117,6124,6131,6137,6144,6151,6158,6165,6172],{"data":5752,"content":5753,"nodeType":1283},{},[5754],{"data":5755,"marks":5756,"value":1287,"nodeType":1237},{},[],{"data":5758,"content":5759,"nodeType":1233},{},[5760],{"data":5761,"marks":5762,"value":5763,"nodeType":1237},{},[],"In response to the difficulty of obtaining legislative reforms for animals, one solution advocates have been exploring is to increase transparency in the production of animal-source foods. This push comes alongside government efforts in a variety of countries to provide producers with quality labels, which include animal welfare standards, and even in some countries, animal welfare labels. ",{"data":5765,"content":5766,"nodeType":1233},{},[5767],{"data":5768,"marks":5769,"value":5770,"nodeType":1237},{},[],"Proponents of increased transparency via consumer information hope to achieve several goals. Firstly, increased information would enable consumers, who can afford it, to express their preferences by purchasing more humane food products. Secondly, disclosing information on farming methods can lead to improving the treatment of animals through market pressure, by allowing virtuous producers to signal their products, pressuring others to upgrade their production methods to remain attractive. Such a market-based strategy therefore ultimately seeks to extend beyond consumer empowerment, to transition the industry away from cruel methods of production. ",{"data":5772,"content":5773,"nodeType":1233},{},[5774,5778,5786],{"data":5775,"marks":5776,"value":5777,"nodeType":1237},{},[],"Food labels represent one of many ways to convey information regarding the treatment of farm animals used for food production purposes, along with methods such as advertising and commercial claims on food packages. Labels that specify the treatment of farmed animals will typically contain one of two types of information. The first communicates information about the welfare levels afforded to animals, based on a set of criteria and an assessment by the certifier. An example of an animal welfare label is the ",{"data":5779,"content":5781,"nodeType":1627},{"uri":5780},"https://www.rspcaassured.org.uk/",[5782],{"data":5783,"marks":5784,"value":5785,"nodeType":1237},{},[],"RSPCA Assured label",{"data":5787,"marks":5788,"value":5789,"nodeType":1237},{},[],". The second type of information is method of production. These types of labels inform consumers of the farming methods employed in the making of an animal-source food, such as cage-free, indoor, or outdoor farming. An example of a method-of-production label is the EU method-of-production label on shell eggs. ",{"data":5791,"content":5792,"nodeType":1233},{},[5793,5797,5805,5809,5817,5821,5829],{"data":5794,"marks":5795,"value":5796,"nodeType":1237},{},[],"Labels can further be single- or multi-level. For example, the US label ",{"data":5798,"content":5800,"nodeType":1627},{"uri":5799},"https://agreenerworld.org/certifications/animal-welfare-approved/",[5801],{"data":5802,"marks":5803,"value":5804,"nodeType":1237},{},[],"“Certified Animal Welfare Approved”",{"data":5806,"marks":5807,"value":5808,"nodeType":1237},{},[]," is a single-level label, while the Dutch label ",{"data":5810,"content":5812,"nodeType":1627},{"uri":5811},"https://www.labelinfo.be/label/beter-leven",[5813],{"data":5814,"marks":5815,"value":5816,"nodeType":1237},{},[],"“Beter Leven”",{"data":5818,"marks":5819,"value":5820,"nodeType":1237},{},[]," (better life) counts three levels. Some labels that are not specifically animal welfare labels can however communicate information on the treatment of animals, such as organic labels, which, though not specifically animal welfare labels, usually include animal welfare standards. For instance, the ",{"data":5822,"content":5824,"nodeType":1627},{"uri":5823},"https://agriculture.ec.europa.eu/farming/organic-farming/organic-logo_en",[5825],{"data":5826,"marks":5827,"value":5828,"nodeType":1237},{},[],"EU Organic Label",{"data":5830,"marks":5831,"value":5832,"nodeType":1237},{},[]," includes animal welfare standards in addition to environmental standards. ",{"data":5834,"content":5835,"nodeType":1233},{},[5836],{"data":5837,"marks":5838,"value":5839,"nodeType":1237},{},[],"Even though labelling can be a useful tool to inform consumers on the impact that certain products have on animal welfare, the effect of labelling remains limited in two aspects. First, prices seem to be the main driver of consumer behaviour, especially for low-income consumers, whose choice is limited due to budgetary constraints. Secondly, the power of labels is diminished by the glut of misleading packaging information. The proliferation of claims on products could lead to a situation where consumers have a hard time distinguishing between reliable certification schemes and dishonest commercial speech. Furthermore, when poorly designed and implemented, animal welfare labels can even launder humane-washing efforts, giving consumers the impression that certain products are humanely produced, when in fact they are not. Finally, ineffective labels might result in reinforcing self-regulation rather than accompanying the sector’s transition towards better practices as a result of the passing of new laws. ",{"data":5841,"content":5842,"nodeType":1233},{},[5843],{"data":5844,"marks":5845,"value":5846,"nodeType":1237},{},[],"For all these reasons, a strategy relying on food labelling must be carefully thought of, as an ineffective label could achieve the opposite effects of the goals initially pursued. ",{"data":5848,"content":5849,"nodeType":1233},{},[5850],{"data":5851,"marks":5852,"value":27,"nodeType":1237},{},[],{"data":5854,"content":5855,"nodeType":1283},{},[5856],{"data":5857,"marks":5858,"value":1965,"nodeType":1237},{},[],{"data":5860,"content":5861,"nodeType":1233},{},[5862],{"data":5863,"marks":5864,"value":3015,"nodeType":1237},{},[],{"data":5866,"content":5867,"nodeType":1298},{},[5868],{"data":5869,"marks":5870,"value":5871,"nodeType":1237},{},[],"Mandatory for all animal-source food ",{"data":5873,"content":5874,"nodeType":1233},{},[5875,5879,5883],{"data":5876,"marks":5877,"value":5878,"nodeType":1237},{},[],"To provide the consumer with the necessary information, animal welfare or method-of-production labels must apply to all animal-source food products, including products for which labelling would not be advantageous – ",{"data":5880,"marks":5881,"value":3689,"nodeType":1237},{},[5882],{"type":1420},{"data":5884,"marks":5885,"value":5886,"nodeType":1237},{},[]," the label would carry information that the product is derived from animals kept in cages. A mandatory label for all animal-source food would also ensure wide recognition among consumers, which is also likely to reinforce the effectiveness of a label. ",{"data":5888,"content":5889,"nodeType":1233},{},[5890],{"data":5891,"marks":5892,"value":5893,"nodeType":1237},{},[],"On the other hand, when labels are voluntary, consumers do not receive the necessary information to make informed choices. This is because voluntary labels rarely convey undesirable attributes of a product, as no producer would volunteer information that might steer customers away from their product. For this reason, voluntary labels only convey positive information and usually concern only a small fraction of products sold on the market. ",{"data":5895,"content":5896,"nodeType":1233},{},[5897,5901,5909,5912,5920,5924,5932],{"data":5898,"marks":5899,"value":5900,"nodeType":1237},{},[],"A positive example of a mandatory label with a broad market visibility is the ",{"data":5902,"content":5904,"nodeType":1627},{"uri":5903},"https://calf.law/database/policy/eggs-marketing-standards-eu",[5905],{"data":5906,"marks":5907,"value":5908,"nodeType":1237},{},[],"EU’s mandatory method-of-production label on table eggs",{"data":5910,"marks":5911,"value":3859,"nodeType":1237},{},[],{"data":5913,"content":5915,"nodeType":1627},{"uri":5914},"https://calf.law/database/policy/organic-regulation-eu",[5916],{"data":5917,"marks":5918,"value":5919,"nodeType":1237},{},[],"the EU Organic Regulation",{"data":5921,"marks":5922,"value":5923,"nodeType":1237},{},[],", which require producers to disclose the egg laying hens’ housing systems by way of a code on all table eggs sold in the EU. A significant shortcoming, however, is that such a label only applies to table eggs, and not eggs used as ingredients in prepared or industrially-processed food. Another example of good labelling practice is the ",{"data":5925,"content":5927,"nodeType":1627},{"uri":5926},"https://calf.law/database/policy/fish-marketing-standards-eu",[5928],{"data":5929,"marks":5930,"value":5931,"nodeType":1237},{},[],"EU’s mandatory label of the production method for fresh fish",{"data":5933,"marks":5934,"value":5935,"nodeType":1237},{},[]," sold in the EU. ",{"data":5937,"content":5938,"nodeType":1298},{},[5939],{"data":5940,"marks":5941,"value":5942,"nodeType":1237},{},[],"Scope of information: from breeding to slaughter ",{"data":5944,"content":5945,"nodeType":1233},{},[5946],{"data":5947,"marks":5948,"value":5949,"nodeType":1237},{},[],"A label should also inform consumers about the treatment of animals used for food from the time they are bred until the moment they are slaughtered. The scope of the information provided by a label should therefore cover every single segment of the production process. The details of the standards used by the labelling authority should also be made public. ",{"data":5951,"content":5952,"nodeType":1233},{},[5953,5957,5965],{"data":5954,"marks":5955,"value":5956,"nodeType":1237},{},[],"An example of a label that includes animal welfare standards from breeding to slaughter is ",{"data":5958,"content":5960,"nodeType":1627},{"uri":5959},"https://calf.law/database/policy/etiquette-bien-etre-animal-eu",[5961],{"data":5962,"marks":5963,"value":5964,"nodeType":1237},{},[],"the “Animal Welfare Label”",{"data":5966,"marks":5967,"value":5968,"nodeType":1237},{},[]," in France, a label created by a coalition of NGOs and retailers, although the details of the labelling criteria are not available to the public. ",{"data":5970,"content":5971,"nodeType":1298},{},[5972],{"data":5973,"marks":5974,"value":5975,"nodeType":1237},{},[],"Geographical scope ",{"data":5977,"content":5978,"nodeType":1233},{},[5979,5983,5990],{"data":5980,"marks":5981,"value":5982,"nodeType":1237},{},[],"The label should further apply to all animal-source food products sold within a given jurisdiction, including imported food products. This would ensure that all animal-source food products within a given jurisdiction carry a label, thereby keeping a level-playing field among domestic and imported products. An example of a label that applies to imports is the is the ",{"data":5984,"content":5986,"nodeType":1627},{"uri":5985},"https://calf.b42.co.uk/database/policy/eggs-marketing-standards-eu",[5987],{"data":5988,"marks":5989,"value":5908,"nodeType":1237},{},[],{"data":5991,"marks":5992,"value":5993,"nodeType":1237},{},[],", which requires importers to comply with the labelling requirements. In cases non-EU producers do not comply with EU egg-laying hen welfare standards, the eggs must still carry a label informing consumers that the egg was not produced in condition equivalent to EU rules. ",{"data":5995,"content":5996,"nodeType":1298},{},[5997],{"data":5998,"marks":5999,"value":6000,"nodeType":1237},{},[],"Integration into Agricultural Policy and Public Procurement Guidelines ",{"data":6002,"content":6003,"nodeType":1233},{},[6004],{"data":6005,"marks":6006,"value":6007,"nodeType":1237},{},[],"Lastly, a label should be integrated into other policies beyond consumer policies, including agricultural policies and public procurement rules. This would increase the effectiveness of the label in transitioning away from cruel production methods. For instance, agricultural policies could prioritize farmers whose practices are certified by a high-quality animal welfare label in the granting of subsidies. Similarly, public administrations could prioritize the sourcing of labelled products in their food procurement policies. ",{"data":6009,"content":6010,"nodeType":1233},{},[6011,6014,6022,6026,6030],{"data":6012,"marks":6013,"value":4789,"nodeType":1237},{},[],{"data":6015,"content":6017,"nodeType":1627},{"uri":6016},"https://calf.law/database/policy/common-agricultural-policy-pillar-ii-payments-eu",[6018],{"data":6019,"marks":6020,"value":6021,"nodeType":1237},{},[],"EU’s agricultural policy provides subsidies for producers who wish to convert to organic standards, or maintain such production standards",{"data":6023,"marks":6024,"value":6025,"nodeType":1237},{},[],". A positive example of animal welfare label integration into public procurement rules can be found in the Netherlands, where the Dutch government sources a portion of its animal products from producers which are labelled Beter Leven – a label developed by the Dutch Society for the Protection of Animals (Dierenbescherming)(Bismuth ",{"data":6027,"marks":6028,"value":3993,"nodeType":1237},{},[6029],{"type":1420},{"data":6031,"marks":6032,"value":6033,"nodeType":1237},{},[],"). ",{"data":6035,"content":6036,"nodeType":1233},{},[6037],{"data":6038,"marks":6039,"value":27,"nodeType":1237},{},[],{"data":6041,"content":6042,"nodeType":1283},{},[6043],{"data":6044,"marks":6045,"value":2151,"nodeType":1237},{},[],{"data":6047,"content":6048,"nodeType":1298},{},[6049],{"data":6050,"marks":6051,"value":2151,"nodeType":1237},{},[],{"data":6053,"content":6054,"nodeType":1233},{},[6055,6058,6066],{"data":6056,"marks":6057,"value":27,"nodeType":1237},{},[],{"data":6059,"content":6061,"nodeType":1627},{"uri":6060},"https://beterleven.dierenbescherming.nl/",[6062],{"data":6063,"marks":6064,"value":6065,"nodeType":1237},{},[],"Beter Leven, (the Ducth “Better Life” label)",{"data":6067,"marks":6068,"value":27,"nodeType":1237},{},[],{"data":6070,"content":6071,"nodeType":1233},{},[6072,6075,6083],{"data":6073,"marks":6074,"value":27,"nodeType":1237},{},[],{"data":6076,"content":6078,"nodeType":1627},{"uri":6077},"https://animallaweurope.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/01/Animal-Law-Europe-Research-Note-2.pdf",[6079],{"data":6080,"marks":6081,"value":6082,"nodeType":1237},{},[],"Alice Di Concetto, Food Labelling and Animal Welfare, Research Note #2, The European Institute for Animal Law & Policy (2021), available online",{"data":6084,"marks":6085,"value":27,"nodeType":1237},{},[],{"data":6087,"content":6088,"nodeType":1233},{},[6089],{"data":6090,"marks":6091,"value":6092,"nodeType":1237},{},[],"European Commission, Options for Animal Welfare Labelling and the Establishment of a European Network of Reference Centre for the Protection and Welfare of Animals, (2009) ",{"data":6094,"content":6095,"nodeType":1233},{},[6096,6099,6107],{"data":6097,"marks":6098,"value":27,"nodeType":1237},{},[],{"data":6100,"content":6102,"nodeType":1627},{"uri":6101},"http://www.etiquettebienetreanimal.fr/",[6103],{"data":6104,"marks":6105,"value":6106,"nodeType":1237},{},[],"“Etiquette bien-être animal” (the French “Animal Welfare Label”)",{"data":6108,"marks":6109,"value":27,"nodeType":1237},{},[],{"data":6111,"content":6112,"nodeType":1233},{},[6113],{"data":6114,"marks":6115,"value":6116,"nodeType":1237},{},[],"Christine Parker, The Food Label as Governance Space: Free-Range Eggs and the Fallacy of Consumer Choice, Recht der Werkelijheid (Right of Reality) (2014). ",{"data":6118,"content":6119,"nodeType":1233},{},[6120],{"data":6121,"marks":6122,"value":6123,"nodeType":1237},{},[],"Christine Parker and Josephine de Costa, Misleading the Ethical Consumer: The Regulation of Free-Range Egg Labelling, Melbourne University Law Review (2016). ",{"data":6125,"content":6126,"nodeType":1233},{},[6127],{"data":6128,"marks":6129,"value":6130,"nodeType":1237},{},[],"Saskia Stucki, (Certified) Humane Violence? Animal Welfare Labels, the Ambivalence of Humanizing the Inhumane, and What International Humanitarian Law Has to Do With it, AJIL Unbound (2017). ",{"data":6132,"content":6133,"nodeType":1298},{},[6134],{"data":6135,"marks":6136,"value":2792,"nodeType":1237},{},[],{"data":6138,"content":6139,"nodeType":1233},{},[6140],{"data":6141,"marks":6142,"value":6143,"nodeType":1237},{},[],"ASPCA, Vermont Law School, Center for Agriculture and Food Systems, Farm Animal Welfare Certification Guide, A Farmer’s Tool for Understanding Welfare Certifications Programs (2017). ",{"data":6145,"content":6146,"nodeType":1233},{},[6147],{"data":6148,"marks":6149,"value":6150,"nodeType":1237},{},[],"Derek J.F. Eaton et al., Product Differentiation under the WTO, An Analysis of Labelling and Tariff or Tax Measures Concerning Farm Animal Welfare, Agricultural Economics Research Institute (LEI), 2005. ",{"data":6152,"content":6153,"nodeType":1233},{},[6154],{"data":6155,"marks":6156,"value":6157,"nodeType":1237},{},[],"Harald Grethe, High Animal Welfare Standards in the EU and International Trade – How to Prevent Potential “Low Animal Welfare Havens”, Food Policy, Volume 32, Issue 3 (2007). ",{"data":6159,"content":6160,"nodeType":1233},{},[6161],{"data":6162,"marks":6163,"value":6164,"nodeType":1237},{},[],"Frauke Pirscher, Consuming for the Sake of Others: Whose Interests Count on a Market for Animal-Friendly Products?, Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Ethics (2016). ",{"data":6166,"content":6167,"nodeType":1233},{},[6168],{"data":6169,"marks":6170,"value":6171,"nodeType":1237},{},[],"Lennart Ravn Heerwagen, et al., The Role of Quality Labels in Market-Driven Animal Welfare, Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Ethics (2015). ",{"data":6173,"content":6174,"nodeType":1233},{},[6175],{"data":6176,"marks":6177,"value":6178,"nodeType":1237},{},[],"Glynn T. Tonsor and Christopher A. Wolf, On Mandatory Labelling of Animal Welfare Attributes, Food Policy (2011). ",{"metadata":6180,"sys":6183,"fields":6192},{"tags":6181,"concepts":6182},[],[],{"space":6184,"id":6186,"type":87,"createdAt":6187,"updatedAt":6187,"environment":6188,"publishedVersion":22,"revision":23,"contentType":6190,"locale":24},{"sys":6185},{"type":12,"linkType":13,"id":14},"2x7yFzsKkPIjaer4BNcscq","2026-07-06T11:51:25.032Z",{"sys":6189},{"id":20,"type":12,"linkType":21},{"sys":6191},{"type":12,"linkType":94,"id":95},{"label":6193,"icon":6194,"reference":6195,"displayType":1229},"Taxation","calf:taxation",{"metadata":6196,"sys":6199,"fields":6209},{"tags":6197,"concepts":6198},[],[],{"space":6200,"id":6202,"type":87,"createdAt":6203,"updatedAt":6203,"environment":6204,"publishedVersion":6206,"revision":23,"contentType":6207,"locale":24},{"sys":6201},{"type":12,"linkType":13,"id":14},"3ackPLJ9HCdXRoQ5nmnfUt","2026-07-06T11:48:04.700Z",{"sys":6205},{"id":20,"type":12,"linkType":21},13,{"sys":6208},{"type":12,"linkType":94,"id":1848},{"title":6193,"slug":6210,"icon":6194,"relatedTopic":6211,"image":6226,"content":6245},"taxation",{"metadata":6212,"sys":6215,"fields":6224},{"tags":6213,"concepts":6214},[],[],{"space":6216,"id":6218,"type":87,"createdAt":6219,"updatedAt":6219,"environment":6220,"publishedVersion":48,"revision":23,"contentType":6222,"locale":24},{"sys":6217},{"type":12,"linkType":13,"id":14},"2aDtd9GmiANnMPWskNUgSS","2026-07-06T11:48:05.611Z",{"sys":6221},{"id":20,"type":12,"linkType":21},{"sys":6223},{"type":12,"linkType":94,"id":1864},{"title":6193,"slug":6210,"excerpt":6225},"Laws and regulations that impose and determine additional levies on products. This database only lists rules related to the taxation of agricultural and food products.",{"metadata":6227,"sys":6230,"fields":6237},{"tags":6228,"concepts":6229},[],[],{"space":6231,"id":6233,"type":16,"createdAt":6234,"updatedAt":6234,"environment":6235,"publishedVersion":1805,"revision":23,"locale":24},{"sys":6232},{"type":12,"linkType":13,"id":14},"Dg1FYVhWCiB76IZlORAtA","2026-07-06T11:48:34.825Z",{"sys":6236},{"id":20,"type":12,"linkType":21},{"title":6238,"file":6239},"calf taxation",{"url":6240,"details":6241,"fileName":6244,"contentType":1199},"//images.ctfassets.net/5n7qh8xf3t5v/Dg1FYVhWCiB76IZlORAtA/78382bf2bb886571994fd10a6a175f22/calf_taxation.avif",{"size":6242,"image":6243},18648,{"width":2902,"height":2903},"calf_taxation.avif",{"data":6246,"content":6247,"nodeType":1134},{},[6248,6254,6271,6290,6309,6316,6323,6365,6407,6426,6433,6476,6483,6502,6509,6515,6521,6528,6535,6542,6549,6556,6574,6593,6612,6631,6638,6645,6675,6694,6701,6707,6714,6721,6728,6747,6753,6760,6767,6786,6793,6800,6806,6812,6819,6826,6833,6840,6870,6877,6884,6891,6910,6916,6922,6928,6935,6942,6949,6956,6963,6970,6977,6984,6991,6998,7005,7012,7019,7025,7044,7072,7091,7108,7127,7155,7174,7191],{"data":6249,"content":6250,"nodeType":1283},{},[6251],{"data":6252,"marks":6253,"value":1287,"nodeType":1237},{},[],{"data":6255,"content":6256,"nodeType":1233},{},[6257,6260,6267],{"data":6258,"marks":6259,"value":27,"nodeType":1237},{},[],{"data":6261,"content":6263,"nodeType":1627},{"uri":6262},"https://www.britannica.com/topic/taxation",[6264],{"data":6265,"marks":6266,"value":6193,"nodeType":1237},{},[],{"data":6268,"marks":6269,"value":6270,"nodeType":1237},{},[]," is a mandatory contribution to state revenue collected by governments. Taxation is one common way in which states, and organizations, can induce substantial changes in production methods and consumption patterns of animal-source food.",{"data":6272,"content":6273,"nodeType":1233},{},[6274,6278,6286],{"data":6275,"marks":6276,"value":6277,"nodeType":1237},{},[],"Taxes can be levied on polluters themselves (e.g.: the farms and factories) to offset environmental, health, and social damages they produce, as is the case with ",{"data":6279,"content":6281,"nodeType":1627},{"uri":6280},"https://www.thebalance.com/pigouvian-tax-definition-and-examples-4157479",[6282],{"data":6283,"marks":6284,"value":6285,"nodeType":1237},{},[],"Pigouvian taxes",{"data":6287,"marks":6288,"value":6289,"nodeType":1237},{},[],". Pigouvian taxes are already in extensive use today to discourage environmental degradation, for example utilising the “polluter pays” principle on factories that emit environmentally harmful substances.",{"data":6291,"content":6292,"nodeType":1233},{},[6293,6297,6305],{"data":6294,"marks":6295,"value":6296,"nodeType":1237},{},[],"Another way to curb harmful goods is to impose a tax on the consumer side, for the consumption of a product that has socially harmful externalities. These taxes are called “",{"data":6298,"content":6300,"nodeType":1627},{"uri":6299},"https://www.thebalance.com/sin-tax-definition-examples-4157476",[6301],{"data":6302,"marks":6303,"value":6304,"nodeType":1237},{},[],"sin taxes",{"data":6306,"marks":6307,"value":6308,"nodeType":1237},{},[],"” and are in wide use. For example, many countries tax tobacco, alcohol, and sugary drinks due to the health damage they cause. The adoption of taxes on sales seek to affect the demand of certain products, to indirectly affect production levels and methods of animal-source foods.",{"data":6310,"content":6311,"nodeType":1233},{},[6312],{"data":6313,"marks":6314,"value":6315,"nodeType":1237},{},[],"Because of the potentially powerful impact that taxes have on production and consumption patterns, taxation is a potentially valuable tool to tackle significant negative externalities that livestock production has on the environment, public health, and animal welfare.",{"data":6317,"content":6318,"nodeType":1298},{},[6319],{"data":6320,"marks":6321,"value":6322,"nodeType":1237},{},[],"Livestock-Derived Greenhouse Gas (GHG) Emissions",{"data":6324,"content":6325,"nodeType":1233},{},[6326,6330,6338,6342,6350,6354,6362],{"data":6327,"marks":6328,"value":6329,"nodeType":1237},{},[],"Governments have already identified taxation as an ",{"data":6331,"content":6333,"nodeType":1627},{"uri":6332},"https://www.cambridge.org/core/services/aop-cambridge-core/content/view/CC75BE9EC9AAFFF13E7E9994F0DC2D19/S2047102515000011a.pdf/greenhouse_gas_taxes_on_meat_products_a_legal_perspective.pdf",[6334],{"data":6335,"marks":6336,"value":6337,"nodeType":1237},{},[],"effective instrument",{"data":6339,"marks":6340,"value":6341,"nodeType":1237},{},[]," against climate change. With animal agriculture being a significant source of GHG, taxation could also play a role in accelerating the transition away from industrial farm animal production. The percentage that the livestock industry contributes to global GHG emissions ",{"data":6343,"content":6345,"nodeType":1627},{"uri":6344},"https://doi.org/10.1038/nclimate3155",[6346],{"data":6347,"marks":6348,"value":6349,"nodeType":1237},{},[],"ranges from 14.5 up to 51%",{"data":6351,"marks":6352,"value":6353,"nodeType":1237},{},[],", in terms of life cycle analysis. Population growth and dietary changes, particularly in developing countries, are expected to increase GHG emissions from food and agriculture by up to 80% by mid-century. Livestock production is also a key factor in ",{"data":6355,"content":6357,"nodeType":1627},{"uri":6356},"https://ipbes.net/news/Media-Release-Global-Assessment",[6358],{"data":6359,"marks":6360,"value":6361,"nodeType":1237},{},[],"biodiversity loss",{"data":6363,"marks":6364,"value":1636,"nodeType":1237},{},[],{"data":6366,"content":6367,"nodeType":1233},{},[6368,6372,6379,6383,6391,6395,6403],{"data":6369,"marks":6370,"value":6371,"nodeType":1237},{},[],"Livestock GHG emissions are particularly concerning, not only because of the amount of gas emitted, but also because of the type of gas. Methane (CH4), the major GHG associated with livestock, is ",{"data":6373,"content":6374,"nodeType":1627},{"uri":5293},[6375],{"data":6376,"marks":6377,"value":6378,"nodeType":1237},{},[],"80 times more potent to warming",{"data":6380,"marks":6381,"value":6382,"nodeType":1237},{},[]," the atmosphere than carbon dioxide (CO2), and proliferates faster today than at any other time since record keeping began in the 1980s. On the other hand, methane breaks down in the atmosphere after about a decade, making its reduction critical for ",{"data":6384,"content":6386,"nodeType":1627},{"uri":6385},"https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-021-02287-y",[6387],{"data":6388,"marks":6389,"value":6390,"nodeType":1237},{},[],"near future impact",{"data":6392,"marks":6393,"value":6394,"nodeType":1237},{},[]," in halting the climate crisis. Therefore, ",{"data":6396,"content":6398,"nodeType":1627},{"uri":6397},"https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1748-9326/aabdc4/meta",[6399],{"data":6400,"marks":6401,"value":6402,"nodeType":1237},{},[],"GHG emissions related to food production",{"data":6404,"marks":6405,"value":6406,"nodeType":1237},{},[]," should become a critical component of policies aimed at mitigating climate change and meeting nationally determined contributions (NDCs) under the Paris Agreement.",{"data":6408,"content":6409,"nodeType":1233},{},[6410,6414,6422],{"data":6411,"marks":6412,"value":6413,"nodeType":1237},{},[],"As most of the agricultural GHG emissions are related to intrinsic characteristics of the agricultural system, they cannot be reduced without substantial changes in agricultural output. Therefore, demand-side policies could be a more attainable option to introduce. This means that ",{"data":6415,"content":6417,"nodeType":1627},{"uri":6416},"https://www.nature.com/articles/nclimate3155",[6418],{"data":6419,"marks":6420,"value":6421,"nodeType":1237},{},[],"levying GHG",{"data":6423,"marks":6424,"value":6425,"nodeType":1237},{},[]," taxes on the consumption side may be the economically preferable approach, alongside measures to increase the accessibility and affordability of plant-based foods.",{"data":6427,"content":6428,"nodeType":1298},{},[6429],{"data":6430,"marks":6431,"value":6432,"nodeType":1237},{},[],"Public Health",{"data":6434,"content":6435,"nodeType":1233},{},[6436,6440,6448,6452,6460,6464,6472],{"data":6437,"marks":6438,"value":6439,"nodeType":1237},{},[],"Beyond the environmental aspects, the negative impact on public health also creates a health cost that can be taxed. The consumption of red and processed meat has been associated with a range of ",{"data":6441,"content":6443,"nodeType":1627},{"uri":6442},"https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lanonc/article/PIIS1470-2045(15)00444-1/fulltext",[6444],{"data":6445,"marks":6446,"value":6447,"nodeType":1237},{},[],"negative health impacts",{"data":6449,"marks":6450,"value":6451,"nodeType":1237},{},[],". It was classified by the ",{"data":6453,"content":6455,"nodeType":1627},{"uri":6454},"https://www.iarc.who.int/wp-content/uploads/2018/07/pr240_E.pdf",[6456],{"data":6457,"marks":6458,"value":6459,"nodeType":1237},{},[],"World Health Organization",{"data":6461,"marks":6462,"value":6463,"nodeType":1237},{},[]," as carcinogenic to humans and was associated with increased rates of many other health problems, like coronary heart disease, stroke, and type 2 diabetes. A ",{"data":6465,"content":6467,"nodeType":1627},{"uri":6466},"https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0204139",[6468],{"data":6469,"marks":6470,"value":6471,"nodeType":1237},{},[],"comprehensive study",{"data":6473,"marks":6474,"value":6475,"nodeType":1237},{},[]," estimated that in 2020 processed and red meat consumption caused 2.4 million deaths, as well as $285 billion in costs related to healthcare (with three-quarters of them stemming from processed meat consumption).",{"data":6477,"content":6478,"nodeType":1298},{},[6479],{"data":6480,"marks":6481,"value":6482,"nodeType":1237},{},[],"The Rationale of Taxing Animal Products",{"data":6484,"content":6485,"nodeType":1233},{},[6486,6490,6498],{"data":6487,"marks":6488,"value":6489,"nodeType":1237},{},[],"Despite the aforementioned considerations and their proven negative environmental and social impacts, animal agriculture is taxed to a low degree compared to other industries that create similar or lower levels of externalities, and animal agriculture is heavily subsidized. This, among other reasons, allows for pricing that ",{"data":6491,"content":6493,"nodeType":1627},{"uri":6492},"https://www.forbes.com/sites/briankateman/2019/08/27/is-a-meat-tax-a-good-idea/?sh=55f681952d3a",[6494],{"data":6495,"marks":6496,"value":6497,"nodeType":1237},{},[],"does not reflect its negative externalities",{"data":6499,"marks":6500,"value":6501,"nodeType":1237},{},[],". The lack of an adequate taxation framework results in relieving animal agriculture producers from paying for the deleterious, multi-faceted impacts – a process called “cost externalising” – which, in turn, encourages overproduction.",{"data":6503,"content":6504,"nodeType":1233},{},[6505],{"data":6506,"marks":6507,"value":6508,"nodeType":1237},{},[],"On the other end of the value chain, the absence of taxes specific to animal agriculture production has the effect of making artificially cheap animal-source products available to consumers. These artificially deflated prices incentivise consumers to buy more animal-source products, which is a form of distortion in consumer demand, overlooking planetary boundaries. Thus, an intervention is essential both to introduce true pricing measures as well as to reduce animal protein consumption in accordance with public health recommendations. Such an intervention may also be implemented as part of the State's duty of care towards its citizens.",{"data":6510,"content":6511,"nodeType":1233},{},[6512],{"data":6513,"marks":6514,"value":27,"nodeType":1237},{},[],{"data":6516,"content":6517,"nodeType":1283},{},[6518],{"data":6519,"marks":6520,"value":1965,"nodeType":1237},{},[],{"data":6522,"content":6523,"nodeType":1298},{},[6524],{"data":6525,"marks":6526,"value":6527,"nodeType":1237},{},[],"1. Cost Internalization",{"data":6529,"content":6530,"nodeType":1233},{},[6531],{"data":6532,"marks":6533,"value":6534,"nodeType":1237},{},[],"The price of animal-source food products does not reflect their true costs. For that reason, an adequate taxation measure should have the effect of internalising the environmental, health, and animal welfare costs of a given food product into its production costs and retail price.",{"data":6536,"content":6537,"nodeType":1650},{},[6538],{"data":6539,"marks":6540,"value":6541,"nodeType":1237},{},[],"a. The “Polluter Pays” Principle",{"data":6543,"content":6544,"nodeType":1233},{},[6545],{"data":6546,"marks":6547,"value":6548,"nodeType":1237},{},[],"According to the “polluter pays” principle, the one who causes the damage to the environment should bear the cost of preventing, controlling, and rectifying that damage. Taxes are an important means of promoting this principle, and the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change supports countries in promoting GHG mitigation measures in accordance with this UN framework. Because the production of animal-source food is a major driver of GHG emissions, measures taken on the ground of the “polluter pays” principle, such as taxation, should also apply to animal-source food.",{"data":6550,"content":6551,"nodeType":1650},{},[6552],{"data":6553,"marks":6554,"value":6555,"nodeType":1237},{},[],"b. Carbon Tax",{"data":6557,"content":6558,"nodeType":1233},{},[6559,6562,6570],{"data":6560,"marks":6561,"value":27,"nodeType":1237},{},[],{"data":6563,"content":6565,"nodeType":1627},{"uri":6564},"https://earth.org/what-countries-have-a-carbon-tax/",[6566],{"data":6567,"marks":6568,"value":6569,"nodeType":1237},{},[],"Dozens of countries",{"data":6571,"marks":6572,"value":6573,"nodeType":1237},{},[]," have already introduced carbon taxes, which impose a tax on companies from diverse sectors for their GHG emissions. Each country imposes a tax on different pricing, applies the tax to different sectors, and includes exemptions that may reduce the effectiveness of the law. Given the proven impact of GHG emissions on global warming and the significant contribution of livestock agriculture on these emissions, carbon tax plans should include the creation of specific taxes to be paid by animal-source food producers, such as farmers and processors. ",{"data":6575,"content":6576,"nodeType":1233},{},[6577,6581,6589],{"data":6578,"marks":6579,"value":6580,"nodeType":1237},{},[],"Such a tax can be imposed by governments by way of an Emissions Trading Scheme. A trading scheme is a ",{"data":6582,"content":6584,"nodeType":1627},{"uri":6583},"https://theconversation.com/explainer-the-difference-between-a-carbon-tax-and-an-ets-1679",[6585],{"data":6586,"marks":6587,"value":6588,"nodeType":1237},{},[],"method",{"data":6590,"marks":6591,"value":6592,"nodeType":1237},{},[]," that sets a cap on GHG emissions, which is reduced over time to achieve climate goals. It prices each tonne of GHG emissions and allows emitters to trade “emission units” to make more efficient economic and environmental choices. ",{"data":6594,"content":6595,"nodeType":1233},{},[6596,6600,6608],{"data":6597,"marks":6598,"value":6599,"nodeType":1237},{},[],"One example of a carbon tax plan that includes the animal agriculture sector is the ",{"data":6601,"content":6603,"nodeType":1627},{"uri":6602},"https://environment.govt.nz/what-government-is-doing/key-initiatives/ets/",[6604],{"data":6605,"marks":6606,"value":6607,"nodeType":1237},{},[],"New Zealand’s Emissions Trading Scheme",{"data":6609,"marks":6610,"value":6611,"nodeType":1237},{},[]," (ETS). The New Zealand ETS will price emissions from livestock and synthetic fertilizers from 2025, following agreements between the government and agricultural sector. ",{"data":6613,"content":6614,"nodeType":1233},{},[6615,6619,6627],{"data":6616,"marks":6617,"value":6618,"nodeType":1237},{},[],"Indonesia has also passed ",{"data":6620,"content":6622,"nodeType":1627},{"uri":6621},"https://calf.law/database/policy/law-7-2021-on-harmonization-of-tax-regulations-indonesia",[6623],{"data":6624,"marks":6625,"value":6626,"nodeType":1237},{},[],"a carbon tax law and an emissions trading scheme",{"data":6628,"marks":6629,"value":6630,"nodeType":1237},{},[]," to meet its 2021 NDC. The tax will be levied starting in 2025 on any goods or activities that cause environmental externalities, including agricultural production, and will apply to Carbon Dioxide (CO2), Methane (CH4), and Nitrous Oxide (N2O). Additionally, the Danish government will revisit the possibility of introducing a CO2 tax in 2023, in order to meet the goals of a legislative agreement for green transition in the agriculture sector. ",{"data":6632,"content":6633,"nodeType":1650},{},[6634],{"data":6635,"marks":6636,"value":6637,"nodeType":1237},{},[],"c. Valued Added Tax (VAT)",{"data":6639,"content":6640,"nodeType":1233},{},[6641],{"data":6642,"marks":6643,"value":6644,"nodeType":1237},{},[],"Several jurisdictions have already identified VAT as a potentially powerful lever to internalise the cost of negative externalities into the price of animal-source products. ",{"data":6646,"content":6647,"nodeType":1233},{},[6648,6652,6660,6664,6671],{"data":6649,"marks":6650,"value":6651,"nodeType":1237},{},[],"For example, Spain’s tax policy encourages the consumption of plant-based foods over meat products. While the ",{"data":6653,"content":6655,"nodeType":1627},{"uri":6654},"https://calf.law/database/policy/ley-37-1992-del-impuesto-sobre-el-valor-a%C3%B1adido-spain",[6656],{"data":6657,"marks":6658,"value":6659,"nodeType":1237},{},[],"Spanish standard VAT rate is 21%, a number of goods and services are subject to reduced VAT rates",{"data":6661,"marks":6662,"value":6663,"nodeType":1237},{},[],". Vegetables (as well as dairy products) are included in the super-reduced VAT rate of 4%, while the VAT on meat products ",{"data":6665,"content":6666,"nodeType":1627},{"uri":6654},[6667],{"data":6668,"marks":6669,"value":6670,"nodeType":1237},{},[],"was raised in 2012",{"data":6672,"marks":6673,"value":6674,"nodeType":1237},{},[]," from 8% to 10%. Proposals to raise the VAT on meat products to 21% were rejected by the Spanish government, due to pressure exerted by the national meat industry, the fourth largest industry in Spain. ",{"data":6676,"content":6677,"nodeType":1233},{},[6678,6682,6690],{"data":6679,"marks":6680,"value":6681,"nodeType":1237},{},[],"Also, in Germany ",{"data":6683,"content":6685,"nodeType":1627},{"uri":6684},"https://calf.law/database/policy/meat-tax-proposal-germany",[6686],{"data":6687,"marks":6688,"value":6689,"nodeType":1237},{},[],"several proposals have been made ",{"data":6691,"marks":6692,"value":6693,"nodeType":1237},{},[],"to raise the VAT on animal-source foods, from 7% to 19%, including by Germany’s Federal Environment Agency. In 2019, a similar proposal was raised by German politicians, who also called for using the additional funds raised by the tax increase to support animal welfare. ",{"data":6695,"content":6696,"nodeType":1233},{},[6697],{"data":6698,"marks":6699,"value":6700,"nodeType":1237},{},[],"The Farm to Fork Strategy, which is part of the EU’s Green Deal, addresses the significance of taxation to promote sustainable and healthy choices, as well as applying true market costs to production. The European Commission, the executive branch of the EU, drafted a legislative proposal on VAT rates, which are currently being debated, and could allow Member States to make more targeted use of VAT rates, for instance to incentivise the consumption of organic fruits and vegetables. ",{"data":6702,"content":6703,"nodeType":1233},{},[6704],{"data":6705,"marks":6706,"value":27,"nodeType":1237},{},[],{"data":6708,"content":6709,"nodeType":1298},{},[6710],{"data":6711,"marks":6712,"value":6713,"nodeType":1237},{},[],"2. Promoting a Shift to Healthier, More Sustainable Consumption Patterns",{"data":6715,"content":6716,"nodeType":1233},{},[6717],{"data":6718,"marks":6719,"value":6720,"nodeType":1237},{},[],"The Scientific Group for the UN Food Systems Summit on Action Track 2 – Shift to Healthy and Sustainable Consumption Patterns – found that taxes can be effective in encouraging behavioural changes. In this UN report, experts indicated that “Taxes and front-of-pack information labels have been used with success to moderate the purchase of unhealthy food, as well as influence reformulation of unhealthy products.” It also stated that although the magnitude of effect ranges, “there is evidence that fiscal measures such as taxes on unhealthy food improve diets.” ",{"data":6722,"content":6723,"nodeType":1233},{},[6724],{"data":6725,"marks":6726,"value":6727,"nodeType":1237},{},[],"For instance, studies have shown that the effects of such taxes on unhealthy products tend to be consistent across a variety of products. For instance, the introduction of taxation on sugar-sweetened beverages reduced consumption levels of such products in Berkeley, California and Mexico. Another comprehensive study from 2018 found that in optimal taxation, processed meat prices would increase by an average of 25% and consumption levels would fall by an average of 16%. The number of deaths attributed to red and processed meat consumption would drop by 9%, and the attributed health costs would drop by 14% worldwide. ",{"data":6729,"content":6730,"nodeType":1233},{},[6731,6735,6743],{"data":6732,"marks":6733,"value":6734,"nodeType":1237},{},[],"An effective impact of taxing unhealthy products can be seen in Denmark’s case, where a ",{"data":6736,"content":6738,"nodeType":1627},{"uri":6737},"https://www.euractiv.com/section/health-consumers/news/study-fat-tax-made-denmark-healthier/",[6739],{"data":6740,"marks":6741,"value":6742,"nodeType":1237},{},[],"saturated fat tax was introduced for 15 months in 2011-2012",{"data":6744,"marks":6745,"value":6746,"nodeType":1237},{},[],", covering several meat and dairy products. During this period, there was a 4-6% reduction in saturated fat intake, and vegetable consumption increased. (However, salt consumption increased for most individuals, except younger females.) ",{"data":6748,"content":6749,"nodeType":1233},{},[6750],{"data":6751,"marks":6752,"value":27,"nodeType":1237},{},[],{"data":6754,"content":6755,"nodeType":1298},{},[6756],{"data":6757,"marks":6758,"value":6759,"nodeType":1237},{},[],"3. Ensuring Food Security",{"data":6761,"content":6762,"nodeType":1233},{},[6763],{"data":6764,"marks":6765,"value":6766,"nodeType":1237},{},[],"Taxing animal-source foods should take into consideration impacts on food security of lower-income countries and low-income segments of society. A comprehensive food policy should thus be applied, directing taxation revenues to make healthy and sustainable plant-based foods more affordable and accessible. ",{"data":6768,"content":6769,"nodeType":1233},{},[6770,6774,6782],{"data":6771,"marks":6772,"value":6773,"nodeType":1237},{},[],"In term of popular support, a recently survey found that ",{"data":6775,"content":6777,"nodeType":1627},{"uri":6776},"https://www.foodnavigator.com/Article/2021/01/27/Meat-tax-German-French-and-Dutch-consumers-support-price-hikes",[6778],{"data":6779,"marks":6780,"value":6781,"nodeType":1237},{},[],"70% of the consumers in Germany, France, and the Netherlands support applying a meat tax",{"data":6783,"marks":6784,"value":6785,"nodeType":1237},{},[]," which would be used to subsidise fruits and vegetables.3 (Broeks et al.). ",{"data":6787,"content":6788,"nodeType":1233},{},[6789],{"data":6790,"marks":6791,"value":6792,"nodeType":1237},{},[],"A social cost-benefit analysis of meat taxation and a fruit and vegetables subsidy in the Netherlands found that overall, a 15% or 30% price increase in meat could lead to a net benefit for society between €3 100–7 400 million or €4 100 –12 300 million over 30 years, respectively. A 10% fruit and vegetable subsidy could lead to a net benefit to society of €1 800–3 300 million. ",{"data":6794,"content":6795,"nodeType":1233},{},[6796],{"data":6797,"marks":6798,"value":6799,"nodeType":1237},{},[],"An empirical study reviewing the effect of food taxation and subsidies intervention suggests that such taxes and subsidies should be set at a minimum of 10 to 15% to be effective; these measures should be implemented in tandem to improve success. ",{"data":6801,"content":6802,"nodeType":1233},{},[6803],{"data":6804,"marks":6805,"value":27,"nodeType":1237},{},[],{"data":6807,"content":6808,"nodeType":1298},{},[6809],{"data":6810,"marks":6811,"value":3878,"nodeType":1237},{},[],{"data":6813,"content":6814,"nodeType":1233},{},[6815],{"data":6816,"marks":6817,"value":6818,"nodeType":1237},{},[],"It is counterproductive to subsidise environmentally and socially harmful products while taxing them simultaneously. Implementing a coherent taxation policy thus requires addressing the following matters:",{"data":6820,"content":6821,"nodeType":1650},{},[6822],{"data":6823,"marks":6824,"value":6825,"nodeType":1237},{},[],"a. Taxation of All GHGs",{"data":6827,"content":6828,"nodeType":1233},{},[6829],{"data":6830,"marks":6831,"value":6832,"nodeType":1237},{},[],"As meat and dairy companies are often responsible for higher levels of CO2-equivalent emissions than large oil companies, taxation should include all GHGs derived from livestock production – carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4),and nitrous oxide (N2O).",{"data":6834,"content":6835,"nodeType":1650},{},[6836],{"data":6837,"marks":6838,"value":6839,"nodeType":1237},{},[],"b. Encouraging Sustainable Agriculture and Eliminating Harmful Subsidies",{"data":6841,"content":6842,"nodeType":1233},{},[6843,6847,6855,6859,6866],{"data":6844,"marks":6845,"value":6846,"nodeType":1237},{},[],"An example of measures that encourages sustainable practices in agriculture can be found in EU law. The EU’s agricultural policy, the ",{"data":6848,"content":6850,"nodeType":1627},{"uri":6849},"https://calf.law/database/policy/common-agricultural-policy-pillar-i-payments-eu",[6851],{"data":6852,"marks":6853,"value":6854,"nodeType":1237},{},[],"Common Agricultural Policy (CAP)",{"data":6856,"marks":6857,"value":6858,"nodeType":1237},{},[],", grants farmers financial support only if they adopt more sustainable practices to promote soil quality, biodiversity, crop diversification, and healthy grassland. Furthermore, animal agriculture producers can have the total amount of their ",{"data":6860,"content":6861,"nodeType":1627},{"uri":6849},[6862],{"data":6863,"marks":6864,"value":6865,"nodeType":1237},{},[],"subsidies reduced",{"data":6867,"marks":6868,"value":6869,"nodeType":1237},{},[]," if they fail to comply with EU farm animal welfare legislation. Taking another step to implement its food policy, the European Commission has decided that it will no longer subsidise promotional campaigns for red and processed meat in 2022, and it will instead promote the consumption of fruits and vegetables, to better align with the objectives of the EU Green Deal and the Farm-to-Fork Strategy. ",{"data":6871,"content":6872,"nodeType":1233},{},[6873],{"data":6874,"marks":6875,"value":6876,"nodeType":1237},{},[],"While these are all important criteria to mitigate the detrimental impacts of subsidies on the environment, public health, and animals, only products that cause positive externalities should be eligible for subsidies. ",{"data":6878,"content":6879,"nodeType":1650},{},[6880],{"data":6881,"marks":6882,"value":6883,"nodeType":1237},{},[],"c. Carbon Border Adjustment",{"data":6885,"content":6886,"nodeType":1233},{},[6887],{"data":6888,"marks":6889,"value":6890,"nodeType":1237},{},[],"Taxation mechanisms should apply to imported products, in order to prevent the exportation of emissions, and trade distortions for domestic producers. ",{"data":6892,"content":6893,"nodeType":1233},{},[6894,6898,6906],{"data":6895,"marks":6896,"value":6897,"nodeType":1237},{},[],"For instance, the European Commission adopted ",{"data":6899,"content":6901,"nodeType":1627},{"uri":6900},"https://calf.law/database/policy/carbon-border-adjustment-mechanism-eu",[6902],{"data":6903,"marks":6904,"value":6905,"nodeType":1237},{},[],"a proposal for a new Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism",{"data":6907,"marks":6908,"value":6909,"nodeType":1237},{},[],", which will put a carbon price on select imports, so that ambitious climate action in the EU does not lead to “carbon leakage,” whereby emissions are outsourced to non-EU countries. ",{"data":6911,"content":6912,"nodeType":1233},{},[6913],{"data":6914,"marks":6915,"value":27,"nodeType":1237},{},[],{"data":6917,"content":6918,"nodeType":1283},{},[6919],{"data":6920,"marks":6921,"value":2151,"nodeType":1237},{},[],{"data":6923,"content":6924,"nodeType":1298},{},[6925],{"data":6926,"marks":6927,"value":2151,"nodeType":1237},{},[],{"data":6929,"content":6930,"nodeType":1233},{},[6931],{"data":6932,"marks":6933,"value":6934,"nodeType":1237},{},[],"Christiane C. Bähr, Greenhouse Gas Taxes on Meat Products: A Legal Perspective, Transnational Environmental Law (2015) ",{"data":6936,"content":6937,"nodeType":1233},{},[6938],{"data":6939,"marks":6940,"value":6941,"nodeType":1237},{},[],"M. J. Broeks, S. Biesbroek, E. Over, P.F. van Gils, I. Toxopeus, M.H. Beukers, and E. Temme, A Social Cost-Benefit Analysis of Meat Taxation and a Fruit and Vegetables Subsidy for a Healthy and Sustainable Food Consumption in the Netherlands, BMC (2020) ",{"data":6943,"content":6944,"nodeType":1233},{},[6945],{"data":6946,"marks":6947,"value":6948,"nodeType":1237},{},[],"H. Eyles, C. Ni Mhurchu, N. Nghiem, T. Blakely, Food Pricing Strategies, Population Diets, and Non-Communicable Disease: A Systematic Review of Simulation Studies, PLOS Medicine (2012) ",{"data":6950,"content":6951,"nodeType":1233},{},[6952],{"data":6953,"marks":6954,"value":6955,"nodeType":1237},{},[],"M. Herrero, M. Hugas, U. Lele, A. Wira, M. Torero (Scientific Group for the UN Food Systems Summit), Consumption Patterns - A paper on Action Track 2, Draft for discussion (2020) ",{"data":6957,"content":6958,"nodeType":1233},{},[6959],{"data":6960,"marks":6961,"value":6962,"nodeType":1237},{},[],"M.M. Lee MM, J. Falbe, D. Schillinger, S. Basu, C.E. McCulloch, K.A. Madsen, Sugar-Sweetened Beverage Consumption 3 Years After the Berkeley, California, Sugar-Sweetened Beverage Tax, American Journal of Public Health (2019) ",{"data":6964,"content":6965,"nodeType":1233},{},[6966],{"data":6967,"marks":6968,"value":6969,"nodeType":1237},{},[],"M. L. Niebylski, K.A. Redburn, T. Duhaney, N. R. Campbell, Healthy Food Subsidies and Unhealthy Food Taxation: A Systematic Review of the Evidence, Nutrition (2015) ",{"data":6971,"content":6972,"nodeType":1233},{},[6973],{"data":6974,"marks":6975,"value":6976,"nodeType":1237},{},[],"J. Poore, T. Nemecek, Reducing Food's Environmental Impacts Through Producers and Consumers. Science (2018) ",{"data":6978,"content":6979,"nodeType":1233},{},[6980],{"data":6981,"marks":6982,"value":6983,"nodeType":1237},{},[],"S. Säll, I.-M. Gren, Effects of an Environmental Tax on Meat and Dairy Consumption in Sweden, Food Policy (2015) ",{"data":6985,"content":6986,"nodeType":1233},{},[6987],{"data":6988,"marks":6989,"value":6990,"nodeType":1237},{},[],"L. M. Sánchez-Romero, et al., Association Between Tax on Sugar Sweetened Beverages and Soft Drink Consumption in Adults in Mexico: Open Cohort Longitudinal Analysis of Health Workers Cohort Study, BMJ (2020) ",{"data":6992,"content":6993,"nodeType":1233},{},[6994],{"data":6995,"marks":6996,"value":6997,"nodeType":1237},{},[],"S. Smed, et al., The Effects of the Danish Saturated Fat Tax on Food And Nutrient Intake and Modelled Health Outcomes: An Econometric and Comparative Risk Assessment Evaluation, European Journal of Clinical Nutrition (2016) ",{"data":6999,"content":7000,"nodeType":1233},{},[7001],{"data":7002,"marks":7003,"value":7004,"nodeType":1237},{},[],"M. Springmann, et al., Mitigation Potential and Global Health Impacts from Emissions Pricing of Food Commodities, Nature Climate Change (2017) ",{"data":7006,"content":7007,"nodeType":1233},{},[7008],{"data":7009,"marks":7010,"value":7011,"nodeType":1237},{},[],"M. Springmann, et al., Health-Motivated Taxes on Red and Processed Meat: A Modelling Study on Optimal Tax Levels and Associated Health Impacts, PLoS ONE (2018) ",{"data":7013,"content":7014,"nodeType":1233},{},[7015],{"data":7016,"marks":7017,"value":7018,"nodeType":1237},{},[],"S. Wirsenius, F. Hedenus, K. Mohlin, Greenhouse Gas Taxes on Animal Food Products: Rationale, Tax Scheme and Climate Mitigation Effects, Climate Change (2010) ",{"data":7020,"content":7021,"nodeType":1298},{},[7022],{"data":7023,"marks":7024,"value":2792,"nodeType":1237},{},[],{"data":7026,"content":7027,"nodeType":1233},{},[7028,7032,7040],{"data":7029,"marks":7030,"value":7031,"nodeType":1237},{},[],"The European Commission (EU)’s ",{"data":7033,"content":7035,"nodeType":1627},{"uri":7034},"https://ec.europa.eu/food/system/files/2020-05/f2f_action-plan_2020_strategy-info_en.pdf",[7036],{"data":7037,"marks":7038,"value":7039,"nodeType":1237},{},[],"Farm to Fork Strategy",{"data":7041,"marks":7042,"value":7043,"nodeType":1237},{},[],", (2020) ",{"data":7045,"content":7046,"nodeType":1233},{},[7047,7050,7058,7061,7069],{"data":7048,"marks":7049,"value":7031,"nodeType":1237},{},[],{"data":7051,"content":7053,"nodeType":1627},{"uri":7052},"http://hittps//ec.europa.eu/taxation_customs/green-taxation-0_en",[7054],{"data":7055,"marks":7056,"value":7057,"nodeType":1237},{},[],"Green Taxation",{"data":7059,"marks":7060,"value":3859,"nodeType":1237},{},[],{"data":7062,"content":7064,"nodeType":1627},{"uri":7063},"https://ec.europa.eu/taxation_customs/green-taxation-0/carbon-border-adjustment-mechanism_en",[7065],{"data":7066,"marks":7067,"value":7068,"nodeType":1237},{},[],"Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism",{"data":7070,"marks":7071,"value":1984,"nodeType":1237},{},[],{"data":7073,"content":7074,"nodeType":1233},{},[7075,7079,7087],{"data":7076,"marks":7077,"value":7078,"nodeType":1237},{},[],"Heinrich-Böll-Stiftung, Friends of the Earth Europe, and BUND ",{"data":7080,"content":7082,"nodeType":1627},{"uri":7081},"https://eu.boell.org/sites/default/files/2021-09/MeatAtlas2021_final_web.pdf?dimension1=ecologyhttps://eu.boell.org/sites/default/files/2021-09/MeatAtlas2021_final_web.pdf?dimension1=ecology",[7083],{"data":7084,"marks":7085,"value":7086,"nodeType":1237},{},[],"Meat Atlas 2021",{"data":7088,"marks":7089,"value":7090,"nodeType":1237},{},[],", (2021) ",{"data":7092,"content":7093,"nodeType":1233},{},[7094,7098,7105],{"data":7095,"marks":7096,"value":7097,"nodeType":1237},{},[],"True Animal Protein Price Coalition’s ",{"data":7099,"content":7100,"nodeType":1627},{"uri":478},[7101],{"data":7102,"marks":7103,"value":7104,"nodeType":1237},{},[],"EU Policy Proposals",{"data":7106,"marks":7107,"value":1984,"nodeType":1237},{},[],{"data":7109,"content":7110,"nodeType":1233},{},[7111,7115,7123],{"data":7112,"marks":7113,"value":7114,"nodeType":1237},{},[],"Emma Charlton, “",{"data":7116,"content":7118,"nodeType":1627},{"uri":7117},"http://www.weforum.org/agenda/2019/08/this-is-why-denmark-sweden-and-germany-are-considering-a-meat-tax",[7119],{"data":7120,"marks":7121,"value":7122,"nodeType":1237},{},[],"This is Why Denmark, Sweden and Germany are Considering a Meat Tax",{"data":7124,"marks":7125,"value":7126,"nodeType":1237},{},[],",” World Economic Forum, 28 August, 2019 (last visited February 14, 2022) ",{"data":7128,"content":7129,"nodeType":1233},{},[7130,7134,7139,7143,7151],{"data":7131,"marks":7132,"value":7133,"nodeType":1237},{},[],"German Federal Environment Agency (",{"data":7135,"marks":7136,"value":7138,"nodeType":1237},{},[7137],{"type":1420},"Umweltbundesamt",{"data":7140,"marks":7141,"value":7142,"nodeType":1237},{},[],") “",{"data":7144,"content":7146,"nodeType":1627},{"uri":7145},"https://www.umweltbundesamt.de/sites/default/files/medien/376/publikationen/environmentally_harmful_subsidies_in_germany_2014.pdf",[7147],{"data":7148,"marks":7149,"value":7150,"nodeType":1237},{},[],"Environmentally Harmful Subsidies In Germany",{"data":7152,"marks":7153,"value":7154,"nodeType":1237},{},[],"” (2014) ",{"data":7156,"content":7157,"nodeType":1233},{},[7158,7162,7170],{"data":7159,"marks":7160,"value":7161,"nodeType":1237},{},[],"Flora Southey, ",{"data":7163,"content":7165,"nodeType":1627},{"uri":7164},"https://www.foodnavigator.com/Article/2021/01/27/Meat-tax-German-French-and-Dutch-consumers-support-price-hikes?utm_source=copyright&utm_medium=OnSite&utm_campaign=copyright",[7166],{"data":7167,"marks":7168,"value":7169,"nodeType":1237},{},[],"Meat Tax Backed by Western Europeans if Revenues Subsidise Fruit And Veg",{"data":7171,"marks":7172,"value":7173,"nodeType":1237},{},[],", Food Navigator, 27 January 2021 (last visited February 14, 2022) ",{"data":7175,"content":7176,"nodeType":1233},{},[7177,7180,7187],{"data":7178,"marks":7179,"value":27,"nodeType":1237},{},[],{"data":7181,"content":7182,"nodeType":1627},{"uri":6564},[7183],{"data":7184,"marks":7185,"value":7186,"nodeType":1237},{},[],"What Countries Have A Carbon Tax?",{"data":7188,"marks":7189,"value":7190,"nodeType":1237},{},[],", Earth.org (2021) ",{"data":7192,"content":7193,"nodeType":1233},{},[7194],{"data":7195,"marks":7196,"value":27,"nodeType":1237},{},[],{"metadata":7198,"sys":7201,"fields":7210},{"tags":7199,"concepts":7200},[],[],{"space":7202,"id":7204,"type":87,"createdAt":7205,"updatedAt":7205,"environment":7206,"publishedVersion":22,"revision":23,"contentType":7208,"locale":24},{"sys":7203},{"type":12,"linkType":13,"id":14},"6NmvXlnl4zVZiw4hFky4rb","2026-07-06T11:51:25.065Z",{"sys":7207},{"id":20,"type":12,"linkType":21},{"sys":7209},{"type":12,"linkType":94,"id":95},{"label":7211,"icon":7212,"reference":7213,"displayType":1229},"Sales 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bans","Similar to an embargo, a sales ban is a prohibition on the sale and trade of a given product or service.",{"metadata":7246,"sys":7249,"fields":7256},{"tags":7247,"concepts":7248},[],[],{"space":7250,"id":7252,"type":16,"createdAt":7253,"updatedAt":7253,"environment":7254,"publishedVersion":1805,"revision":23,"locale":24},{"sys":7251},{"type":12,"linkType":13,"id":14},"4W2uVUwwccStvMPsfc60zU","2026-07-06T11:49:54.011Z",{"sys":7255},{"id":20,"type":12,"linkType":21},{"title":7257,"file":7258},"calf sales bans",{"url":7259,"details":7260,"fileName":7265,"contentType":1199},"//images.ctfassets.net/5n7qh8xf3t5v/4W2uVUwwccStvMPsfc60zU/b00c4b72e9f3cb1831d61480800b9ec7/calf_sales_bans.avif",{"size":7261,"image":7262},148470,{"width":7263,"height":7264},4000,2250,"calf_sales_bans.avif",{"data":7267,"content":7268,"nodeType":1134},{},[7269,7275,7282,7289,7320,7339,7346,7365,7372,7379,7434,7441,7484,7490,7496,7502,7509,7524,7531,7538,7557,7576,7583,7616,7623,7642,7649,7656,7686,7720,7750,7757,7776,7783,7790,7797,7809,7815,7821,7827,7834,7853,7860,7867,7874,7881,7900,7907,7914,7920],{"data":7270,"content":7271,"nodeType":1283},{},[7272],{"data":7273,"marks":7274,"value":1287,"nodeType":1237},{},[],{"data":7276,"content":7277,"nodeType":1233},{},[7278],{"data":7279,"marks":7280,"value":7281,"nodeType":1237},{},[],"National and international trade have an immense impact on animal welfare. Since market forces strive for efficient production, businesses often deprioritize animal welfare standards, thereby creating a “race to the bottom” in an attempt to reduce production costs. In the absence of binding international animal welfare norms, one measure countering this phenomenonis the prohibition of the sale and importation of animal sourced products that do not meet the minimum local standards. This measure is the introduction of “sales bans,” or “mirror clauses,” discussed in this factsheet.",{"data":7283,"content":7284,"nodeType":1298},{},[7285],{"data":7286,"marks":7287,"value":7288,"nodeType":1237},{},[],"What are Sales Bans? ",{"data":7290,"content":7291,"nodeType":1233},{},[7292,7296,7304,7308,7316],{"data":7293,"marks":7294,"value":7295,"nodeType":1237},{},[],"A ban is a legal or formal prohibition. Sales bans are the prohibition of the sale of products, which fail to meet defined standards, at an international, national, and municipal level. One of the forms of implementing sales bans, are international ",{"data":7297,"content":7299,"nodeType":1627},{"uri":7298},"https://archive.unescwa.org/trade-restrictions",[7300],{"data":7301,"marks":7302,"value":7303,"nodeType":1237},{},[],"trade restrictions",{"data":7305,"marks":7306,"value":7307,"nodeType":1237},{},[]," or ",{"data":7309,"content":7311,"nodeType":1627},{"uri":7310},"https://www.investopedia.com/articles/economics/08/tariff-trade-barrier-basics.asp",[7312],{"data":7313,"marks":7314,"value":7315,"nodeType":1237},{},[],"barriers",{"data":7317,"marks":7318,"value":7319,"nodeType":1237},{},[],". A trade restriction is an artificial restriction on the trade of goods and/or services between two countries. Trade-restrictive measures, namely restrictions on the import and on the sale of animal sourced products, are aimed at cleansing domestic markets from products which do not meet the local public morality, environmental, or animal health and welfare standards. ",{"data":7321,"content":7322,"nodeType":1233},{},[7323,7327,7335],{"data":7324,"marks":7325,"value":7326,"nodeType":1237},{},[],"One way of materialising trade restrictions is by codifying \"mirror clauses\" or adding them to trade agreements. These clauses that require imported goods to be produced under the same standards as those applied to domestic products, including sanitation, animal welfare, environmental standards, and labour standards. Although there are exceptional, these measures allowed by the rules of the ",{"data":7328,"content":7330,"nodeType":1627},{"uri":7329},"https://www.wto.org/english/tratop_e/envir_e/envt_rules_exceptions_e.htm",[7331],{"data":7332,"marks":7333,"value":7334,"nodeType":1237},{},[],"World Trade Organization",{"data":7336,"marks":7337,"value":7338,"nodeType":1237},{},[]," (WTO) under the same conditions as for the enactment of sales bans. ",{"data":7340,"content":7341,"nodeType":1298},{},[7342],{"data":7343,"marks":7344,"value":7345,"nodeType":1237},{},[],"What are the Effects of Sales Bans? ",{"data":7347,"content":7348,"nodeType":1233},{},[7349,7353,7361],{"data":7350,"marks":7351,"value":7352,"nodeType":1237},{},[],"Sales Bans reduce animal suffering by limiting the offer, and hence production, of cruel products. Sales Bans further encourage jurisdictions to adopt stricter animal welfare rules. In the absence of sales bans, imported animal sourced products can be produced in jurisdictions with lower standards for cheaper costs, which may prompt animal-source producers to outsource production in countries with laxer regulation – ",{"data":7354,"content":7356,"nodeType":1627},{"uri":7355},"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0306919206000807",[7357],{"data":7358,"marks":7359,"value":7360,"nodeType":1237},{},[],"\"low animal-welfare havens\"",{"data":7362,"marks":7363,"value":7364,"nodeType":1237},{},[],". Additionally, such a competition between domestic and non-domestic producers abiding by lower standards may create a chilling effect on the domestic government, as domestic producers attempt to regain competitiveness by pressuring the government to lower local standards. Sales bans would not only prevent such a situation from occurring, it would also provide an incentive for countries that wish to export their products to improve their animal-welfare standards. ",{"data":7366,"content":7367,"nodeType":1233},{},[7368],{"data":7369,"marks":7370,"value":7371,"nodeType":1237},{},[],"Sales bans also improve enforcement, as in the absence of bans on the sale of products, jurisdictions have no incentive to properly enforce animal welfare legislation, as they shy away from putting domestic producers at a disadvantage with imports. Lastly, sale bans also protect consumers from products that do not meet accepted standards due to the suffering inflicted upon animals. ",{"data":7373,"content":7374,"nodeType":1298},{},[7375],{"data":7376,"marks":7377,"value":7378,"nodeType":1237},{},[],"Existing Sales Bans",{"data":7380,"content":7381,"nodeType":1233},{},[7382,7386,7394,7398,7406,7410,7418,7422,7430],{"data":7383,"marks":7384,"value":7385,"nodeType":1237},{},[],"Sales bans have been successfully applied worldwide in the past decades on the basis of public opinions towards animal cruelty and environmental protection. Some examples to that are the EU ban on the trade of products derived from ",{"data":7387,"content":7389,"nodeType":1627},{"uri":7388},"https://ec.europa.eu/environment/biodiversity/animal_welfare/seals/seal_hunting.htm",[7390],{"data":7391,"marks":7392,"value":7393,"nodeType":1237},{},[],"seals",{"data":7395,"marks":7396,"value":7397,"nodeType":1237},{},[],", in addition to products obtained via cruel animal ",{"data":7399,"content":7401,"nodeType":1627},{"uri":7400},"https://ec.europa.eu/environment/biodiversity/animal_welfare/hts/index_en.htm",[7402],{"data":7403,"marks":7404,"value":7405,"nodeType":1237},{},[],"leghold traps",{"data":7407,"marks":7408,"value":7409,"nodeType":1237},{},[],". Similarly, EU law prohibits the imports and sale of ",{"data":7411,"content":7413,"nodeType":1627},{"uri":7412},"https://ec.europa.eu/food/animals/animal-welfare/other-aspects-animal-welfare/cat-and-dog-fur_en",[7414],{"data":7415,"marks":7416,"value":7417,"nodeType":1237},{},[],"cat and dog fur",{"data":7419,"marks":7420,"value":7421,"nodeType":1237},{},[],", as well as ",{"data":7423,"content":7425,"nodeType":1627},{"uri":7424},"https://ec.europa.eu/growth/sectors/cosmetics/ban-animal-testing_en",[7426],{"data":7427,"marks":7428,"value":7429,"nodeType":1237},{},[],"cosmetic products ",{"data":7431,"marks":7432,"value":7433,"nodeType":1237},{},[],"tested on animals. ",{"data":7435,"content":7436,"nodeType":1233},{},[7437],{"data":7438,"marks":7439,"value":7440,"nodeType":1237},{},[],"Regarding farmed animals, non-EU countries must comply with animal welfare standards set forth in EU legislation on the welfare of pig and calves. As a result, any producers of live pigs and live calves exporting to the EU must comply with the EU legislation to be able to sell these live animals. (In practice though, the trade of live calves and live pigs to the EU is virtually non-existent.) ",{"data":7442,"content":7443,"nodeType":1233},{},[7444,7448,7456,7460,7468,7472,7480],{"data":7445,"marks":7446,"value":7447,"nodeType":1237},{},[],"Nine US states, such as California and Massachusetts, have banned the sale and import of ",{"data":7449,"content":7451,"nodeType":1627},{"uri":7450},"https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2018/11/california-is-banning-the-sale-of-eggs-from-caged-hens/",[7452],{"data":7453,"marks":7454,"value":7455,"nodeType":1237},{},[],"eggs from caged hens",{"data":7457,"marks":7458,"value":7459,"nodeType":1237},{},[],", that do not meet the local requirements regarding minimum conditions for keeping hens in their cage-free egg industries. In a ",{"data":7461,"content":7463,"nodeType":1627},{"uri":7462},"https://www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/22pdf/21-468_5if6.pdf",[7464],{"data":7465,"marks":7466,"value":7467,"nodeType":1237},{},[],"2023 Opinion",{"data":7469,"marks":7470,"value":7471,"nodeType":1237},{},[],", the US Supreme Court upheld the California sales bans, thereby confirming their legality with US Constitutional law. California also banned the production, import and sale of ",{"data":7473,"content":7475,"nodeType":1627},{"uri":7474},"https://aldf.org/issue/foie-gras/",[7476],{"data":7477,"marks":7478,"value":7479,"nodeType":1237},{},[],"foie gras",{"data":7481,"marks":7482,"value":7483,"nodeType":1237},{},[],", due to the immense suffering caused to ducks and geese, and a similar ban is applied in New York City. The US has also prohibited the import of certain shrimp-sourced products due to the harm to environment and biodiversity involved in fishing practices, including harm to sea turtles.",{"data":7485,"content":7486,"nodeType":1233},{},[7487],{"data":7488,"marks":7489,"value":27,"nodeType":1237},{},[],{"data":7491,"content":7492,"nodeType":1283},{},[7493],{"data":7494,"marks":7495,"value":1965,"nodeType":1237},{},[],{"data":7497,"content":7498,"nodeType":1233},{},[7499],{"data":7500,"marks":7501,"value":3015,"nodeType":1237},{},[],{"data":7503,"content":7504,"nodeType":1298},{},[7505],{"data":7506,"marks":7507,"value":7508,"nodeType":1237},{},[],"1. Compliance with International Trade Rules ",{"data":7510,"content":7511,"nodeType":1233},{},[7512,7516,7520],{"data":7513,"marks":7514,"value":7515,"nodeType":1237},{},[],"International trade is regulated through a variety of agreements, which are either multilateral (concluded between different countries) or bilateral (concluded between two countries).",{"data":7517,"marks":7518,"value":1984,"nodeType":1237},{},[7519],{"type":1906},{"data":7521,"marks":7522,"value":7523,"nodeType":1237},{},[],"The main multilateral agreements on trade is the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT), which aim to promote international trade by reducing or eliminating trade barriers such as tariffs or quotas. ",{"data":7525,"content":7526,"nodeType":1233},{},[7527],{"data":7528,"marks":7529,"value":7530,"nodeType":1237},{},[],"The GATT is enforced by the World Trade Organization (WTO), an international organization dealing with the global rules of trade. 164 countries are members of the WTO, accounting for 98% of world trade. ",{"data":7532,"content":7533,"nodeType":1233},{},[7534],{"data":7535,"marks":7536,"value":7537,"nodeType":1237},{},[],"The GATT aims to prevent inter-state trade restrictions, to develop markets and to remove trade barriers that have the effect of advantaging domestic producers or certain countries. At the same time, the agreement also provides exemptions to the prohibition on trade restrictions, including on the basis of moral values, as long as these restrictions serve a legitimate objective, and are proportionate to such an objective. The WTO has thus recognised the legality of trade restrictions concerning animal welfare, considering that such restrictions were legitimate and proportionate. ",{"data":7539,"content":7540,"nodeType":1233},{},[7541,7545,7553],{"data":7542,"marks":7543,"value":7544,"nodeType":1237},{},[],"In principle, sales bans and trade restrictions conflict with the GATT and so countries can challenge trade bans before the Dispute Settlement Body of the WTO. However, the GATT allows countries to impose restrictions on trade, as long as these are not being used for underlying purposes, ",{"data":7546,"content":7548,"nodeType":1627},{"uri":7547},"https://www.wto.org/english/thewto_e/minist_e/min01_e/mindecl_e.htm",[7549],{"data":7550,"marks":7551,"value":7552,"nodeType":1237},{},[],"such as arbitrariness or protectionism",{"data":7554,"marks":7555,"value":7556,"nodeType":1237},{},[]," (i.e. when a ban is aimed to strengthen domestic producers in a discriminatory manner). In addition, a series of decisions by the WTO’s Dispute Settlement Body have clarified the rules on trade restrictions on animal products based on animal welfare and environmental considerations, including the protection of wildlife harmed by agribusiness. ",{"data":7558,"content":7559,"nodeType":1233},{},[7560,7564,7572],{"data":7561,"marks":7562,"value":7563,"nodeType":1237},{},[],"Based on the GATT and the decisions handed down by the Dispute Settlement Body, bans may be authorized under Article XX of the ",{"data":7565,"content":7567,"nodeType":1627},{"uri":7566},"https://www.wto.org/english/docs_e/legal_e/gatt47_01_e.htm",[7568],{"data":7569,"marks":7570,"value":7571,"nodeType":1237},{},[],"GATT",{"data":7573,"marks":7574,"value":7575,"nodeType":1237},{},[],", which names 11 exceptions on trade that allow import and sale bans \"subject to the requirement that such measures are not applied in a manner which would constitute a means of arbitrary or unjustifiable discrimination between countries where the same conditions prevail, or a disguised restriction on international trade […].” Among these 11 exceptions are the protection of public morals (XXX(a)); the protection of human, animal or plant life or health (XX(b)); and the conservation of exhaustible natural resources (XX(g)). ",{"data":7577,"content":7578,"nodeType":1233},{},[7579],{"data":7580,"marks":7581,"value":7582,"nodeType":1237},{},[],"To benefit from the exception provided in Article XX of the GATT, a country seeking to benefit must meet the following two conditions: ",{"data":7584,"content":7585,"nodeType":1361},{},[7586,7596,7606],{"data":7587,"content":7588,"nodeType":1365},{},[7589],{"data":7590,"content":7591,"nodeType":1233},{},[7592],{"data":7593,"marks":7594,"value":7595,"nodeType":1237},{},[],"Show that the legislation in question is necessary for the realisation of the objectives of protecting public morals; human, animal, or plant life or health; or the conservation of resources.",{"data":7597,"content":7598,"nodeType":1365},{},[7599],{"data":7600,"content":7601,"nodeType":1233},{},[7602],{"data":7603,"marks":7604,"value":7605,"nodeType":1237},{},[],"Show that the said objective cannot be achieved through measures that are less harmful to trade relations.",{"data":7607,"content":7608,"nodeType":1365},{},[7609],{"data":7610,"content":7611,"nodeType":1233},{},[7612],{"data":7613,"marks":7614,"value":7615,"nodeType":1237},{},[],"Show that the legislation does not constitute a measure whose real purpose, as opposed to its declared one, is to grant a commercial advantage to local businesses. ",{"data":7617,"content":7618,"nodeType":1650},{},[7619],{"data":7620,"marks":7621,"value":7622,"nodeType":1237},{},[],"a. Restrictions necessary to protect public morality ",{"data":7624,"content":7625,"nodeType":1233},{},[7626,7630,7638],{"data":7627,"marks":7628,"value":7629,"nodeType":1237},{},[],"An example of a sales ban taken on the ground of protecting public morals is the EU legislation banning the import and sale of seal products due to the inhumane suffering that such a practice inflicted upon young seals. However, this EU law was first found to be contrary to WTO rules by the WTO’s Dispute Settlement Body, as it only applied to imports, and allowed the sale of traditional seal products originating from Europe. In that sense, the EU law was found to favour EU seal products over non-EU ones. Following the decision by WTO’s Dispute Settlement Body, the EU ",{"data":7631,"content":7633,"nodeType":1627},{"uri":7632},"https://www.consilium.europa.eu/en/press/press-releases/2015/10/01/seal-products/",[7634],{"data":7635,"marks":7636,"value":7637,"nodeType":1237},{},[],"amended",{"data":7639,"marks":7640,"value":7641,"nodeType":1237},{},[]," its regulation to allow the imports and sales of seal products by Inuit or other indigenous minorities. ",{"data":7643,"content":7644,"nodeType":1233},{},[7645],{"data":7646,"marks":7647,"value":7648,"nodeType":1237},{},[],"Another example of a sales bans aimed at protecting morals is the Israeli wildlife protection regulation banning the importation of fur, which was originally limited to cat and dog fur, and only applied to East Asian countries. However, the Ministry of Justice rejected the original bill because the Ministry had found it discriminatory under the GATT, and so the Legislature amended the bill in a way that it would cover all fur products, and all countries. ",{"data":7650,"content":7651,"nodeType":1650},{},[7652],{"data":7653,"marks":7654,"value":7655,"nodeType":1237},{},[],"b. Additional restrictions concerning human and animal health, and wildlife protection ",{"data":7657,"content":7658,"nodeType":1233},{},[7659,7662,7670,7674,7682],{"data":7660,"marks":7661,"value":27,"nodeType":1237},{},[],{"data":7663,"content":7665,"nodeType":1627},{"uri":7664},"https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:31988L0146",[7666],{"data":7667,"marks":7668,"value":7669,"nodeType":1237},{},[],"In 1988",{"data":7671,"marks":7672,"value":7673,"nodeType":1237},{},[],", the European Union (EU) has banned the sale of hormone-treated meat for human health reasons. The US and the EU have since engaged in a long-standing and acrimonious trade dispute over the EU’s decision to ban. Despite an ongoing series of dispute settlement proceedings and decisions by the WTO, there is continued disagreement between the United States and the EU on a range of legal and procedural issues, as well as the scientific evidence and consensus concerning the safety of hormone-treated beef. To date, ",{"data":7675,"content":7677,"nodeType":1627},{"uri":7676},"https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/ALL/?uri=celex%3A32003L0074",[7678],{"data":7679,"marks":7680,"value":7681,"nodeType":1237},{},[],"the EU continues to ban imports of hormone-treated meat",{"data":7683,"marks":7684,"value":7685,"nodeType":1237},{},[]," and restricts most meat exports to the EU to a limited quantity of hormone-free certified beef. ",{"data":7687,"content":7688,"nodeType":1233},{},[7689,7692,7700,7704,7708,7716],{"data":7690,"marks":7691,"value":2497,"nodeType":1237},{},[],{"data":7693,"content":7695,"nodeType":1627},{"uri":7694},"https://calf.law/database/policy/pigs-directive-eu",[7696],{"data":7697,"marks":7698,"value":7699,"nodeType":1237},{},[],"Pigs",{"data":7701,"marks":7702,"value":7703,"nodeType":1237},{},[]," and",{"data":7705,"marks":7706,"value":1984,"nodeType":1237},{},[7707],{"type":1906},{"data":7709,"content":7711,"nodeType":1627},{"uri":7710},"https://calf.law/database/policy/calves-directive-eu",[7712],{"data":7713,"marks":7714,"value":7715,"nodeType":1237},{},[],"Calves Directives",{"data":7717,"marks":7718,"value":7719,"nodeType":1237},{},[]," in the EU also restrict the imports of live piglets and calves, by requiring that importers provide “a certificate issued by the competent authority of that country, certifying that they have received treatment at least equivalent to that granted to animals of Community origin as provided for by this Directive,” likely for animal health reasons. ",{"data":7721,"content":7722,"nodeType":1233},{},[7723,7726,7734,7738,7746],{"data":7724,"marks":7725,"value":27,"nodeType":1237},{},[],{"data":7727,"content":7729,"nodeType":1627},{"uri":7728},"https://www.pig333.com/latest_swine_news/spain-and-france-will-promote-mirror-clauses_17921/",[7730],{"data":7731,"marks":7732,"value":7733,"nodeType":1237},{},[],"Spain and France",{"data":7735,"marks":7736,"value":7737,"nodeType":1237},{},[]," have recently agreed to promote mirror clauses in EU trade agreements with third countries, ensuring that imported agricultural products meet the same environmental, health, animal welfare, or phytosanitary requirements, as well as production standards comparable to the European model. Animal protection NGOs are also in favour of the adoption of making EU animal welfare standards extra-territorial, including as part of the “",{"data":7739,"content":7741,"nodeType":1627},{"uri":7740},"https://www.endthecageage.eu/",[7742],{"data":7743,"marks":7744,"value":7745,"nodeType":1237},{},[],"End the Cage Age",{"data":7747,"marks":7748,"value":7749,"nodeType":1237},{},[],"”, a European Citizens’ Initiative (ECI) which aims to phase out of caged farming in the European Union. ",{"data":7751,"content":7752,"nodeType":1650},{},[7753],{"data":7754,"marks":7755,"value":7756,"nodeType":1237},{},[],"c. Restrictions based on wildlife protection objectives",{"data":7758,"content":7759,"nodeType":1233},{},[7760,7764,7772],{"data":7761,"marks":7762,"value":7763,"nodeType":1237},{},[],"The US law prohibiting the imports and sale of shrimps and shrimp products originating from fishing boats that did not use turtle excluders device. In 1997, India, Malaysia, Pakistan and Thailand brought a joint complaint against the US on the ground that the US sales ban was discriminatory. In this case, the WTO’s Dispute Settlement Body considered that ",{"data":7765,"content":7767,"nodeType":1627},{"uri":7766},"https://www.wto.org/english/tratop_e/dispu_e/cases_e/ds58_e.htm",[7768],{"data":7769,"marks":7770,"value":7771,"nodeType":1237},{},[],"the US had the right",{"data":7773,"marks":7774,"value":7775,"nodeType":1237},{},[]," to restrict trade on shrimps and shrimp products to protect the environment considering that the sales ban applied equally to all countries, and the US law mandated all domestic fishing boats to be equipped with turtle excluder devices. ",{"data":7777,"content":7778,"nodeType":1298},{},[7779],{"data":7780,"marks":7781,"value":7782,"nodeType":1237},{},[],"2. Cultural and Religious Aspects and Exemptions",{"data":7784,"content":7785,"nodeType":1233},{},[7786],{"data":7787,"marks":7788,"value":7789,"nodeType":1237},{},[],"Domestic traditions and religious customs practiced locally may justify to trade restrictions. This was the case for instance with the EU ban on the sale of seal products, which carved an exemption for seal products originating from indigenous Inuit communities to preserve these communities’ traditional seal hunting. Another example is Israel’s ban on the sale of fur products, which provides an exemption to allow religious communities to continue using traditional fur hats (shtreimels).",{"data":7791,"content":7792,"nodeType":1298},{},[7793],{"data":7794,"marks":7795,"value":7796,"nodeType":1237},{},[],"3. Policy Coherence and Enforcement Mechanisms ",{"data":7798,"content":7799,"nodeType":1233},{},[7800,7804],{"data":7801,"marks":7802,"value":7803,"nodeType":1237},{},[],"To prevent the creation of “low animal welfare havens,” sales bans should be included to any new animal welfare legislation so that imported animal-source products comply with domestic standards. Such sales bans should further apply to all jurisdictions and to animal-source products, for more effectiveness and in compliance with WTO rules. Animal welfare legislation should further provide effective enforcement mechanisms, ensuring that exporting countries comply with the said animal welfare requirements. This should include measures such as import certificates, on-the-spot inspections in the exporting country, assessment of the exporting country’s animal welfare regulation, and standards. ",{"data":7805,"marks":7806,"value":7808,"nodeType":1237},{},[7807],{"type":1420},"Authors: Talia Elkayam Swerdlin and Dorin Gold, under the supervision of Prof. Amnon Keren.",{"data":7810,"content":7811,"nodeType":1233},{},[7812],{"data":7813,"marks":7814,"value":27,"nodeType":1237},{},[],{"data":7816,"content":7817,"nodeType":1283},{},[7818],{"data":7819,"marks":7820,"value":2151,"nodeType":1237},{},[],{"data":7822,"content":7823,"nodeType":1298},{},[7824],{"data":7825,"marks":7826,"value":2151,"nodeType":1237},{},[],{"data":7828,"content":7829,"nodeType":1233},{},[7830],{"data":7831,"marks":7832,"value":7833,"nodeType":1237},{},[],"Charlotte Blattner, Protecting Animals Within and Across Borders (2019).",{"data":7835,"content":7836,"nodeType":1233},{},[7837,7841,7849],{"data":7838,"marks":7839,"value":7840,"nodeType":1237},{},[],"Louis Cholden-Brown, ",{"data":7842,"content":7844,"nodeType":1627},{"uri":7843},"https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3304334",[7845],{"data":7846,"marks":7847,"value":7848,"nodeType":1237},{},[],"Missouri and Indiana Lay an Egg: Why the Latest Attempt at Invalidating State Factory Farm Regulations Must Fail",{"data":7850,"marks":7851,"value":7852,"nodeType":1237},{},[],", Chapman Law Review (2019).",{"data":7854,"content":7855,"nodeType":1233},{},[7856],{"data":7857,"marks":7858,"value":7859,"nodeType":1237},{},[],"Kate Cook and David Bowles, Growing Pains: The Developing Relationship of Animal Welfare Standards and the World, Review of European Community & International Environmental Law (2010).",{"data":7861,"content":7862,"nodeType":1233},{},[7863],{"data":7864,"marks":7865,"value":7866,"nodeType":1237},{},[],"Asaf Harduf Hamishpat, Out of Sight, Out of Conscious: Israeli Finance of Foreign Animal Cruelty, The College of Management Academic Studies Law Review) (2016).",{"data":7868,"content":7869,"nodeType":1233},{},[7870],{"data":7871,"marks":7872,"value":7873,"nodeType":1237},{},[],"Robert Howse, Johanna Langille and Katie Sykes, Pluralism in Practice: Moral Legislation and the Law of the WTO after Seal Products, George Washington International Law Review (2005).",{"data":7875,"content":7876,"nodeType":1233},{},[7877],{"data":7878,"marks":7879,"value":7880,"nodeType":1237},{},[],"Iyan Offor, Animals and the Impact of Trade Law and Policy: A Global Animal Law Question, Transnational Environmental Law (2020).",{"data":7882,"content":7883,"nodeType":1233},{},[7884,7888,7896],{"data":7885,"marks":7886,"value":7887,"nodeType":1237},{},[],"Sara Shields, Paul Shapiro, and Andrew Rowan, ",{"data":7889,"content":7891,"nodeType":1627},{"uri":7890},"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28505141/",[7892],{"data":7893,"marks":7894,"value":7895,"nodeType":1237},{},[],"A Decade of Progress toward Ending the Intensive Confinement of Farm Animals in the United States",{"data":7897,"marks":7898,"value":7899,"nodeType":1237},{},[],", Animals (2017).",{"data":7901,"content":7902,"nodeType":1233},{},[7903],{"data":7904,"marks":7905,"value":7906,"nodeType":1237},{},[],"Katie Sykes, Animal Welfare and International Trade Law: The Impact of the WTO Seal Case (2021).",{"data":7908,"content":7909,"nodeType":1233},{},[7910],{"data":7911,"marks":7912,"value":7913,"nodeType":1237},{},[],"Oren Perez, Ecological Sensitivity and Global Legal Pluralism: Rethinking the Trade and Environment Conflict (2004).",{"data":7915,"content":7916,"nodeType":1298},{},[7917],{"data":7918,"marks":7919,"value":2792,"nodeType":1237},{},[],{"data":7921,"content":7922,"nodeType":1233},{},[7923,7927,7935],{"data":7924,"marks":7925,"value":7926,"nodeType":1237},{},[],"The Veblen Institute, “",{"data":7928,"content":7930,"nodeType":1627},{"uri":7929},"https://www.veblen-institute.org/IMG/pdf/report_globalisationv4.pdf",[7931],{"data":7932,"marks":7933,"value":7934,"nodeType":1237},{},[],"Globalisation: How Can We Stop the Import of Food Produced Using Banned Practices in Europe?",{"data":7936,"marks":7937,"value":7938,"nodeType":1237},{},[],"” (2021).",{"metadata":7940,"sys":7943,"fields":7952},{"tags":7941,"concepts":7942},[],[],{"space":7944,"id":7946,"type":87,"createdAt":7947,"updatedAt":7947,"environment":7948,"publishedVersion":22,"revision":23,"contentType":7950,"locale":24},{"sys":7945},{"type":12,"linkType":13,"id":14},"1m0R0aILAh9NyL5qXkoAlq","2026-07-06T11:51:25.004Z",{"sys":7949},{"id":20,"type":12,"linkType":21},{"sys":7951},{"type":12,"linkType":94,"id":95},{"label":7953,"icon":7954,"reference":7955,"displayType":1229},"Subsidies","calf:subsidies",{"metadata":7956,"sys":7959,"fields":7969},{"tags":7957,"concepts":7958},[],[],{"space":7960,"id":7962,"type":87,"createdAt":7963,"updatedAt":7963,"environment":7964,"publishedVersion":7966,"revision":23,"contentType":7967,"locale":24},{"sys":7961},{"type":12,"linkType":13,"id":14},"1xPMxfnWnCyEAwc5sHg1xO","2026-07-06T11:48:04.755Z",{"sys":7965},{"id":20,"type":12,"linkType":21},12,{"sys":7968},{"type":12,"linkType":94,"id":1848},{"title":7953,"slug":7970,"icon":7954,"relatedTopic":7971,"image":7986,"content":8007},"subsidies",{"metadata":7972,"sys":7975,"fields":7984},{"tags":7973,"concepts":7974},[],[],{"space":7976,"id":7978,"type":87,"createdAt":7979,"updatedAt":7979,"environment":7980,"publishedVersion":48,"revision":23,"contentType":7982,"locale":24},{"sys":7977},{"type":12,"linkType":13,"id":14},"4UqMJnpeOwZHxjZR2E4B9E","2026-07-06T11:48:05.623Z",{"sys":7981},{"id":20,"type":12,"linkType":21},{"sys":7983},{"type":12,"linkType":94,"id":1864},{"title":7953,"slug":7970,"excerpt":7985},"A subsidy is a benefit given to an individual, business, or institution by the government. Subsidies can take the form of direct payments, or can be indirect benefits, such as tax breaks or loan guarantee.",{"metadata":7987,"sys":7990,"fields":7997},{"tags":7988,"concepts":7989},[],[],{"space":7991,"id":7993,"type":16,"createdAt":7994,"updatedAt":7994,"environment":7995,"publishedVersion":1805,"revision":23,"locale":24},{"sys":7992},{"type":12,"linkType":13,"id":14},"4kMI6Lx444VvVXaccCOrna","2026-07-06T11:49:54.002Z",{"sys":7996},{"id":20,"type":12,"linkType":21},{"title":7998,"file":7999},"calf subsidies",{"url":8000,"details":8001,"fileName":8006,"contentType":1199},"//images.ctfassets.net/5n7qh8xf3t5v/4kMI6Lx444VvVXaccCOrna/7aa73f091d15d526e5373fd325d2afd1/calf_subsidies.avif",{"size":8002,"image":8003},5473158,{"width":8004,"height":8005},4480,6720,"calf_subsidies.avif",{"data":8008,"content":8009,"nodeType":1134},{},[8010,8016,8023,8053,8060,8075,8082,8089,8096,8136,8154,8173,8179,8185,8192,8199,8206,8213,8231,8257,8264,8281,8288,8295,8302,8309,8315,8321,8327,8346,8365,8372,8379,8397,8415,8422,8448,8454,8473,8499],{"data":8011,"content":8012,"nodeType":1283},{},[8013],{"data":8014,"marks":8015,"value":1287,"nodeType":1237},{},[],{"data":8017,"content":8018,"nodeType":1298},{},[8019],{"data":8020,"marks":8021,"value":8022,"nodeType":1237},{},[],"Legal definition of subsidies ",{"data":8024,"content":8025,"nodeType":1233},{},[8026,8030,8038,8042,8049],{"data":8027,"marks":8028,"value":8029,"nodeType":1237},{},[],"There is no unique single definition of the term “subsidy.” According to the ",{"data":8031,"content":8033,"nodeType":1627},{"uri":8032},"https://www.cbd.int/doc/case-studies/inc/cs-inc-oecd-subsidiesreform2-en.pdf",[8034],{"data":8035,"marks":8036,"value":8037,"nodeType":1237},{},[],"OECD",{"data":8039,"marks":8040,"value":8041,"nodeType":1237},{},[],", a subsidy is a government action that confers an advantage on consumers or producers, to supplement their income or lower their costs. Subsidies allow consumers to purchase goods and services at prices lower than those offered by a perfectly competitive private sector, or raise producers’ incomes beyond those that would be earned without this governmental intervention. The ",{"data":8043,"content":8044,"nodeType":1627},{"uri":7145},[8045],{"data":8046,"marks":8047,"value":8048,"nodeType":1237},{},[],"German Environmental Agency",{"data":8050,"marks":8051,"value":8052,"nodeType":1237},{},[]," defines subsidies as a preferential treatment for enterprises which is provided by the public sector at lower than normal market prices, or even free of charge, thus affecting consumer decision-making. Assistance for private households also constitutes a subsidy if it favours specific consumer habits and thereby indirectly influences economic activity. ",{"data":8054,"content":8055,"nodeType":1298},{},[8056],{"data":8057,"marks":8058,"value":8059,"nodeType":1237},{},[],"Different types subsidies ",{"data":8061,"content":8062,"nodeType":1233},{},[8063,8067,8071],{"data":8064,"marks":8065,"value":8066,"nodeType":1237},{},[],"There are different methods for granting subsidies. For instance, governments often distinguish between on-budget subsidies and off-budget subsidies. “On-budget subsidies” refer to direct transfer of funds",{"data":8068,"marks":8069,"value":1984,"nodeType":1237},{},[8070],{"type":1906},{"data":8072,"marks":8073,"value":8074,"nodeType":1237},{},[],"such as grants; potential direct transfers of funds, such as insurance schemes; and governmental services and provision of goods. “Off budget subsidies” refer to indirect transfer of funds, which produce no direct budgetary impact. They can include activities such as price reductions for required goods or services that can be government-supported; income support; tax exemptions; and market measures such as tariffs and quotas. ",{"data":8076,"content":8077,"nodeType":1298},{},[8078],{"data":8079,"marks":8080,"value":8081,"nodeType":1237},{},[],"Harmful subsidies ",{"data":8083,"content":8084,"nodeType":1233},{},[8085],{"data":8086,"marks":8087,"value":8088,"nodeType":1237},{},[],"Subsidies are harmful if they have adverse impacts on the environment (climate, air, soil, water, and biodiversity), on public health, animal welfare, or any other negative social impacts. The public opinion and governments increasingly criticise government subsidies to industrial activities that cause negative externalities. For instance, at the COP 26, the international community called on phasing out harmful subsidies for fossil fuels, considering that fossil fuel production was harming the climate, and that governments should not encourage such activities by granting them subsidies. ",{"data":8090,"content":8091,"nodeType":1298},{},[8092],{"data":8093,"marks":8094,"value":8095,"nodeType":1237},{},[],"The need to reform agricultural subsidies ",{"data":8097,"content":8098,"nodeType":1233},{},[8099,8103,8110,8114,8120,8124,8132],{"data":8100,"marks":8101,"value":8102,"nodeType":1237},{},[],"Farm animal production industry also benefits from subsidies, despite causing significant negative externalities on the climate, public health, and animal welfare. The livestock industry contribution to global GHG emissions ",{"data":8104,"content":8105,"nodeType":1627},{"uri":6344},[8106],{"data":8107,"marks":8108,"value":8109,"nodeType":1237},{},[],"ranges from 14.5 up to 51%,",{"data":8111,"marks":8112,"value":8113,"nodeType":1237},{},[]," in terms of life cycle analysis. Furthermore, it is estimated that increase GHG emissions from food and agriculture will increased by up to 80% by 2050 due to population growth and dietary changes. Livestock production is also a key factor in ",{"data":8115,"content":8116,"nodeType":1627},{"uri":6356},[8117],{"data":8118,"marks":8119,"value":6361,"nodeType":1237},{},[],{"data":8121,"marks":8122,"value":8123,"nodeType":1237},{},[],". Furthermore, high consumption levels in animal-source food have negative effects on human health. For these reasons, the ",{"data":8125,"content":8127,"nodeType":1627},{"uri":8126},"https://www.ipcc.ch/srccl/",[8128],{"data":8129,"marks":8130,"value":8131,"nodeType":1237},{},[],"IPCC's 2019",{"data":8133,"marks":8134,"value":8135,"nodeType":1237},{},[]," Special Report on Land and Climate Change, presented a shift to more plant-based diets as a major opportunity for reducing GHG emissions and improving health outcomes, as well as an adaptation means to achieve better food security. ",{"data":8137,"content":8138,"nodeType":1233},{},[8139,8143,8150],{"data":8140,"marks":8141,"value":8142,"nodeType":1237},{},[],"When negative externalities are factored in the price of animal-source food products – such as the cost of environmental and human health of animal agriculture and meat consumption, as well as animal welfare implications – the true cost of animal agriculture is much higher than what most consumers currently pay. For instance, a comprehensive ",{"data":8144,"content":8145,"nodeType":1627},{"uri":6466},[8146],{"data":8147,"marks":8148,"value":8149,"nodeType":1237},{},[],"2018 study",{"data":8151,"marks":8152,"value":8153,"nodeType":1237},{},[]," found that if healthcare costs were included in the price of meat, the price of processed meat would increase by 25% on average (and by over 100% in high-income countries). Similarly, the price of red meat would increase by 4% on average (up to 25% in high-income countries). ",{"data":8155,"content":8156,"nodeType":1233},{},[8157,8161,8169],{"data":8158,"marks":8159,"value":8160,"nodeType":1237},{},[],"However, not only do the prices of animal-source products not include the costs of externalities they cause, government also subsidise the production of animal-source products. Governments usually grant indirect subsidies to animal agricultural producers, under the form of incentives to engage in good agricultural practices, or by subsidizing the investment in farm infrastructure, as it is the case in the EU. Furthermore, governments assist private households in ways that favour consumption of animal-source foods. After sugar and rice, animal products are the third most subsidized food groups in OECD countries, and ",{"data":8162,"content":8164,"nodeType":1627},{"uri":8163},"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S004896972030718X",[8165],{"data":8166,"marks":8167,"value":8168,"nodeType":1237},{},[],"studies indicate",{"data":8170,"marks":8171,"value":8172,"nodeType":1237},{},[]," that subsidies for GHG emissions-intensive agricultural products like meat have risen since the early 1990s. As a result of these subsidies, the prices of animal-source food are artificially low, and have the effect of distorting consumer demand, as low prices incentivise consumers to buy of these products. ",{"data":8174,"content":8175,"nodeType":1233},{},[8176],{"data":8177,"marks":8178,"value":27,"nodeType":1237},{},[],{"data":8180,"content":8181,"nodeType":1283},{},[8182],{"data":8183,"marks":8184,"value":1965,"nodeType":1237},{},[],{"data":8186,"content":8187,"nodeType":1298},{},[8188],{"data":8189,"marks":8190,"value":8191,"nodeType":1237},{},[],"1. Phasing Out Harmful Subsidies ",{"data":8193,"content":8194,"nodeType":1233},{},[8195],{"data":8196,"marks":8197,"value":8198,"nodeType":1237},{},[],"Governments should end the allocation of subsidies in support of industrial farm animal production, which disproportionately harm climate, biodiversity, and entail significant animal suffering. Similarly, governments could redirecting subsidies away from animal feed production towards producing nutritious, sustainable crops (such as fruits, vegetables, whole grains and legumes) for direct human consumption. ",{"data":8200,"content":8201,"nodeType":1233},{},[8202],{"data":8203,"marks":8204,"value":8205,"nodeType":1237},{},[],"So far, however, no government has specifically excluded industrial farm animal production systems, or crops used for animal feed purposes from receiving agricultural subsidies. ",{"data":8207,"content":8208,"nodeType":1298},{},[8209],{"data":8210,"marks":8211,"value":8212,"nodeType":1237},{},[],"2. Subsidies as an Incentive to Engage in Best Practices ",{"data":8214,"content":8215,"nodeType":1233},{},[8216,8220,8227],{"data":8217,"marks":8218,"value":8219,"nodeType":1237},{},[],"Government should afford subsidies to producers who engage in good social, environmental, and animal welfare practices. For instance, the ",{"data":8221,"content":8222,"nodeType":1627},{"uri":6016},[8223],{"data":8224,"marks":8225,"value":8226,"nodeType":1237},{},[],"EU’s Common Agricultural Policy",{"data":8228,"marks":8229,"value":8230,"nodeType":1237},{},[]," provides payments to farmers who abide by animal welfare standards above legal minimum, or engage in organic farming. ",{"data":8232,"content":8233,"nodeType":1233},{},[8234,8238,8243,8247,8254],{"data":8235,"marks":8236,"value":8237,"nodeType":1237},{},[],"Furthermore, governments should enact measures that support humane and healthy consumption habits. Such measures could include the ",{"data":8239,"marks":8240,"value":8242,"nodeType":1237},{},[8241],{"type":1906},"reduction in VAT on plant-based products",{"data":8244,"marks":8245,"value":8246,"nodeType":1237},{},[],", as ",{"data":8248,"content":8249,"nodeType":1627},{"uri":6654},[8250],{"data":8251,"marks":8252,"value":8253,"nodeType":1237},{},[],"implemented in Spain",{"data":8255,"marks":8256,"value":2627,"nodeType":1237},{},[],{"data":8258,"content":8259,"nodeType":1298},{},[8260],{"data":8261,"marks":8262,"value":8263,"nodeType":1237},{},[],"3. Subsidies as an Enforcement Tool ",{"data":8265,"content":8266,"nodeType":1233},{},[8267,8271,8277],{"data":8268,"marks":8269,"value":8270,"nodeType":1237},{},[],"In situations where governments still grant subsidies to animal agricultural producers, these subsidies should be used a tool to improve the enforcement of animal welfare legislation. For example, the ",{"data":8272,"content":8273,"nodeType":1627},{"uri":6849},[8274],{"data":8275,"marks":8276,"value":8226,"nodeType":1237},{},[],{"data":8278,"marks":8279,"value":8280,"nodeType":1237},{},[],", by way of its “conditionality” rules, provides that farmers who are found to be in breach of the legislation on farm animal welfare should receive a reduced amount in the subsidies they receive. ",{"data":8282,"content":8283,"nodeType":1298},{},[8284],{"data":8285,"marks":8286,"value":8287,"nodeType":1237},{},[],"4. Subsidies to Support the Research and Development of Alternative Proteins ",{"data":8289,"content":8290,"nodeType":1233},{},[8291],{"data":8292,"marks":8293,"value":8294,"nodeType":1237},{},[],"Governments should also support the development of humane foods by way of subsidizing research and food companies working to develop alternative proteins. For instance, In 2019, the state of Maharashtra in India, funded the Centre of Excellence in Cellular Agriculture. This centre is the world’s first government research center for developing cultivated meat. Denmark also invested 177 million dollars in plant-based proteins in 2021, to be distributed over nine years. ",{"data":8296,"content":8297,"nodeType":1298},{},[8298],{"data":8299,"marks":8300,"value":8301,"nodeType":1237},{},[],"5. Policy Coherence ",{"data":8303,"content":8304,"nodeType":1233},{},[8305],{"data":8306,"marks":8307,"value":8308,"nodeType":1237},{},[],"Agricultural policies should further be consistent with other policies, such as public health policy, by ensuring that agricultural policies remain consistent with the national nutritional guidelines, or environmental policy, by ensuring that subsidies are granted based on the environmental footprint of the agricultural products and their impacts on biodiversity. ",{"data":8310,"content":8311,"nodeType":1233},{},[8312],{"data":8313,"marks":8314,"value":27,"nodeType":1237},{},[],{"data":8316,"content":8317,"nodeType":1283},{},[8318],{"data":8319,"marks":8320,"value":2151,"nodeType":1237},{},[],{"data":8322,"content":8323,"nodeType":1298},{},[8324],{"data":8325,"marks":8326,"value":2151,"nodeType":1237},{},[],{"data":8328,"content":8329,"nodeType":1233},{},[8330,8334,8342],{"data":8331,"marks":8332,"value":8333,"nodeType":1237},{},[],"Alice Di Concetto, “",{"data":8335,"content":8337,"nodeType":1627},{"uri":8336},"https://animallaweurope.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/01/Animal-Law-Europe-Research-Note-3.pdf",[8338],{"data":8339,"marks":8340,"value":8341,"nodeType":1237},{},[],"Animals in the EU Agricultural Policy",{"data":8343,"marks":8344,"value":8345,"nodeType":1237},{},[],",” The European Institute for Animal Law & Policy (2019). ",{"data":8347,"content":8348,"nodeType":1233},{},[8349,8353,8361],{"data":8350,"marks":8351,"value":8352,"nodeType":1237},{},[],"German Environment Agency, “",{"data":8354,"content":8356,"nodeType":1627},{"uri":8355},"https://www.umweltbundesamt.de/publikationen/environmentally-harmful-subsidies-in-germany-2014",[8357],{"data":8358,"marks":8359,"value":8360,"nodeType":1237},{},[],"Technical Brochure: Environmentally Harmful Subsidies In Germany",{"data":8362,"marks":8363,"value":8364,"nodeType":1237},{},[],"” (2014). ",{"data":8366,"content":8367,"nodeType":1233},{},[8368],{"data":8369,"marks":8370,"value":8371,"nodeType":1237},{},[],"Institute for European Environmental Policy, “Reforming Environmentally Harmful Subsidies” ",{"data":8373,"content":8374,"nodeType":1233},{},[8375],{"data":8376,"marks":8377,"value":8378,"nodeType":1237},{},[],"A Report to the European Commission’s DG Environment (2007). ",{"data":8380,"content":8381,"nodeType":1233},{},[8382,8386,8393],{"data":8383,"marks":8384,"value":8385,"nodeType":1237},{},[],"Niki A. Rust et al., ",{"data":8387,"content":8388,"nodeType":1627},{"uri":8163},[8389],{"data":8390,"marks":8391,"value":8392,"nodeType":1237},{},[],"How to Transition to Reduced-Meat Diets That Benefit People and the Planet",{"data":8394,"marks":8395,"value":8396,"nodeType":1237},{},[],", Science of the Total Environment (2020). ",{"data":8398,"content":8399,"nodeType":1233},{},[8400,8404,8412],{"data":8401,"marks":8402,"value":8403,"nodeType":1237},{},[],"The Good Food Institute, ",{"data":8405,"content":8407,"nodeType":1627},{"uri":8406},"https://gfi.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/10/POL22005_State-of-Global-Policy-Report.pdf",[8408],{"data":8409,"marks":8410,"value":8411,"nodeType":1237},{},[],"2021 State of Global Policy Report With Highlights from the First Half of 2022",{"data":8413,"marks":8414,"value":2811,"nodeType":1237},{},[],{"data":8416,"content":8417,"nodeType":1233},{},[8418],{"data":8419,"marks":8420,"value":8421,"nodeType":1237},{},[],"Gerd Schwartz and Benedict Clements, Government Subsidies, Journal of Economic Survey (1998). ",{"data":8423,"content":8424,"nodeType":1233},{},[8425,8429,8433,8437,8444],{"data":8426,"marks":8427,"value":8428,"nodeType":1237},{},[],"Marco Springmann et",{"data":8430,"marks":8431,"value":1984,"nodeType":1237},{},[8432],{"type":1420},{"data":8434,"marks":8435,"value":8436,"nodeType":1237},{},[],"al., ",{"data":8438,"content":8439,"nodeType":1627},{"uri":6466},[8440],{"data":8441,"marks":8442,"value":8443,"nodeType":1237},{},[],"Health-Motivated on Red and Processed Meat: A Modelling Study on Optimal Tax Levels and Associated Health Impacts",{"data":8445,"marks":8446,"value":8447,"nodeType":1237},{},[],", Plos One (2018). ",{"data":8449,"content":8450,"nodeType":1298},{},[8451],{"data":8452,"marks":8453,"value":2792,"nodeType":1237},{},[],{"data":8455,"content":8456,"nodeType":1233},{},[8457,8461,8469],{"data":8458,"marks":8459,"value":8460,"nodeType":1237},{},[],"Dwayne Holmes, David Humbird, Jan Dutkiewicz, Yadira Tejeda-Saldana, Breanna Duffy, and Isha Datar, “",{"data":8462,"content":8464,"nodeType":1627},{"uri":8463},"https://www.nature.com/articles/s43016-022-00586-9%22%20/l%20%22article-info%22%20/t%20%22_blank",[8465],{"data":8466,"marks":8467,"value":8468,"nodeType":1237},{},[],"Cultured Meat Needs a Race to Mission, Not a Race to Market.",{"data":8470,"marks":8471,"value":8472,"nodeType":1237},{},[],"” Nature Food (2022). ",{"data":8474,"content":8475,"nodeType":1233},{},[8476,8480,8488,8492,8496],{"data":8477,"marks":8478,"value":8479,"nodeType":1237},{},[],"Raychel Santo, et al., “",{"data":8481,"content":8483,"nodeType":1627},{"uri":8482},"https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fsufs.2020.00134/abstract",[8484],{"data":8485,"marks":8486,"value":8487,"nodeType":1237},{},[],"Considering Plant-Based Meat Substitutes and Cell-Based Meats: A Public Health and Food System Perspective.",{"data":8489,"marks":8490,"value":8491,"nodeType":1237},{},[],"” Frontiers in Sustainable Food Systems (2020)",{"data":8493,"marks":8494,"value":1636,"nodeType":1237},{},[8495],{"type":1420},{"data":8497,"marks":8498,"value":1984,"nodeType":1237},{},[],{"data":8500,"content":8501,"nodeType":1233},{},[8502],{"data":8503,"marks":8504,"value":27,"nodeType":1237},{},[],{"metadata":8506,"sys":8509,"fields":8518},{"tags":8507,"concepts":8508},[],[],{"space":8510,"id":8512,"type":87,"createdAt":8513,"updatedAt":8513,"environment":8514,"publishedVersion":69,"revision":23,"contentType":8516,"locale":24},{"sys":8511},{"type":12,"linkType":13,"id":14},"2xGkdm8Dndp3nLhFXWBqm4","2026-07-06T11:51:24.977Z",{"sys":8515},{"id":20,"type":12,"linkType":21},{"sys":8517},{"type":12,"linkType":94,"id":95},{"label":8519,"icon":8520,"reference":8521,"displayType":1229},"Wild-Caught Fishing","calf:wild-caught-fishing",{"metadata":8522,"sys":8525,"fields":8534},{"tags":8523,"concepts":8524},[],[],{"space":8526,"id":8528,"type":87,"createdAt":8529,"updatedAt":8529,"environment":8530,"publishedVersion":2237,"revision":23,"contentType":8532,"locale":24},{"sys":8527},{"type":12,"linkType":13,"id":14},"7KlQZb8cP2frPnHCcvZVA0","2026-07-06T11:48:04.782Z",{"sys":8531},{"id":20,"type":12,"linkType":21},{"sys":8533},{"type":12,"linkType":94,"id":1848},{"title":8519,"slug":8535,"icon":8520,"relatedTopic":8536,"image":8552,"content":8573},"wild-caught-fishing",{"metadata":8537,"sys":8540,"fields":8549},{"tags":8538,"concepts":8539},[],[],{"space":8541,"id":8543,"type":87,"createdAt":8544,"updatedAt":8544,"environment":8545,"publishedVersion":48,"revision":23,"contentType":8547,"locale":24},{"sys":8542},{"type":12,"linkType":13,"id":14},"4TyoQW6O0zob7gJ8K0O5J4","2026-07-06T11:48:05.596Z",{"sys":8546},{"id":20,"type":12,"linkType":21},{"sys":8548},{"type":12,"linkType":94,"id":1864},{"title":8550,"slug":8535,"excerpt":8551},"Wild-caught fishing","Legislation and policies that manage the fishing of aquatic animals. Wild-caught fishing or Fishery laws usually pursue the goal of ensuring that “fish resources” are sustainable by limiting overfishing and by-catch.",{"metadata":8553,"sys":8556,"fields":8563},{"tags":8554,"concepts":8555},[],[],{"space":8557,"id":8559,"type":16,"createdAt":8560,"updatedAt":8560,"environment":8561,"publishedVersion":1805,"revision":23,"locale":24},{"sys":8558},{"type":12,"linkType":13,"id":14},"7jkFXjr5CgNQCB2uz3URm6","2026-07-06T11:48:34.827Z",{"sys":8562},{"id":20,"type":12,"linkType":21},{"title":8564,"file":8565},"calf wild-caught-fishing",{"url":8566,"details":8567,"fileName":8572,"contentType":1199},"//images.ctfassets.net/5n7qh8xf3t5v/7jkFXjr5CgNQCB2uz3URm6/e886f339d3610b6f3d4bb13402f93bb0/calf_wild-caught-fishing.avif",{"size":8568,"image":8569},162267,{"width":8570,"height":8571},4125,2740,"calf_wild-caught-fishing.avif",{"data":8574,"content":8575,"nodeType":1134},{},[8576,8582,8612,8643,8650,8657,8664,8817,8823,8830,8849,8856,8863,8870,8889,8896,8903,8910,8916,8922,8929,8936,8943,8974,8981,9010,9017,9042,9048,9055,9062,9069,9088,9095,9102,9121,9169,9176,9183,9210,9229,9235,9242,9261,9292,9310,9316,9322,9329,9336,9343,9350,9357,9364,9382,9389,9395,9402,9409,9416,9423,9430,9448,9456,9464],{"data":8577,"content":8578,"nodeType":1283},{},[8579],{"data":8580,"marks":8581,"value":1287,"nodeType":1237},{},[],{"data":8583,"content":8584,"nodeType":1233},{},[8585,8589,8597,8601,8608],{"data":8586,"marks":8587,"value":8588,"nodeType":1237},{},[],"Just ",{"data":8590,"content":8592,"nodeType":1627},{"uri":8591},"https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/capture-fisheries-vs-aquaculture?country=~OWID_WRL",[8593],{"data":8594,"marks":8595,"value":8596,"nodeType":1237},{},[],"under 50%",{"data":8598,"marks":8599,"value":8600,"nodeType":1237},{},[]," of aquatic animals killed for food are wild-caught, while the rest are farmed (",{"data":8602,"content":8604,"nodeType":1627},{"uri":8603},"https://calf.law/factsheets/aquaculture",[8605],{"data":8606,"marks":8607,"value":4420,"nodeType":1237},{},[],{"data":8609,"marks":8610,"value":8611,"nodeType":1237},{},[],"). The list of aquatic animals targeted in wild-caught fishing is very broad and includes finfish, crustaceans, mollusks, pinnipeds, cephalopods, and cetaceans. The term “fishing” is used when discussing all of these animals.",{"data":8613,"content":8614,"nodeType":1233},{},[8615,8619,8627,8631,8639],{"data":8616,"marks":8617,"value":8618,"nodeType":1237},{},[],"Even though it is impossible to calculate exactly how many animals are caught each year, it is estimated that globally, between 2007 and 2016, ",{"data":8620,"content":8622,"nodeType":1627},{"uri":8621},"http://fishcount.org.uk/fish-count-estimates-2/numbers-of-fish-caught-from-the-wild-each-year",[8623],{"data":8624,"marks":8625,"value":8626,"nodeType":1237},{},[],"0.79 to 2.3 trillion",{"data":8628,"marks":8629,"value":8630,"nodeType":1237},{},[]," fish were caught and killed annually. Global total marine catches reached ",{"data":8632,"content":8634,"nodeType":1627},{"uri":8633},"https://www.fao.org/3/ca9229en/ca9229en.pdf",[8635],{"data":8636,"marks":8637,"value":8638,"nodeType":1237},{},[],"84.4 million tons",{"data":8640,"marks":8641,"value":8642,"nodeType":1237},{},[]," in 2018. No other global sector removes a comparable volume of wild animals from any natural habitat on earth. This estimate does not include sport fishing, illegal, unreported, and unregulated captures, or animals killed by lost and discarded fishing gear, caught for use as feed, or who died after escaping from fishing gear. It also does not include animals who die as a result of pollution, ship strikes, lack of food, or other reasons. Because of the sheer staggering number of wild animals caught, their suffering is a major animal welfare concern, and their loss is an environmental disaster.",{"data":8644,"content":8645,"nodeType":1298},{},[8646],{"data":8647,"marks":8648,"value":8649,"nodeType":1237},{},[],"Overfishing",{"data":8651,"content":8652,"nodeType":1233},{},[8653],{"data":8654,"marks":8655,"value":8656,"nodeType":1237},{},[],"Aquatic animals are overfished when those remaining cannot reproduce quickly enough to sustain necessary numbers for survival. This, in turn, compromises the balance of the surrounding ecosystem. Overfishing is often associated with commercial wild-caught fishing companies that take massive amounts of fish and other aquatic animals.",{"data":8658,"content":8659,"nodeType":1233},{},[8660],{"data":8661,"marks":8662,"value":8663,"nodeType":1237},{},[],"The main commercial capture methods are:",{"data":8665,"content":8666,"nodeType":1361},{},[8667,8682,8697,8712,8727,8742,8757,8772,8787,8802],{"data":8668,"content":8669,"nodeType":1365},{},[8670],{"data":8671,"content":8672,"nodeType":1233},{},[8673,8678],{"data":8674,"marks":8675,"value":8677,"nodeType":1237},{},[8676],{"type":1906},"Purse Seine ",{"data":8679,"marks":8680,"value":8681,"nodeType":1237},{},[],"– A long wall of netting framed with a float line and lead line with purse rings hanging from the lower edge, through which runs a wire or rope purse line which allows pursing of the net.",{"data":8683,"content":8684,"nodeType":1365},{},[8685],{"data":8686,"content":8687,"nodeType":1233},{},[8688,8693],{"data":8689,"marks":8690,"value":8692,"nodeType":1237},{},[8691],{"type":1906},"Bottom, Pelagic (Midwater), and Skimmer Trawls ",{"data":8694,"marks":8695,"value":8696,"nodeType":1237},{},[],"– Floats are attached to the top of the trawl opening, while weights and special gear are connected to the footrope, bottom of the trawl opening, to keep the net open as it moves through the water across the ocean floor, midwater, or top of water.",{"data":8698,"content":8699,"nodeType":1365},{},[8700],{"data":8701,"content":8702,"nodeType":1233},{},[8703,8708],{"data":8704,"marks":8705,"value":8707,"nodeType":1237},{},[8706],{"type":1906},"Gillnet ",{"data":8709,"marks":8710,"value":8711,"nodeType":1237},{},[],"– Wall or curtain of netting that hangs in the water, which is practically invisible to fish. Mesh sizes allow fish to get only their head through the netting but not their body and the fish's gills get caught in the mesh as the fish tries to back out of the net. As the fish struggles to free itself, it becomes more and more entangled.",{"data":8713,"content":8714,"nodeType":1365},{},[8715],{"data":8716,"content":8717,"nodeType":1233},{},[8718,8723],{"data":8719,"marks":8720,"value":8722,"nodeType":1237},{},[8721],{"type":1906},"Pound Net ",{"data":8724,"marks":8725,"value":8726,"nodeType":1237},{},[],"– Fence leader that interrupts the movements of target species and a heart that funnels fish into the trap (pound) via a mesh tunnel. The netting usually reaches above the waterline with the pound open at the surface.",{"data":8728,"content":8729,"nodeType":1365},{},[8730],{"data":8731,"content":8732,"nodeType":1233},{},[8733,8738],{"data":8734,"marks":8735,"value":8737,"nodeType":1237},{},[8736],{"type":1906},"Traps and Pots ",{"data":8739,"marks":8740,"value":8741,"nodeType":1237},{},[],"– Stationary and typically made from wood, wire netting, or plastic, are used to catch crustaceans. All feature a cone-shaped entrance tunnel through which a crab or lobster is enticed with bait but cannot escape.",{"data":8743,"content":8744,"nodeType":1365},{},[8745],{"data":8746,"content":8747,"nodeType":1233},{},[8748,8753],{"data":8749,"marks":8750,"value":8752,"nodeType":1237},{},[8751],{"type":1906},"Pelagic (Midwater) Longlines ",{"data":8754,"marks":8755,"value":8756,"nodeType":1237},{},[],"– A long line behind a boat that baited hooks are attached to with nets at intervals to attract the target species. The average U.S. longline set is 28 miles long.",{"data":8758,"content":8759,"nodeType":1365},{},[8760],{"data":8761,"content":8762,"nodeType":1233},{},[8763,8768],{"data":8764,"marks":8765,"value":8767,"nodeType":1237},{},[8766],{"type":1906},"Demersal (Bottom) Longlines ",{"data":8769,"marks":8770,"value":8771,"nodeType":1237},{},[],"- Consists of a mainline weighted to the seafloor with buoy lines marked by flags on either end, called highflyers. Leaders with baited hooks, are attached to the mainline and a longline set which can have up to a thousand baited hooks.",{"data":8773,"content":8774,"nodeType":1365},{},[8775],{"data":8776,"content":8777,"nodeType":1233},{},[8778,8783],{"data":8779,"marks":8780,"value":8782,"nodeType":1237},{},[8781],{"type":1906},"Pole and Line Fishing ",{"data":8784,"marks":8785,"value":8786,"nodeType":1237},{},[],"– Used to catch one fish at a time. Water is sprayed with baitfish, creating the illusion of an active school of prey fish. Fishers line up along the back of the vessel, each with a hand-held pole with a short line and hook. ",{"data":8788,"content":8789,"nodeType":1365},{},[8790],{"data":8791,"content":8792,"nodeType":1233},{},[8793,8798],{"data":8794,"marks":8795,"value":8797,"nodeType":1237},{},[8796],{"type":1906},"Dredging ",{"data":8799,"marks":8800,"value":8801,"nodeType":1237},{},[],"– A metal rake is dragged across the seafloor, scrapping or penetrating the bottom to collect target species.",{"data":8803,"content":8804,"nodeType":1365},{},[8805],{"data":8806,"content":8807,"nodeType":1233},{},[8808,8813],{"data":8809,"marks":8810,"value":8812,"nodeType":1237},{},[8811],{"type":1906},"Fish Aggregating Devices (FADs)",{"data":8814,"marks":8815,"value":8816,"nodeType":1237},{},[]," – Floating objects that are designed and placed to attract pelagic fish.",{"data":8818,"content":8819,"nodeType":1233},{},[8820],{"data":8821,"marks":8822,"value":27,"nodeType":1237},{},[],{"data":8824,"content":8825,"nodeType":1298},{},[8826],{"data":8827,"marks":8828,"value":8829,"nodeType":1237},{},[],"Bycatch",{"data":8831,"content":8832,"nodeType":1233},{},[8833,8837,8845],{"data":8834,"marks":8835,"value":8836,"nodeType":1237},{},[],"Fishing boats can also affect other species than those they seek to fish. This phenomenon is referred to as “bycatch,” which is the incidental capture of non-target species, including non-target fish, seabirds, marine mammals, and sea turtles – usually thrown back into the sea dead or dying. Bycatch is a concern with almost all fishing methods. Every year, approximately ",{"data":8838,"content":8840,"nodeType":1627},{"uri":8839},"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-020-71021-x",[8841],{"data":8842,"marks":8843,"value":8844,"nodeType":1237},{},[],"9.1 million tons",{"data":8846,"marks":8847,"value":8848,"nodeType":1237},{},[],"—or 10.8% of the global catch—is bycatch and discarded. That figure only applies to the legal and reported global catch. Numbers are not available for the amount of bycatch resulting from illegal, unreported, and unregulated operations.",{"data":8850,"content":8851,"nodeType":1298},{},[8852],{"data":8853,"marks":8854,"value":8855,"nodeType":1237},{},[],"Ghost gear",{"data":8857,"content":8858,"nodeType":1233},{},[8859],{"data":8860,"marks":8861,"value":8862,"nodeType":1237},{},[],"The detrimental animal and environmental effects of fishing persist long after fishing boats leave, as fishing boats often leave behind the equipment they use to capture the animals. Ghost gear refers to any fishing gear that has been abandoned, lost, or otherwise discarded. Countless aquatic species are killed annually by ghost gear. Fish, crabs, and lobsters often get caught in lost traps. Sea turtles, marine mammals, and seabirds get entangled in, or ingest, plastic fishing lines, causing them to starve or drown.",{"data":8864,"content":8865,"nodeType":1298},{},[8866],{"data":8867,"marks":8868,"value":8869,"nodeType":1237},{},[],"Aquaculture’s Impact on Wild-Caught Fishing ",{"data":8871,"content":8872,"nodeType":1233},{},[8873,8877,8885],{"data":8874,"marks":8875,"value":8876,"nodeType":1237},{},[],"Aquaculture also raises welfare issues for wild-caught fish. The use of wild fish to feed farmed species places direct pressure on wild populations and wild-caught fishing resources. Every year, hundreds of billions of fish—",{"data":8878,"content":8880,"nodeType":1627},{"uri":8879},"https://www.mmc.gov/priority-topics/fisheries-interactions-with-marine-mammals/marine-mammal-bycatch/",[8881],{"data":8882,"marks":8883,"value":8884,"nodeType":1237},{},[],"almost one-fifth",{"data":8886,"marks":8887,"value":8888,"nodeType":1237},{},[]," of the world’s annual wild catch—are dried, pressed, and ground into fish meal and fish oil (FMFO). FMFO is used especially for carnivorous fish, such as salmon and octopus.",{"data":8890,"content":8891,"nodeType":1233},{},[8892],{"data":8893,"marks":8894,"value":8895,"nodeType":1237},{},[],"Additionally, high stocking densities in aquaculture are conducive to disease outbreaks, which can spread to wild fish. In cage aquaculture, there is a constant interface between the captive fish and the outside waters, meaning that pathogens, including lice and other pests, can travel between captive and wild populations relatively unencumbered.",{"data":8897,"content":8898,"nodeType":1233},{},[8899],{"data":8900,"marks":8901,"value":8902,"nodeType":1237},{},[],"Another risk posed by aquaculture to wild fish is fish stocking, which is the practice of raising fish in hatcheries and releasing them into rivers, lakes, or the ocean. Fish stocking can cause loss of genetic diversity, transmission and introduction of infectious diseases and pathogens, the release of chemicals that are used in aquaculture facilities, and non-endemic stocked fish may out-compete, displace, or prey on native endemic species altering food web and community structure.",{"data":8904,"content":8905,"nodeType":1233},{},[8906],{"data":8907,"marks":8908,"value":8909,"nodeType":1237},{},[],"Aquaculture also affects the environment of wild fish. In open water aquaculture systems, the excess fish feed introduces extra nitrogen and phosphorous directly into the water, and in closed-off inland systems tend to dump effluent directly into natural waterways. Eutrophication of excessive nutrients creates dense algal blooms that reduce water clarity and harm water quality. Algal blooms lead to killing wild fish, seagrass, and habitats.",{"data":8911,"content":8912,"nodeType":1233},{},[8913],{"data":8914,"marks":8915,"value":27,"nodeType":1237},{},[],{"data":8917,"content":8918,"nodeType":1283},{},[8919],{"data":8920,"marks":8921,"value":1965,"nodeType":1237},{},[],{"data":8923,"content":8924,"nodeType":1233},{},[8925],{"data":8926,"marks":8927,"value":8928,"nodeType":1237},{},[],"When evaluating, drafting or comparing laws and policies related to the use of antimicrobials, local context, political feasibility and the regulatory environment all influence what one considers “Better Practice.” With that caveat in mind, the following considerations indicate better and worse practices for laws and policies seeking to regulate the fishing industry.",{"data":8930,"content":8931,"nodeType":1298},{},[8932],{"data":8933,"marks":8934,"value":8935,"nodeType":1237},{},[],"1. Recognition of the Sentience of Wild Aquatic Animals",{"data":8937,"content":8938,"nodeType":1233},{},[8939],{"data":8940,"marks":8941,"value":8942,"nodeType":1237},{},[],"Studies conclude that the perception and cognitive abilities of fish often match or exceed that of other vertebrate animals. A scientific consensus concludes that fish experience pain in a manner similar to other vertebrates.",{"data":8944,"content":8945,"nodeType":1233},{},[8946,8950,8958,8962,8970],{"data":8947,"marks":8948,"value":8949,"nodeType":1237},{},[],"A positive example of a law recognizing the sentience of animals, including aquatic animals, is ",{"data":8951,"content":8953,"nodeType":1627},{"uri":8952},"https://calf.law/database/policy/lisbon-treaty-eu",[8954],{"data":8955,"marks":8956,"value":8957,"nodeType":1237},{},[],"Article 13 of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union",{"data":8959,"marks":8960,"value":8961,"nodeType":1237},{},[],", which recognizes all animals as sentient beings, and requires the EU and Member States to take into account their welfare, including in fisheries policies. The ",{"data":8963,"content":8965,"nodeType":1627},{"uri":8964},"https://calf.law/database/policy/animal-sentience-bill-united-kingdom",[8966],{"data":8967,"marks":8968,"value":8969,"nodeType":1237},{},[],"UK Animal Welfare (Sentience) Bill",{"data":8971,"marks":8972,"value":8973,"nodeType":1237},{},[]," is legislation proposed by the Government of the United Kingdom, that among other things will also recognize animal sentience and will include fish, cephalopod molluscs, and decapod crustaceans in recognition of their sentience and ability to feel pain.",{"data":8975,"content":8976,"nodeType":1298},{},[8977],{"data":8978,"marks":8979,"value":8980,"nodeType":1237},{},[],"2. Animal Welfare Standards",{"data":8982,"content":8983,"nodeType":1233},{},[8984,8988,8995,8999,9006],{"data":8985,"marks":8986,"value":8987,"nodeType":1237},{},[],"Fish are excluded from any protections offered to terrestrial animals slaughtered for human consumption. The catching and slaughtering of wild caught fish in particular, is largely under-regulated. Fish and other aquatic animals are excluded from most laws that protect animals: many criminal state anti-cruelty laws, slaughter laws, transportation laws, and research and captive animal laws. The ",{"data":8989,"content":8990,"nodeType":1627},{"uri":4710},[8991],{"data":8992,"marks":8993,"value":8994,"nodeType":1237},{},[],"US Humane Methods of Slaughter Act",{"data":8996,"marks":8997,"value":8998,"nodeType":1237},{},[]," requires that some animals be rendered insensible to pain before being slaughtered. The Act applies to farmed land animals (but not birds) and does not apply to fish. The ",{"data":9000,"content":9001,"nodeType":1627},{"uri":4722},[9002],{"data":9003,"marks":9004,"value":9005,"nodeType":1237},{},[],"EU Slaughter Regulation 1099/2009",{"data":9007,"marks":9008,"value":9009,"nodeType":1237},{},[]," includes fish in its scope but excludes them from virtually all the provisions in the act.",{"data":9011,"content":9012,"nodeType":1233},{},[9013],{"data":9014,"marks":9015,"value":9016,"nodeType":1237},{},[],"As a result, most wild-caught fish are left to suffocate in the air as they try to escape while their gills collapse, preventing them from breathing. Another choice is evisceration, in which the fish’s internal organs are removed, excluding the brain and gills. This is usually done without prior stunning. Sometimes fish are put into ice water in a process called chilling. Chilling is extremely stressful for fish and may lead the fish to try to violently escape and may also cause them to suffer for a longer time, up to hours at a time. Tuna, swordfish, and other larger animals are often clubbed to death leading the animals to lose and regain consciousness causing the process to have to be repeated several times.",{"data":9018,"content":9019,"nodeType":1233},{},[9020,9024,9033,9038],{"data":9021,"marks":9022,"value":9023,"nodeType":1237},{},[],"The World Organization for Animal Health (OIE), an intergovernmental agency that sets minimum (though non-enforceable) animal welfare standards for member nations, published recommendations on fish slaughter in 2015. Chapter 7.3, ",{"data":9025,"content":9027,"nodeType":1627},{"uri":9026},"https://calf.law/database/policy/aquatic-animal-health-code-oie",[9028],{"data":9029,"marks":9030,"value":9032,"nodeType":1237},{},[9031],{"type":1420},"Welfare Aspects of Stunning and Killing of Farmed Fish for Human Consump",{"data":9034,"marks":9035,"value":9037,"nodeType":1237},{},[9036],{"type":1420},"tion",{"data":9039,"marks":9040,"value":9041,"nodeType":1237},{},[],", lays out general principles to ensure the welfare of fish for stunning, killing, and transportation. These general principles include training requirements of fish staff handling fish, the use of appropriate species-specific killing devices, and effective stunning of fish prior to their bleeding.",{"data":9043,"content":9044,"nodeType":1233},{},[9045],{"data":9046,"marks":9047,"value":27,"nodeType":1237},{},[],{"data":9049,"content":9050,"nodeType":1298},{},[9051],{"data":9052,"marks":9053,"value":9054,"nodeType":1237},{},[],"3. Provisions to Reduce Bycatch",{"data":9056,"content":9057,"nodeType":1650},{},[9058],{"data":9059,"marks":9060,"value":9061,"nodeType":1237},{},[],"3.1. Species Protection Provisions",{"data":9063,"content":9064,"nodeType":1233},{},[9065],{"data":9066,"marks":9067,"value":9068,"nodeType":1237},{},[],"Species-specific protection acts are those that focus on protecting a single species rather than a category ofr animals or a broad habitat. These acts are narrowly written to protect a certain group of animals, but that protection may also have beneficial impacts on the other animals who interact or rely on the protected species. Protecting a species may reduce overall fishing in a particular part of the ocean offering some relief for nearby animals. Additionally, protecting a species benefits the ecological stability of a region and thereby helps other animals.",{"data":9070,"content":9071,"nodeType":1233},{},[9072,9076,9084],{"data":9073,"marks":9074,"value":9075,"nodeType":1237},{},[],"A bill in Hawai’i, United States, passed by the 2021 State Legislature banning shark fishing took effect on January 1, 2022. ",{"data":9077,"content":9079,"nodeType":1627},{"uri":9078},"https://calf.law/database/policy/act-51-house-bill-553-hawaii-usa",[9080],{"data":9081,"marks":9082,"value":9083,"nodeType":1237},{},[],"Act 51",{"data":9085,"marks":9086,"value":9087,"nodeType":1237},{},[]," makes it illegal to knowingly capture, entangle, or kill a shark in state marine waters. The new law applies to all shark species found in Hawaiian waters. This bill does carve out exceptions for people with permits, public safety purposes, and self-defence or defence of another. This act is a good example of species-specific protection, though it does not address bycatch.",{"data":9089,"content":9090,"nodeType":1650},{},[9091],{"data":9092,"marks":9093,"value":9094,"nodeType":1237},{},[],"3.2. More Selective Catching Methods",{"data":9096,"content":9097,"nodeType":1233},{},[9098],{"data":9099,"marks":9100,"value":9101,"nodeType":1237},{},[],"New technology aimed to reduce bycatch includes turtle excluder devices, metallic repellents (used to repel sharks and rays), trap net modifications, artificial illumination (may decrease bycatch of endangered chinook salmon), and revival boxes. However, very few laws require the use of such methods.",{"data":9103,"content":9104,"nodeType":1233},{},[9105,9109,9117],{"data":9106,"marks":9107,"value":9108,"nodeType":1237},{},[],"A positive example of a law requiring the use of more selective methods can be found in the US regulation on ",{"data":9110,"content":9112,"nodeType":1627},{"uri":9111},"https://calf.law/database/policy/sea-turtle-conservation-and-shrimp-trawling-requirements-usa",[9113],{"data":9114,"marks":9115,"value":9116,"nodeType":1237},{},[],"Sea Turtle Conservation; Shrimp Trawling Requirements, (50 CFR Parts 223)",{"data":9118,"marks":9119,"value":9120,"nodeType":1237},{},[],". This rule requiring the use of selective catching methods that include imposing regulations on US shrimp trawlers operating in the US waters of the Gulf of Mexico and South Atlantic to equip their trawls with a turtle excluder devices (TEDs).",{"data":9122,"content":9123,"nodeType":1233},{},[9124,9128,9135,9138,9143,9147,9154,9158,9165],{"data":9125,"marks":9126,"value":9127,"nodeType":1237},{},[],"Other examples include the ",{"data":9129,"content":9131,"nodeType":1627},{"uri":9130},"https://calf.law/database/policy/habitats-directive-eu",[9132],{"data":9133,"marks":9134,"value":938,"nodeType":1237},{},[],{"data":9136,"marks":9137,"value":3859,"nodeType":1237},{},[],{"data":9139,"marks":9140,"value":9142,"nodeType":1237},{},[9141],{"type":1906},"US Endangered Species Act",{"data":9144,"marks":9145,"value":9146,"nodeType":1237},{},[],", which both aim to protect the most endangered and vulnerable species, in their respective jurisdictions, including aquatic animals by requiring implementation of specific management plans for endangered and vulnerable species. The ",{"data":9148,"content":9150,"nodeType":1627},{"uri":9149},"https://calf.law/database/policy/birds-directive-eu",[9151],{"data":9152,"marks":9153,"value":947,"nodeType":1237},{},[],{"data":9155,"marks":9156,"value":9157,"nodeType":1237},{},[]," further prohibit the use of non-selective fishing methods, given their impacts on birds and marine wildlife. Similarly, the ",{"data":9159,"content":9161,"nodeType":1627},{"uri":9160},"https://calf.law/database/policy/marine-mammal-protection-act-usa",[9162],{"data":9163,"marks":9164,"value":955,"nodeType":1237},{},[],{"data":9166,"marks":9167,"value":9168,"nodeType":1237},{},[]," establishes a national policy to prevent marine mammal species from declining beyond the point where they cease to be significant functioning elements of the ecosystems of which they are a part.",{"data":9170,"content":9171,"nodeType":1650},{},[9172],{"data":9173,"marks":9174,"value":9175,"nodeType":1237},{},[],"3.3. Landing Obligation",{"data":9177,"content":9178,"nodeType":1233},{},[9179],{"data":9180,"marks":9181,"value":9182,"nodeType":1237},{},[],"Landing obligations make it mandatory for fishing boats to keep all animals caught during fishing activities, and thus banning the discarding of dead, unwanted animals in the sea. Landing obligations aims to ensuring the reporting of each fish caught, or landed, and to eliminate discards by encouraging fishers to fish more selectively and to avoid unwanted catches.",{"data":9184,"content":9185,"nodeType":1233},{},[9186,9190,9198,9202,9206],{"data":9187,"marks":9188,"value":9189,"nodeType":1237},{},[],"A positive legislation on landing obligations can be found in ",{"data":9191,"content":9193,"nodeType":1627},{"uri":9192},"https://calf.law/database/policy/common-fisheries-policies-landing-obligation-rules-eu",[9194],{"data":9195,"marks":9196,"value":9197,"nodeType":1237},{},[],"EU law",{"data":9199,"marks":9200,"value":9201,"nodeType":1237},{},[],", which requires all catch limit species be landed and counted against the fishers’ quotas.",{"data":9203,"marks":9204,"value":1984,"nodeType":1237},{},[9205],{"type":1906},{"data":9207,"marks":9208,"value":9209,"nodeType":1237},{},[],"Undersized fish caught and landed should not be used for direct human consumption, but for products such as pet food, fish meal, pharmaceuticals, and food supplements.",{"data":9211,"content":9212,"nodeType":1233},{},[9213,9217,9225],{"data":9214,"marks":9215,"value":9216,"nodeType":1237},{},[],"Additional legislation imposing landing requirements include the ",{"data":9218,"content":9220,"nodeType":1627},{"uri":9219},"https://calf.law/database/policy/marine-resources-act-norway",[9221],{"data":9222,"marks":9223,"value":9224,"nodeType":1237},{},[],"regulations prohibiting discards of cod and haddock in Norway's economic zone off the Norwegian mainland.",{"data":9226,"marks":9227,"value":9228,"nodeType":1237},{},[]," In 1987, Norway introduced a ban on discards. The general rule is that the economic value of the fish caught in violation of the regulations is forfeited to the state. As such, where vessel quotas or bycatch limits are exceeded, fishermen may decide it is better to discard the illegal fish rather than landing it. As an attempt to counter such behaviour, fishermen retain 20% of the forfeited sum of money if it is established that the illegal catch was taken unintentionally. However, this policy only applies to the whitefish sector.",{"data":9230,"content":9231,"nodeType":1233},{},[9232],{"data":9233,"marks":9234,"value":27,"nodeType":1237},{},[],{"data":9236,"content":9237,"nodeType":1298},{},[9238],{"data":9239,"marks":9240,"value":9241,"nodeType":1237},{},[],"4. Conservation Policy Goals",{"data":9243,"content":9244,"nodeType":1233},{},[9245,9249,9257],{"data":9246,"marks":9247,"value":9248,"nodeType":1237},{},[],"In 2015, United Nations’ Member States adopted seventeen Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) that set out specific objectives for countries to meet within a given time frame. ",{"data":9250,"content":9252,"nodeType":1627},{"uri":9251},"https://calf.law/database/policy/sustainable-development-goal-14-un",[9253],{"data":9254,"marks":9255,"value":9256,"nodeType":1237},{},[],"SDG 14",{"data":9258,"marks":9259,"value":9260,"nodeType":1237},{},[]," establishes the goal to “conserve and sustainably use the oceans, seas and marine resources.” The U.N. established targets are formulated in anthropocentric terms, meaning that they are to be achieved for the benefit of humans. SDG 14 directly relates to aquatic animals and should include goals that pertain to their welfare as well. Improved methods of catching wild fish will improve their welfare and reduce bycatch.",{"data":9262,"content":9263,"nodeType":1233},{},[9264,9268,9276,9280,9288],{"data":9265,"marks":9266,"value":9267,"nodeType":1237},{},[],"Nearly every country in the world has agreed to a goal of protecting at least 10% of the world’s coastal and marine areas by 2020. As of June 2020, ",{"data":9269,"content":9271,"nodeType":1627},{"uri":9270},"https://calf.law/database/policy/the-national-system-of-marine-protected-areas-usa",[9272],{"data":9273,"marks":9274,"value":9275,"nodeType":1237},{},[],"Marine Protected Areas",{"data":9277,"marks":9278,"value":9279,"nodeType":1237},{},[]," that prohibit commercial fishing account for 23% of US waters. Only 3% of US waters are highly protected, prohibiting all extractive uses (or “no take”). Most MPAs restrict or prohibit harmful extraction uses to some degree, but not entirely and enforcement is problematic. Overall, marine protected areas, when enforced, do ",{"data":9281,"content":9283,"nodeType":1627},{"uri":9282},"https://news.mongabay.com/2018/01/the-ups-and-downs-of-marine-protected-areas-examining-the-evidence/",[9284],{"data":9285,"marks":9286,"value":9287,"nodeType":1237},{},[],"appear to help",{"data":9289,"marks":9290,"value":9291,"nodeType":1237},{},[]," fish recover but only within their boundaries.",{"data":9293,"content":9294,"nodeType":1233},{},[9295,9298,9306],{"data":9296,"marks":9297,"value":27,"nodeType":1237},{},[],{"data":9299,"content":9301,"nodeType":1627},{"uri":9300},"https://calf.law/database/policy/the-agreement-to-prevent-unregulated-high-seas-fisheries-in-the-central-arctic-ocean",[9302],{"data":9303,"marks":9304,"value":9305,"nodeType":1237},{},[],"The Central Arctic Ocean Fisheries Agreement",{"data":9307,"marks":9308,"value":9309,"nodeType":1237},{},[]," also created important commitments. First, the parties have agreed not to authorize commercial fishing operations in the large portion of the Central Arctic Ocean for a period of time. Second, the Agreement creates a “Joint Program of Scientific Research and Monitoring for the Central Arctic Ocean,” with the aim of improving understanding of the ecosystems of the Agreement Area. Third, it requires the inclusion of indigenous voices and knowledge. The Agreement is a preventative measure because no commercial fishing has taken place in this area yet, uniquely employing the precautionary principle.\n",{"data":9311,"content":9312,"nodeType":1283},{},[9313],{"data":9314,"marks":9315,"value":2151,"nodeType":1237},{},[],{"data":9317,"content":9318,"nodeType":1298},{},[9319],{"data":9320,"marks":9321,"value":2151,"nodeType":1237},{},[],{"data":9323,"content":9324,"nodeType":1233},{},[9325],{"data":9326,"marks":9327,"value":9328,"nodeType":1237},{},[],"Aquatic Animal Alliance, Animal Welfare Considerations for Marine Stewardship Council’s 2020 – 2021 Standards Review (2021).",{"data":9330,"content":9331,"nodeType":1233},{},[9332],{"data":9333,"marks":9334,"value":9335,"nodeType":1237},{},[],"Luke T. Barrett et. al, Impacts of Marine and Freshwater Aquaculture on Wildlife: A Global Meta-Analysis, Review in Aquaculture (2019).",{"data":9337,"content":9338,"nodeType":1233},{},[9339],{"data":9340,"marks":9341,"value":9342,"nodeType":1237},{},[],"Jonathan Birch et. al, Review of the Evidence of Sentience in Cephalopod Molluscs and Decapod Crustaceans, The London School of Economics and Political Science (2021).",{"data":9344,"content":9345,"nodeType":1233},{},[9346],{"data":9347,"marks":9348,"value":9349,"nodeType":1237},{},[],"Culum Brown, Fish Intelligence, Sentience and Ethics, Animal Cognition (2015).",{"data":9351,"content":9352,"nodeType":1233},{},[9353],{"data":9354,"marks":9355,"value":9356,"nodeType":1237},{},[],"Changing Market Foundation and Compassion in World Farming, Until the Seas Run Dry: How Industrial Agriculture is Plundering the Oceans (2019).",{"data":9358,"content":9359,"nodeType":1233},{},[9360],{"data":9361,"marks":9362,"value":9363,"nodeType":1237},{},[],"FAO; The State of World Fisheries and Aquaculture: Sustainability in Action (2020).",{"data":9365,"content":9366,"nodeType":1233},{},[9367,9371,9379],{"data":9368,"marks":9369,"value":9370,"nodeType":1237},{},[],"NOAA Fisheries, ",{"data":9372,"content":9374,"nodeType":1627},{"uri":9373},"https://marineprotectedareas.noaa.gov/gallery/understanding-area-based-mgmt-in-us-waters.html%20(last%20visited%20Dec.%202,%202021).",[9375],{"data":9376,"marks":9377,"value":9378,"nodeType":1237},{},[],"Understanding Area-based Management in U.S. Waters",{"data":9380,"marks":9381,"value":27,"nodeType":1237},{},[],{"data":9383,"content":9384,"nodeType":1233},{},[9385],{"data":9386,"marks":9387,"value":9388,"nodeType":1237},{},[],"Nathan Pacoureau et. al, Half a Century of Global Decline in Oceanic Sharks and Rays, Nature (2021).",{"data":9390,"content":9391,"nodeType":1298},{},[9392],{"data":9393,"marks":9394,"value":2792,"nodeType":1237},{},[],{"data":9396,"content":9397,"nodeType":1233},{},[9398],{"data":9399,"marks":9400,"value":9401,"nodeType":1237},{},[],"Aquatic Animal Institute, Benefits of Aquatic Animal Welfare for Sustainability (2021).",{"data":9403,"content":9404,"nodeType":1233},{},[9405],{"data":9406,"marks":9407,"value":9408,"nodeType":1237},{},[],"Compassion in World Farming, Why Fish Welfare Matters: The Evidence for Fish Sentience (2019).",{"data":9410,"content":9411,"nodeType":1233},{},[9412],{"data":9413,"marks":9414,"value":9415,"nodeType":1237},{},[],"Environmental Investigation Agency, Commercial Whaling: Unsustainable, Inhumane, Unnecessary (2018).",{"data":9417,"content":9418,"nodeType":1233},{},[9419],{"data":9420,"marks":9421,"value":9422,"nodeType":1237},{},[],"Peter Gullestad et al.,The “Discard Ban Package”: Experiences in Efforts to Improve the Exploitation Patterns in Norwegian Fisheries, Marine Policy (2015).",{"data":9424,"content":9425,"nodeType":1233},{},[9426],{"data":9427,"marks":9428,"value":9429,"nodeType":1237},{},[],"Karly Kelso and Nicole Sarto, Eliminating Discards, Environmental Defense Fund (2018).",{"data":9431,"content":9432,"nodeType":1233},{},[9433,9437,9445],{"data":9434,"marks":9435,"value":9436,"nodeType":1237},{},[],"A. Mood and P. Brooke, ",{"data":9438,"content":9440,"nodeType":1627},{"uri":9439},"http://www.fishcount.org.uk/published/std/TowardsHumaneFishing.pdf",[9441],{"data":9442,"marks":9443,"value":9444,"nodeType":1237},{},[],"Towards a Straetgy for Humane Fishing in the UK, Fish Count (2019)",{"data":9446,"marks":9447,"value":1636,"nodeType":1237},{},[],{"data":9449,"content":9450,"nodeType":1233},{},[9451],{"data":9452,"marks":9453,"value":9455,"nodeType":1237},{},[9454],{"type":1420},"Author: Jessica Dantzler, Student, Animal Law Clinic, Lewis & Clark Law School",{"data":9457,"content":9458,"nodeType":1233},{},[9459],{"data":9460,"marks":9461,"value":9463,"nodeType":1237},{},[9462],{"type":1420},"Supervisor: Kathy Hessler",{"data":9465,"content":9466,"nodeType":1233},{},[9467],{"data":9468,"marks":9469,"value":27,"nodeType":1237},{},[9470],{"type":1420},{"metadata":9472,"sys":9475,"fields":9484},{"tags":9473,"concepts":9474},[],[],{"space":9476,"id":9478,"type":87,"createdAt":9479,"updatedAt":9479,"environment":9480,"publishedVersion":4416,"revision":23,"contentType":9482,"locale":24},{"sys":9477},{"type":12,"linkType":13,"id":14},"5U5vEz6YFQz8y3SF4Kmys1","2026-07-06T11:48:05.546Z",{"sys":9481},{"id":20,"type":12,"linkType":21},{"sys":9483},{"type":12,"linkType":94,"id":1771},{"label":9485,"reference":9486,"displayType":18014,"menuItems":18015},"Advocacy Guides",{"metadata":9487,"sys":9490,"fields":9500},{"tags":9488,"concepts":9489},[],[],{"space":9491,"id":9493,"type":87,"createdAt":9494,"updatedAt":9494,"environment":9495,"publishedVersion":9497,"revision":23,"contentType":9498,"locale":24},{"sys":9492},{"type":12,"linkType":13,"id":14},"5HVX2lcY2UJZ6i9QsO8VQ1","2026-07-06T11:48:05.381Z",{"sys":9496},{"id":20,"type":12,"linkType":21},24,{"sys":9499},{"type":12,"linkType":94,"id":1129},{"title":9501,"slug":9502,"content":9503,"includeContactForm":1240,"includeNewsletter":1240},"Legislative Advocacy Guides","legislative-advocacy-guides",{"nodeType":1134,"data":9504,"content":9505},{},[9506,9542,10872,12711,14711,16652,17842,18008],{"nodeType":1138,"data":9507,"content":9541},{"target":9508},{"metadata":9509,"sys":9512,"fields":9521},{"tags":9510,"concepts":9511},[],[],{"space":9513,"id":9515,"type":87,"createdAt":9516,"updatedAt":9516,"environment":9517,"publishedVersion":69,"revision":23,"contentType":9519,"locale":24},{"sys":9514},{"type":12,"linkType":13,"id":14},"IXWlALBjkQduu9hlxmGJR","2026-07-06T11:51:40.446Z",{"sys":9518},{"id":20,"type":12,"linkType":21},{"sys":9520},{"type":12,"linkType":94,"id":1153},{"title":9522,"excerpt":9523,"links":9524},"Advocating for Animals: A Guide to Legislative Advocacy","Animal advocates engage in a large repertoire of actions to try and influence legislation, among which legislative advocacy, defined as “efforts to influence the introduction, enactment, or modification of legislation.”\n\nBecause the successful pursuit of legislative change implies interacting with policymakers and institutions by following certain processes, this guide provides advocates with specific information about the different opportunities that exist to influence the legislation in the US and the EU, as well as the rules to follow when engaging with policymakers. This guide further provides advocates with a method on how to best craft legal and policy recommendations.",[9525],{"metadata":9526,"sys":9529,"fields":9538},{"tags":9527,"concepts":9528},[],[],{"space":9530,"id":9532,"type":87,"createdAt":9533,"updatedAt":9533,"environment":9534,"publishedVersion":48,"revision":23,"contentType":9536,"locale":24},{"sys":9531},{"type":12,"linkType":13,"id":14},"54ZNiL7UnYZo3kHg8QSLWb","2026-07-06T11:51:40.540Z",{"sys":9535},{"id":20,"type":12,"linkType":21},{"sys":9537},{"type":12,"linkType":94,"id":95},{"label":9539,"icon":9540,"displayType":1229},"Download Full Guide","mdi:tray-arrow-down",[],{"nodeType":1138,"data":9543,"content":10871},{"target":9544},{"metadata":9545,"sys":9548,"fields":9557},{"tags":9546,"concepts":9547},[],[],{"space":9549,"id":9551,"type":87,"createdAt":9552,"updatedAt":9552,"environment":9553,"publishedVersion":1126,"revision":23,"contentType":9555,"locale":24},{"sys":9550},{"type":12,"linkType":13,"id":14},"3yecBcuhxs9Q5dqAmHDbj0","2026-07-06T11:51:39.795Z",{"sys":9554},{"id":20,"type":12,"linkType":21},{"sys":9556},{"type":12,"linkType":94,"id":1173},{"title":9558,"excerpt":9559,"media":9560,"links":9582,"displayType":1230},"An Introduction to Legislative Advocacy","Animal advocates engage in a large repertoire of actions to try and influence legislation. Animal advocates are especially known by the public for their social campaigns, which aim to raise awareness about animal protection issues. However, the strategy of animal advocates can also include legislative advocacy, defined as “efforts to influence the introduction, enactment, or modification of legislation.” Legislative advocacy is an umbrella term used to describe many forms of advocacy aimed at those with legislative powers.",[9561],{"metadata":9562,"sys":9565,"fields":9572},{"tags":9563,"concepts":9564},[],[],{"space":9566,"id":9568,"type":16,"createdAt":9569,"updatedAt":9569,"environment":9570,"publishedVersion":48,"revision":23,"locale":24},{"sys":9567},{"type":12,"linkType":13,"id":14},"6AfXhXMhUyMN2kQ7sh8sKg","2026-07-06T11:50:20.897Z",{"sys":9571},{"id":20,"type":12,"linkType":21},{"title":9573,"description":27,"file":9574},"CALF-legal-building",{"url":9575,"details":9576,"fileName":9581,"contentType":1199},"//images.ctfassets.net/5n7qh8xf3t5v/6AfXhXMhUyMN2kQ7sh8sKg/be1e61dcb4b554901a833c21ea54dd16/CALF-legal-building.avif",{"size":9577,"image":9578},167238,{"width":9579,"height":9580},1568,936,"CALF-legal-building.avif",[9583],{"metadata":9584,"sys":9587,"fields":9596},{"tags":9585,"concepts":9586},[],[],{"space":9588,"id":9590,"type":87,"createdAt":9591,"updatedAt":9591,"environment":9592,"publishedVersion":48,"revision":23,"contentType":9594,"locale":24},{"sys":9589},{"type":12,"linkType":13,"id":14},"5bZkbGGegL4ZzR2R9KkwaT","2026-07-06T11:51:39.821Z",{"sys":9593},{"id":20,"type":12,"linkType":21},{"sys":9595},{"type":12,"linkType":94,"id":95},{"label":9597,"reference":9598,"displayType":1229},"Introduction Guide",{"metadata":9599,"sys":9602,"fields":9611},{"tags":9600,"concepts":9601},[],[],{"space":9603,"id":9605,"type":87,"createdAt":9606,"updatedAt":9606,"environment":9607,"publishedVersion":91,"revision":23,"contentType":9609,"locale":24},{"sys":9604},{"type":12,"linkType":13,"id":14},"7jNUkK35hzeXnZZXfYxvil","2026-07-06T11:47:47.726Z",{"sys":9608},{"id":20,"type":12,"linkType":21},{"sys":9610},{"type":12,"linkType":94,"id":1129},{"title":9558,"slug":9612,"parent":9486,"content":9613,"includeContactForm":1240,"includeNewsletter":1240},"legislative-advocacy-introduction",{"data":9614,"content":9615,"nodeType":1134},{},[9616,9650,10865],{"data":9617,"content":9649,"nodeType":1138},{"target":9618},{"metadata":9619,"sys":9622,"fields":9631},{"tags":9620,"concepts":9621},[],[],{"space":9623,"id":9625,"type":87,"createdAt":9626,"updatedAt":9626,"environment":9627,"publishedVersion":48,"revision":23,"contentType":9629,"locale":24},{"sys":9624},{"type":12,"linkType":13,"id":14},"1yRmPcM0BtiV2GWoLMqWtB","2026-07-06T11:51:39.650Z",{"sys":9628},{"id":20,"type":12,"linkType":21},{"sys":9630},{"type":12,"linkType":94,"id":1153},{"title":9558,"links":9632},[9633],{"metadata":9634,"sys":9637,"fields":9646},{"tags":9635,"concepts":9636},[],[],{"space":9638,"id":9640,"type":87,"createdAt":9641,"updatedAt":9641,"environment":9642,"publishedVersion":48,"revision":23,"contentType":9644,"locale":24},{"sys":9639},{"type":12,"linkType":13,"id":14},"2xqdVFA3kJTvV7fPtVGZ8T","2026-07-06T11:51:39.697Z",{"sys":9643},{"id":20,"type":12,"linkType":21},{"sys":9645},{"type":12,"linkType":94,"id":95},{"label":9647,"externalLink":9648,"displayType":1229},"Download Guide","https://go.fairr.org/CALF-A-Guide-To-Legislative-Advocacy-Report-2025",[],{"data":9651,"content":10864,"nodeType":1138},{"target":9652},{"metadata":9653,"sys":9656,"fields":9666},{"tags":9654,"concepts":9655},[],[],{"space":9657,"id":9659,"type":87,"createdAt":9660,"updatedAt":9660,"environment":9661,"publishedVersion":9663,"revision":23,"contentType":9664,"locale":24},{"sys":9658},{"type":12,"linkType":13,"id":14},"1s0DIu1E2vz89fR69TRsxJ","2026-07-06T11:51:25.272Z",{"sys":9662},{"id":20,"type":12,"linkType":21},52,{"sys":9665},{"type":12,"linkType":94,"id":1277},{"content":9667,"displayMenu":1688,"displayChild":1688},{"nodeType":1134,"data":9668,"content":9669},{},[9670,9677,9696,9718,9725,9732,9739,9746,9753,9818,9898,9905,9912,9919,9926,9933,9955,9962,9969,10022,10029,10036,10043,10050,10057,10079,10086,10093,10100,10121,10128,10159,10162,10169,10176,10183,10202,10209,10252,10259,10289,10296,10315,10322,10341,10363,10370,10377,10384,10426,10433,10457,10464,10482,10500,10507,10524,10542,10559,10576,10603,10621,10638,10655,10683,10700,10717,10734,10751,10768,10785,10802,10830,10847],{"nodeType":1283,"data":9671,"content":9672},{},[9673],{"nodeType":1237,"value":9674,"marks":9675,"data":9676},"Introduction",[],{},{"nodeType":1233,"data":9678,"content":9679},{},[9680,9684,9692],{"nodeType":1237,"value":9681,"marks":9682,"data":9683},"Animal advocates engage in a large repertoire of actions to try and influence legislation. Animal advocates are especially known by the public for their social campaigns, which aim to raise awareness about animal protection issues. However, the strategy of animal advocates can also include legislative advocacy, defined as ",[],{},{"nodeType":1627,"data":9685,"content":9687},{"uri":9686},"https://tcadp.org/wp-content/uploads/2010/07/Legislative-Advocacy-101.pdf",[9688],{"nodeType":1237,"value":9689,"marks":9690,"data":9691},"“efforts to influence the introduction, enactment, or modification of legislation.”",[],{},{"nodeType":1237,"value":9693,"marks":9694,"data":9695}," Legislative advocacy is an umbrella term used to describe many forms of advocacy aimed at those with legislative powers. The most common form of legislative advocacy is direct lobbying. The distinction between general legislative advocacy and lobbying can be difficult to parse, but is important for the purposes of this resource. Direct lobbying refers to any work designed to shape legislation through contact with legislators, their offices, or other government officials. Legislative advocacy is the pursuit of legislative change, with direct lobbying encompassing a narrower, jurisdictionally defined type of legislative advocacy. Legislative advocacy can include attending a city council meeting and speaking up about a particular issue, or writing a letter to the editor of a local paper, or hosting a protest. Such advocacy is not necessarily lobbying that needs to be reported to the government, depending on the parameters of lobbying in the government system you are working in. Because each jurisdiction has specific rules and requirements for lobbying, it is important to research the relevant regulations before beginning this work.",[],{},{"nodeType":1658,"data":9697,"content":9717},{"target":9698},{"metadata":9699,"sys":9702,"fields":9709},{"tags":9700,"concepts":9701},[],[],{"space":9703,"id":9705,"type":16,"createdAt":9706,"updatedAt":9706,"environment":9707,"publishedVersion":48,"revision":23,"locale":24},{"sys":9704},{"type":12,"linkType":13,"id":14},"1GKtPueGUnsM6lBjmJGUG5","2026-07-06T11:50:20.893Z",{"sys":9708},{"id":20,"type":12,"linkType":21},{"title":9710,"description":27,"file":9711},"CALF-Cows",{"url":9712,"details":9713,"fileName":9716,"contentType":1199},"//images.ctfassets.net/5n7qh8xf3t5v/1GKtPueGUnsM6lBjmJGUG5/abbc0188723d5a2b3311984126cc6807/CALF-Cows.avif",{"size":9714,"image":9715},241128,{"width":9579,"height":9580},"CALF-Cows.avif",[],{"nodeType":1283,"data":9719,"content":9720},{},[9721],{"nodeType":1237,"value":9722,"marks":9723,"data":9724},"Types of Legislative Advocacy: Lobbying",[],{},{"nodeType":1233,"data":9726,"content":9727},{},[9728],{"nodeType":1237,"value":9729,"marks":9730,"data":9731},"Lobbying, or attempting to shape legislation through contact with legislators, their offices, or other government officials, is one of the most powerful ways to make legislative change. No matter one’s age, occupation, or political affiliation, citizens of democratic government systems may contact legislators regarding issues they want to be addressed. By hearing directly from constituents via lobbying, legislators and key decision-makers can assess and prioritise the concerns of the individuals they represent. Lobbying itself can take many forms, including emailing, calling, and meeting with legislators to express opinions or to convince them to champion an issue. This section of the resource focuses on how to go about securing meetings with legislative offices, how to lobby successfully, and the importance of building relationships with legislators. The following subsections provide step-by-step directions for lobbying legislators while providing tips and tools for successful advocacy.",[],{},{"nodeType":1298,"data":9733,"content":9734},{},[9735],{"nodeType":1237,"value":9736,"marks":9737,"data":9738},"Get Informed: The Issue",[],{},{"nodeType":1233,"data":9740,"content":9741},{},[9742],{"nodeType":1237,"value":9743,"marks":9744,"data":9745},"Before starting lobbying, advocates should have a firm grasp on the issue they are working on so as to handle lobbying meetings with confidence. If you have a rudimentary understanding of what you would like to regulate and the corresponding issues to be addressed but want more information, it is recommended to seek out experts on the topic. Advocates can reach out to an organisation that does work on the issue and see if they can provide proper language, statistics, and background information. At the very least, advocates can use online search engines to obtain more details about the issue, how it can be regulated, and why regulating it in the manner you desire is optimal. Advocates should keep in mind that lobbying is not about talking to legislators about a general subject; rather, lobbying is about approaching them with a specific action they should take. (For more on action prioritisation, see “Prioritising Policies for Advocacy.”)Advocates should research which, if any, other NGOs are actively engaged with legislators in your cause area. If a more well established or resourced organisation is already lobbying legislators in the area you care about, it may be more effective to work in collaboration, volunteer your time to the other organisation, or choose a different “ask”. When doing this research consider NGOs outside of the Animal Protection Movement, for instance those working in climate, social justice, worker’s rights or health. Building a coalition around your cause, particularly if it addresses the demands of a broad range of groups, can be an effective means to build traction for your cause. These other organisations may have existing relationships with legislators that can be leveraged.",[],{},{"nodeType":1298,"data":9747,"content":9748},{},[9749],{"nodeType":1237,"value":9750,"marks":9751,"data":9752},"Get Informed: Legislators",[],{},{"nodeType":1233,"data":9754,"content":9755},{},[9756,9760,9768,9771,9779,9783,9791,9795,9802,9806,9814],{"nodeType":1237,"value":9757,"marks":9758,"data":9759},"Next, advocates should decide which legislators to contact. When lobbying on the federal/ EU, or state/national level, advocates can search for Members of Congress, or Parliaments who serve the applicable jurisdictions (for example, the ",[],{},{"nodeType":1627,"data":9761,"content":9763},{"uri":9762},"https://www.congress.gov/",[9764],{"nodeType":1237,"value":9765,"marks":9766,"data":9767},"US Congress",[],{},{"nodeType":1237,"value":4731,"marks":9769,"data":9770},[],{},{"nodeType":1627,"data":9772,"content":9774},{"uri":9773},"https://www.europarl.europa.eu/meps/en/home",[9775],{"nodeType":1237,"value":9776,"marks":9777,"data":9778},"European Parliament",[],{},{"nodeType":1237,"value":9780,"marks":9781,"data":9782},"). Advocates interested in a local campaign can also research their city council members and other relevant official bodies like bureaus, county structures, and regional governments. No matter what level of government advocates work within, it is a good idea to reach out to their own legislators first, particularly in the U.S., for a few reasons. Constituents hold a special power in their relationship with legislators because lawmakers are more inclined to prioritise the causes constituents care about and listen to what they have to say. Furthermore, if legislators that do not represent advocates ask if the advocates have already reached out to their own legislators, the advocates should be able to respond affirmatively with what their legislators said (or a good reason why they have not contacted them.) With the resources available online, advocates can quickly learn who their legislative leaders are, their party affiliation, what issues they care about, and what committees they sit on. In some jurisdictions, online resources will provide legislative representatives’ voting history, and whether they are up for re-election anytime soon.Once advocates have a broader understanding as to who their legislators are, they can search for more specific information, such as whether these legislators supported or opposed an animal protection issue in the past; or whether they sponsored, co-sponsored, or voted on any legislation connected to an animal protection topic (for instance, ",[],{},{"nodeType":1627,"data":9784,"content":9786},{"uri":9785},"https://justfacts.votesmart.org/",[9787],{"nodeType":1237,"value":9788,"marks":9789,"data":9790},"Votesmart.org",[],{},{"nodeType":1237,"value":9792,"marks":9793,"data":9794}," is a great resource for obtaining this information about legislators in the US). When beginning this research, it is a good idea for advocates in the U.S. to start with the legislators that represent them and assess if they seem open to supporting the advocate’s cause. Then, advocates can expand the search by surveying the other legislators in the relevant legislative branch. Here are a few questions advocates can try and answer: Are there any politicians who are particularly interested in this issue, or have expressed support for animal welfare causes? Who (or what committee) will this legislative proposal most likely be sent to? In addition to tracking the information of one’s own legislators, it is recommended that advocates identify other decision-makers who might be good to have in one’s corner and keep a written reminder of why these legislators might support the cause.Lastly, before reaching out to schedule the lobbying meeting, advocates should make sure to know the rules related to lobbying in the relevant jurisdiction (city, state, state or Member State, federal government). The ",[],{},{"nodeType":1627,"data":9796,"content":9798},{"uri":9797},"https://ec.europa.eu/transparencyregister/public/homePage.do",[9799],{"nodeType":1237,"value":184,"marks":9800,"data":9801},[],{},{"nodeType":1237,"value":9803,"marks":9804,"data":9805}," and its 27 Member States, as well as the ",[],{},{"nodeType":1627,"data":9807,"content":9809},{"uri":9808},"https://lobbyingdisclosure.house.gov/amended_lda_guide.html",[9810],{"nodeType":1237,"value":9811,"marks":9812,"data":9813},"U.S. federal government and all 50 states",[],{},{"nodeType":1237,"value":9815,"marks":9816,"data":9817}," have lobbying disclosure and registration requirements, which often include the number of hours lobbied and the nature of the lobbying activity allowed without registering or reporting. Advocates need to determine whether their activities meet the definition of lobbying and whether those activities need to be reported. For example, here are the definitions of lobbying in the city of Portland and state of Oregon, and the EU:",[],{},{"nodeType":1361,"data":9819,"content":9820},{},[9821,9848,9873],{"nodeType":1365,"data":9822,"content":9823},{},[9824],{"nodeType":1233,"data":9825,"content":9826},{},[9827,9832,9836,9844],{"nodeType":1237,"value":9828,"marks":9829,"data":9831},"Portland",[9830],{"type":1906},{},{"nodeType":1237,"value":9833,"marks":9834,"data":9835},": “Attempting to influence the official action of City officials. Lobbying includes time spent preparing emails and letters and preparing for oral communication with a City official.” (",[],{},{"nodeType":1627,"data":9837,"content":9839},{"uri":9838},"https://www.portland.gov/code/2/12/020",[9840],{"nodeType":1237,"value":9841,"marks":9842,"data":9843},"Portland, Oregon, Municipal Code § 2.12.020 (2022)",[],{},{"nodeType":1237,"value":9845,"marks":9846,"data":9847},")",[],{},{"nodeType":1365,"data":9849,"content":9850},{},[9851],{"nodeType":1233,"data":9852,"content":9853},{},[9854,9858,9862,9870],{"nodeType":1237,"value":678,"marks":9855,"data":9857},[9856],{"type":1906},{},{"nodeType":1237,"value":9859,"marks":9860,"data":9861},": “Influencing, or attempting to influence, legislative action through oral or written communication with legislative officials, solicitation of executive officials or other persons to influence or attempt to influence legislative action or attempting to obtain the goodwill of legislative officials.” (",[],{},{"nodeType":1627,"data":9863,"content":9865},{"uri":9864},"https://oregon.public.law/statutes/ors_171.725",[9866],{"nodeType":1237,"value":9867,"marks":9868,"data":9869},"Or. Rev. Stat. Ann. § 171.725",[],{},{"nodeType":1237,"value":9845,"marks":9871,"data":9872},[],{},{"nodeType":1365,"data":9874,"content":9875},{},[9876],{"nodeType":1233,"data":9877,"content":9878},{},[9879,9883,9887,9895],{"nodeType":1237,"value":184,"marks":9880,"data":9882},[9881],{"type":1906},{},{"nodeType":1237,"value":9884,"marks":9885,"data":9886},": “Activities carried out by interest representatives with the objective of influencing the formulation or implementation of policy or legislation, or the decision-making processes of the signatory institutions or other Union institutions, bodies, offices and agencies [...]. Covered activities [...] include inter alia: “(a) organising or participating in meetings, conferences or events, as well as engaging in any similar contacts with Union institutions; (b) contributing to or participating in consultations, hearings or other similar initiatives; (c) organising communication campaigns, platforms, networks and grassroots initiatives; (d) preparing or commissioning policy and position papers, amendments, opinion polls and surveys, open letters and other communication or information material, and commissioning and carrying out research.” (Article 3, ",[],{},{"nodeType":1627,"data":9888,"content":9890},{"uri":9889},"https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:32021Q0611(01)",[9891],{"nodeType":1237,"value":9892,"marks":9893,"data":9894},"Interinstitutional Agreement of 20 May 2021 between the European Parliament, the Council of the European Union and the European Commission on a Mandatory Transparency Register, 2021 OJ (L 207) 1–17.",[],{},{"nodeType":1237,"value":9845,"marks":9896,"data":9897},[],{},{"nodeType":1233,"data":9899,"content":9900},{},[9901],{"nodeType":1237,"value":9902,"marks":9903,"data":9904},"If one’s lobbying activities meet the threshold that triggers the jurisdiction’s disclosure and registration requirements, they must register and accurately track and report their lobbying activities.",[],{},{"nodeType":1298,"data":9906,"content":9907},{},[9908],{"nodeType":1237,"value":9909,"marks":9910,"data":9911},"Contacting Legislators",[],{},{"nodeType":1233,"data":9913,"content":9914},{},[9915],{"nodeType":1237,"value":9916,"marks":9917,"data":9918},"When getting in touch with legislators, it is important to know there is a good chance the legislator will not be available to meet with directly. Legislators usually have policy advisors, assistants, members of the cabinet, or other office staff members who meet with constituents and relay information to the legislators. No matter who you are offered a meeting with, it is recommended to agree to meet with them. By building a positive relationship with a lower-level legislative staff member or assistant, they may forward the issue to other staff members, assistants or the legislator. Also, because legislative advocacy is a long-term strategy, consider that junior staff members and assistants may one day become senior staff members with more power to support the cause. It is also common for junior legislative staff members to shift positions to other governmental bodies and connecting with that other audience via a junior staffer ally might be just what is needed for a successful legislative campaign. Additionally, someone’s title or status may not accurately reflect their ability to help propel the issue forward. And, of course, educating anyone within the legislative realm about the issue is likely to help, whereas missed opportunities cannot. It is usually a good idea to contact multiple relevant legislators at once. Some relationships may progress more quickly than others, and some legislators might be persuaded by the knowledge that others support your cause.After deciding which legislators to contact, advocates must decide how to initiate the conversation: email or call the legislator’s office. Email is the quickest and often most effective way to request a meeting with legislators. Email allows advocates to thoughtfully plan out what they would like to discuss with the legislator and provides the opportunity to make a good first impression. When crafting the initial outreach email to legislators, it is highly recommended to be clear about the topic to be discussed and who will attend the requested lobbying meeting. In your correspondence, you can express gratitude for the work and/or voting record of the legislator that aligns with your own values.Advocates should also make sure to use the legislators’ title (e.g., Senator Jones, Representative Smith, Member of the European Parliament Dupont) and a respectful, positive, and appreciative tone. If you can, attach or summarise a one-page or other concise document laying out any information that the legislator’s staff can read beforehand. Sending this information in the initial outreach email saves advocates and the legislative staff time during the lobbying meeting and allows the legislative office to more deeply inquire about the issue and the request. That being said, be strategic about what to leave for the in-person discussion. Sometimes, but not always, it is better to omit certain disadvantages of one’s opinion or proposal from the initial email and wait to see if the legislative staff asks about the downsides. If an advocate has good responses for the downsides, they may want to offer both the concern and the response before the meeting. However, advocates should be cautious withholding disadvantages of their proposal later in your engagement with legislators. Legislative advocacy is about building relationships, so it may be harmful to the relationship if a legislator later finds out there are downsides to your proposal that you have not informed them. Instead you should critically look at your proposal for shortcomings and issues and prepare your response.When attempting to schedule a meeting with a legislator’s office, be flexible about the timing but forward about the request at hand. Advocates may propose specific dates and times to meet in the coming weeks and ask if any of those options work for the legislative office. Advocates can show that they are respectful of the legislator’s time by adding that if none of those times work for the legislator, they are willing to do whatever is best for their office. Hopefully, a legislative assistant replies sooner rather than later. But legislative staff members can have ten or fifteen meetings a day and simply not have the bandwidth to respond right away. Before sending a request for a meeting, it is useful to check the legislative calendar—are the legislators in session, actively making laws? If so, they could be particularly busy. Lobbying requires patience, and the legislative office may not respond for a little while. Meetings can also be scheduled and cancelled (maybe even more than once) given the hectic nature of the lawmaking process. If it has been two full weeks since an advocate originally reached out and they still have not heard back from the legislator’s office, it is appropriate to politely follow back up and see if they have time to schedule a meeting. Because delay is so common, it is important to start this process well before any decision-making deadlines approach. The legislative office will need considerable time to schedule the meeting, consider the request, and follow up as appropriate.",[],{},{"nodeType":1298,"data":9920,"content":9921},{},[9922],{"nodeType":1237,"value":9923,"marks":9924,"data":9925},"Preparing for the Meeting",[],{},{"nodeType":1233,"data":9927,"content":9928},{},[9929],{"nodeType":1237,"value":9930,"marks":9931,"data":9932},"If the legislative office schedules a meeting with the advocate, the advocate should organise all pertinent information before the date of the meeting. Because lobbying meetings tend to run rather short (ten to thirty minutes), preparing for the meeting is where most of the legislative advocacy lies. Advocates may bring a notepad with specific pieces of information they want to be sure to convey (or might forget). It may also be helpful to print persuasive yet succinct materials to give the legislative staffer during the meeting (things that have not already been shared). This material is often a one-page fact sheet or draft bill. You can create a visually interesting one-pager by including pictures, graphs and diagrams. These documents help the legislative staffer gauge how much thought the advocate has put into this proposal and can save them the time and energy of doing research on their own. However, do not take it personally if they have critiques or substantial edits for the draft bill, as legislators tend to write legislation themselves. Also do not be surprised if it appears they have not read any of the materials sent to them before the meeting. Sometimes, they do not have time to prepare for these meetings because they are already engaged with many other matters. Other times, they may have read the materials, but want to hear what the constituent has to say about the issue. It is also possible that the legislator and their staff are not well informed about your cause area as a legislator’s brief is wide ranging. The purpose of your one-page fact sheet or bill is to provide the essential information for a legislator to decide whether to support your efforts.When assembling these materials, ask yourself: what is my measure of success for this lobbying meeting? Success might be receiving interest from that office in working on this issue further. But success can also be introducing yourself or a nonprofit organisation you work with and briefly raise the legislative office’s awareness on the issue. It is recommended to set reasonable expectations for the meeting as well as being intentional about your long-term goals and ensuring that your materials and demeanour enable your vision of success.",[],{},{"nodeType":1658,"data":9934,"content":9954},{"target":9935},{"metadata":9936,"sys":9939,"fields":9946},{"tags":9937,"concepts":9938},[],[],{"space":9940,"id":9942,"type":16,"createdAt":9943,"updatedAt":9943,"environment":9944,"publishedVersion":48,"revision":23,"locale":24},{"sys":9941},{"type":12,"linkType":13,"id":14},"3Lkft9fYNbbgtZbkobsIwm","2026-07-06T11:50:20.890Z",{"sys":9945},{"id":20,"type":12,"linkType":21},{"title":9947,"description":27,"file":9948},"CALF-Laptop",{"url":9949,"details":9950,"fileName":9953,"contentType":1199},"//images.ctfassets.net/5n7qh8xf3t5v/3Lkft9fYNbbgtZbkobsIwm/9cfb934e3ae39dd5dc3b8d1364e14e7d/CALF-Laptop.avif",{"size":9951,"image":9952},29797,{"width":9579,"height":9580},"CALF-Laptop.avif",[],{"nodeType":1298,"data":9956,"content":9957},{},[9958],{"nodeType":1237,"value":9959,"marks":9960,"data":9961},"Meeting with Legislators",[],{},{"nodeType":1233,"data":9963,"content":9964},{},[9965],{"nodeType":1237,"value":9966,"marks":9967,"data":9968},"The COVID-19 pandemic permanently changed the ways in which we communicate with one another, including meeting with legislators. Traditionally, individuals or groups could request in-person meetings with elected officials to lobby them on a particular issue. But since March 2020, in-person meetings are not always feasible. Instead, advocates may receive information about how to have a phone call or video conference call with a legislative staffer. Virtual meetings can be just as effective as in-person meetings and require an equal amount of practice. They can even be far more convenient as they avoid the need to travel to the legislator’s office. No matter the setting, advocates should speak confidently and clearly about their issue to communicate effectively. Practising the short presentation as well as answers to anticipated questions helps get there.If the meeting is in-person, research the distance and time of travel, modes of available transportation, parking accommodations and costs (if applicable), as well as rules pertaining to building access, as most parliaments require visitors to complete a registration and security check. If the meeting is virtual, check a few days before the meeting for suitable technology and accounts, making sure you have the right software uploaded to your computer and that it is up to date. Also consider where to conduct a virtual meeting, keeping in mind lighting, noise, and backgrounds. Whether the meeting is virtual or in-person, wear professional attire and maintain eye contact as much as possible.If the meeting includes more than one constituent or advocate, it is crucial to assign roles for each person ahead of time. One person can be the facilitator, who introduces the individuals who requested the meeting, briefly states the issue, and facilitates the conversation throughout the meeting. Another person can be the storyteller, who uses their power as a constituent and personal connection to the issue to amplify the urgency or weight of what needs to be conveyed, or the expert, who presents the legislator with the issues and proposed solutions. And if someone wants to attend the meeting but not lead the conversation, they can always be the notetaker who is responsible for recording the legislative staffer’s responses, or the person who can share certain facts or information.When the meeting is about to start, advocates will find themselves waiting outside an office, in a virtual waiting room, or staring at their phone anticipating a call. Whichever situation presents itself, be sure to arrive earlier than the designated meeting time. As introductions begin (name, home location, relevant affiliations), remember that this is likely not the legislative staffer’s first meeting of the day. Do not speak too quickly or assume they are familiar with the issue. At the same time, avoid condescension and meet the legislator where they are. If feelings of fear and intimidation arise as the meeting begins, remember: this is simply a conversation. Advocates are there to share information, make a case for a specific action, and see how the legislative staffer reacts. Listen closely to the staffer’s responses and concerns and address them honestly and positively. Never make anything up on the spot. By sharing information that is inaccurate, advocates reduce their chances of being seen as credible. Instead, when unsure of what to say, advocates should let them know they will do some research and follow up with the legislator’s office after the meeting to properly answer their question.With introductions out of the way, it can be helpful to start the conversation with something the legislator cares about that can segue into your topic. Sharing facts, data, or stories that relate to the issue and resonate with the legislators’ interests signify that the advocate knows the legislator well and is aligned with their values. In the animal welfare context, this usually means laying out a diverse array of arguments for the cause. For example, if an advocate wants to put forward a bill to regulate the dairy industry in their state and their legislator is a known environmental advocate, discussing the link between dairy production and climate change can incentivize that legislator to view the issue as politically significant from the beginning of the conversation. Advocates do not have to ignore issues of animal welfare altogether in the pursuit of finding common ground but attempting to guilt or scare the legislator into action will likely not be effective. Therefore, it is recommended to describe the reasons why the issue is important from several perspectives depending on your interlocutor’s concerns, political positions, and background.While conveying the overarching message to the legislator, also keep these recommendations in mind:",[],{},{"nodeType":1361,"data":9970,"content":9971},{},[9972,9982,9992,10002,10012],{"nodeType":1365,"data":9973,"content":9974},{},[9975],{"nodeType":1233,"data":9976,"content":9977},{},[9978],{"nodeType":1237,"value":9979,"marks":9980,"data":9981},"If the advocate sent the legislators’ office any materials ahead of time, do not read them aloud during the meeting. Advocates should always avoid reading from their notes directly and instead practise what they want to say to the legislator at least a few times before the meeting.",[],{},{"nodeType":1365,"data":9983,"content":9984},{},[9985],{"nodeType":1233,"data":9986,"content":9987},{},[9988],{"nodeType":1237,"value":9989,"marks":9990,"data":9991},"Concisely deliver the main points, without a PowerPoint or visual aid, while maintaining a comfortable dialogue. (Be prepared for the possibility that you will be meeting for a short time, with no equipment to project slides.)",[],{},{"nodeType":1365,"data":9993,"content":9994},{},[9995],{"nodeType":1233,"data":9996,"content":9997},{},[9998],{"nodeType":1237,"value":9999,"marks":10000,"data":10001},"Acknowledge viewpoints that are contradictory to the legislator’s opinions or actions. This is a strategic choice and is not always the right one. But it can show under the right circumstances that the advocate considered perspectives beyond their own, did their homework, and saved the legislative staffers the time of looking into opposing arguments on their own.",[],{},{"nodeType":1365,"data":10003,"content":10004},{},[10005],{"nodeType":1233,"data":10006,"content":10007},{},[10008],{"nodeType":1237,"value":10009,"marks":10010,"data":10011},"If the legislator or their staffer makes an argument you don’t agree with, stay calm, don’t become emotional and disagree respectively. It is likely you will need support from legislators from across the political spectrum, demonstrating you can work with a legislator on one issue while respectfully disagreeing on another may be necessary for the success of your cause.",[],{},{"nodeType":1365,"data":10013,"content":10014},{},[10015],{"nodeType":1233,"data":10016,"content":10017},{},[10018],{"nodeType":1237,"value":10019,"marks":10020,"data":10021},"It is usually advantageous to mention the other legislators you are speaking to and who are supportive of your cause or proposed bill. Legislators are more likely to support a bill if they are aware their peers are also supportive.",[],{},{"nodeType":1233,"data":10023,"content":10024},{},[10025],{"nodeType":1237,"value":10026,"marks":10027,"data":10028},"Before the meeting ends, make the “ask” the meeting was set up for—whether that is supporting a proposed bill, setting up an informational hearing, sponsoring a proposed bill, or some other legislative action. In formulating this request, create a clear and concise description of exactly what the legislator should do and why. Legislative staffers rarely have the capacity to make commitments on the spot, they will likely respond that their office is either not interested or will review the proposal in more depth and reach back out when they can. If the meeting goes well and the legislative staffer engages with the issue, advocates may also ask the legislative staffer if they have any strategic advice to move the proposal or cause forward. From there, thank the legislative staffer for their time and consideration, and leave the meeting with the knowledge that you are making concrete steps towards improving the lives of animals. It is not recommended to¡ ask for pictures or to post about meetings on social media. Instead, advocates should reserve these types of actions for official meetings and campaign actions. If advocates want to communicate about their meetings, they can do so in a way that does not identify who they met with.",[],{},{"nodeType":1298,"data":10030,"content":10031},{},[10032],{"nodeType":1237,"value":10033,"marks":10034,"data":10035},"Following Up with Legislators",[],{},{"nodeType":1233,"data":10037,"content":10038},{},[10039],{"nodeType":1237,"value":10040,"marks":10041,"data":10042},"Lobbying for one’s cause does not end simply because the first lobbying meeting is over. Lobbying is all about long-term relationship building. Advocates can nurture the connection by following up and demonstrating not only that the issue discussed is important, but that they are friendly and easy to work with. After the meeting ends, send a thank you note or email to the legislative staffer. If the staffer asked for any additional information during the meeting, or if the advocate offered any, the advocate should promptly get back to them with that information. For that reason, advocates should always make sure to allocate time after a meeting to prepare follow up documentations that the interlocutors will likely ask, as some of these documents will require time to research and put together. If the legislative staffer seemed in favour of the advocate’s stance, the advocate should reiterate their request and thank them for their support. If the staffer was noncommittal or outright opposed to the advocate’s stance, the advocate should repeat their key points and encourage them to support or consider the ask. Sometimes, advocates can ask legislators who are unsupportive not to oppose the proposal. When keeping an eye on this legislator’s activity, be sure to thank them for any votes or legislative actions they take that endorse the cause or other relevant, good causes. And if there has been no traction on the issue since the initial meeting, consider whether to reach out again to remind them of the discussion, restate the ask, and thank them once more.",[],{},{"nodeType":1298,"data":10044,"content":10045},{},[10046],{"nodeType":1237,"value":10047,"marks":10048,"data":10049},"Other Avenues to Make Your Voice Heard",[],{},{"nodeType":1233,"data":10051,"content":10052},{},[10053],{"nodeType":1237,"value":10054,"marks":10055,"data":10056},"For a plethora of reasons, setting up a meeting with a legislative office is not always desirable or feasible. However, advocates can still lobby legislators on issues they care about. Advocates can email or call the legislator’s office, attend local government meetings such as town hall meetings and public forums, and testify at hearings or city council meetings. When emailing or calling, it is recommended that advocates see if they can talk to a staffer that is involved in or familiar with the issue, as staffers tend to have designated areas of work within their offices, like environment or business. Advocates should identify the reason for the communication clearly and early on, mention why the issue is important, and should not forget to make the specific action request in the email or call. Additionally, when possible, advocates should avoid copying template outreach emails. Making the communication personal, genuine, and narrative-based increases the likelihood that the contact will be noted and even responded to. Similar advice applies for a phone call, which can be equally if not more productive than an email. Talking with a legislative office over the phone provides the potential for advocates to learn what the staffer thinks in response to the request and pick up cues as to what the next steps should be, and in a more timely manner than email.Lastly, advocates that want to avoid the pressure of leading a lobbying meeting can attend and/or testify at city council meetings, public forums, and bill hearings in jurisdictions where these public consultations processes exist, such as the US and certain EU Member States. Furnishing advice or thoughts on these pathways of legislative engagement could fill an entirely different legislative resource, and there are plenty of accessible resources available to learn more about speaking at public forums or hearings in the different jurisdiction.",[],{},{"nodeType":1658,"data":10058,"content":10078},{"target":10059},{"metadata":10060,"sys":10063,"fields":10070},{"tags":10061,"concepts":10062},[],[],{"space":10064,"id":10066,"type":16,"createdAt":10067,"updatedAt":10067,"environment":10068,"publishedVersion":48,"revision":23,"locale":24},{"sys":10065},{"type":12,"linkType":13,"id":14},"6b7EbJJ1wGVapQvWw3WqED","2026-07-06T11:50:20.891Z",{"sys":10069},{"id":20,"type":12,"linkType":21},{"title":10071,"description":27,"file":10072},"EU-Hall",{"url":10073,"details":10074,"fileName":10077,"contentType":1199},"//images.ctfassets.net/5n7qh8xf3t5v/6b7EbJJ1wGVapQvWw3WqED/107c33634a40ed91668267eefe33540e/EU-Hall.avif",{"size":10075,"image":10076},122538,{"width":9579,"height":9580},"EU-Hall.avif",[],{"nodeType":1283,"data":10080,"content":10081},{},[10082],{"nodeType":1237,"value":10083,"marks":10084,"data":10085},"Types of Legislative Advocacy: Ballot Initiatives, Official Petitions, and Referendums",[],{},{"nodeType":1233,"data":10087,"content":10088},{},[10089],{"nodeType":1237,"value":10090,"marks":10091,"data":10092},"The initiative and referendum are common in not just the U.S., but other countries like Switzerland, France, Italy, Ireland, and Australia. Once you have identified how you would like to advocate for animals using the initiative or referendum process available in your area, identify how you can contribute. Even if you have never heard about ballot initiatives or referendums before, you can have a role in executing a successful ballot measure. Successful ballot measures require conducting and sharing research, writing out the proposal, working with public officials to circulate the proposal, hosting speaker panels, running public education campaigns, gathering signatures, and fundraising. There are countless ways to help a ballot measure campaign and just by being a registered voter, you have already completed an important first step in using this electoral device to advocate for animals.",[],{},{"nodeType":1298,"data":10094,"content":10095},{},[10096],{"nodeType":1237,"value":10097,"marks":10098,"data":10099},"Ballot Initiatives and Referendums in the US",[],{},{"nodeType":1233,"data":10101,"content":10102},{},[10103,10108,10112,10117],{"nodeType":1237,"value":10104,"marks":10105,"data":10107},"Ballot initiatives",[10106],{"type":1906},{},{"nodeType":1237,"value":10109,"marks":10110,"data":10111}," in the US are a valuable means for citizens to bypass their local or state legislature by putting proposed statutes, ordinances, or constitutional amendments directly onto ballots. The initiative process has the power to create, edit, or repeal local and state laws or amend local charters and state constitutions. This process is often encoded in U.S. state constitutions, and is available to registered voters in twenty-six states. Often discussed in tandem with the initiative process is the referendum process, which refers to citizens voting on whether to uphold or repeal a law that successfully passed through the legislature. Both the initiative and referendum processes are discussed below, beginning with the initiative process. Neither process is a good first step. If advocates pursue these options without first having tried the legislative route, they are not likely to be successful.The initiative process takes on two central forms: direct and indirect. The direct process is much more common and involves qualifying proposals being put on the ballot for citizens to vote on. In the indirect process, however, the proposal is sent to the legislature for legislators to approve or reject the proposal. If the proposal is rejected during this indirect process, the initiative proposal goes on the ballot for voters to make the ultimate decision. And if the legislature approves the proposal, there is no need for further work.With no federal laws governing the ballot initiative process, advocates rely on state election laws for rules regulating how a proposal may qualify for ballot placement. No uniform set of requirements exist, but there are a few key steps that are widely used for the direct initiative process. The group responsible for the proposal must first file the proposed petition with a designated state official who will review the petition and ensure adherence to relevant statutory requirements (title, summary language, single issue, location in the law and on the ballot, etc.). Once a ballot title and summary are agreed upon, advocates may seek the required number of signatures supporting the initiative’s placement on the ballot. With enough signatures, the organising group may submit the petition to a state elections official who will verify the signatures acquired. If the quantity of signatures is deemed valid, the initiative goes on the ballot (or, for the indirect initiative process, the proposal is sent to the legislature). The typical requirement is that once the initiative is on the ballot, it must be approved by a majority vote for it to be enacted. These steps provide a general roadmap to the initiative process, but jurisdictions have different parameters for each part of the process. All states mandate that citizens gather registered voters’ signatures for an initiative to be put on the ballot, but elements like the number of signatures, the geographic location of signed voters, and the timeframe for collecting signatures varies by jurisdiction.The ",[],{},{"nodeType":1237,"value":10113,"marks":10114,"data":10116},"referendum",[10115],{"type":1906},{},{"nodeType":1237,"value":10118,"marks":10119,"data":10120}," process in the US is similar to the initiative process in that a measure is placed on a ballot because of a voter petition. In contrast, however, the popular referendum provides voters with the opportunity to repeal an act of the legislature (or sometimes to recall a legislator or government official). If voters do not approve of a law passed by legislators, those voters may gather signatures to put the law up for a popular vote. Often, voters have a ninety-day window from when the law is passed to obtain enough signatures. With the signatures gathered and verified, the issue is placed on the ballot and voters may decide the law’s fate. If voters decide to keep the law, it will take effect as scheduled. But if voters vote against the law, the law is voided and will not take effect. Twenty-four U.S. states permit referendums, with most of those states also allowing initiatives. Compared to initiatives, referendums are much more rare.Referendums can either be optional or obligatory. Optional referendums entail the process just described, where a law is subjected to a popular vote because enough voters petitioned for that opportunity. Obligatory referendums occur when statutes or constitutions mandate that certain types of legislative action undergo a popular vote. For example, constitutional amendments proposed by legislators will be subject to the obligatory referendum in most U.S. states. Bond issues, tax questions, and other narrow matters are usually the type of matters that give rise to obligatory referendums.Although there is no ballot initiative process at the federal level, state ballot measures are responsible for significant policy change across the U.S., including raising the minimum wage, enacting marriage equality laws, and decriminalising marijuana. Ballot measures have offered the opportunity to make enormous strides for nonhuman animals. A movement-defining 2018 California ballot measure called Proposition 12 prohibited the confinement of breeding pigs, calves raised for veal, and egg-laying hens below a specific number of square feet. Proposition 12 reaches not just California producers and consumers, but producers across the country who may not sell noncompliant animal products from out-of-state. Some call Proposition 12 the strongest law in the U.S. for protecting farmed animals. The far-reaching impact of Proposition 12 has not been without backlash. Indeed because the impact of the change to farming practices is largely felt outside of California, the pork industry has retaliated - stalling the implementation of the measure - by challenging the bill’s legality in several courts. The challenge has reached the highest court in the U.S. legal system, the Supreme Court of Justice, who will rule on the fate of the measure. However, national notoriety is not needed to utilise the ballot initiative process to improve the lives of animals. Four states have banned greyhound racing and gestation crates, three have banned cockfighting, and two have banned canned hunts using ballot measures. Advocates throughout the U.S. have tackled and successfully regulated trapping, hunting, puppy mills, and other animal-related topics with ballot measures. Advocates can continue this work by identifying a need for animals in their municipality or state and working on a ballot initiative or referendum to properly address it. Advocates interested in organising a ballot initiative or referendum campaign should check their local jurisdiction for whether these electoral tools are available.",[],{},{"nodeType":1298,"data":10122,"content":10123},{},[10124],{"nodeType":1237,"value":10125,"marks":10126,"data":10127},"The European Citizens’ Initiative (ECI)",[],{},{"nodeType":1233,"data":10129,"content":10130},{},[10131,10135,10143,10147,10155],{"nodeType":1237,"value":10132,"marks":10133,"data":10134},"Certain European jurisdictions also provide the possibility for citizens to initiate referendums, by which a minimum number of citizens can put a legislative proposal to the vote.Additionally, at EU level, since 2009, EU citizens can also officially request the European Commission – the executive branch of the EU – to enact legislation within its field of competence. They can do so through an official petition mechanism called the ",[],{},{"nodeType":1627,"data":10136,"content":10138},{"uri":10137},"https://europa.eu/citizens-initiative/_en",[10139],{"nodeType":1237,"value":10140,"marks":10141,"data":10142},"European Citizens’ Initiative (ECI)",[],{},{"nodeType":1237,"value":10144,"marks":10145,"data":10146},". Specifically, EU citizens must gather at least one million signatures in at least seven EU Member States. Unlike referendums and ballot initiatives though, ECIs merely call on the European Commission to enact legislation, as ECIs do not directly result in the adoption of legal acts. Although the European Commission is not bound to answer positively to an ECI, the European Commission still has to provide an answer as to why it decides not to enact legislation requested through an ECI. An example of a successful ECI is the ",[],{},{"nodeType":1627,"data":10148,"content":10150},{"uri":10149},"https://ec.europa.eu/info/law/better-regulation/have-your-say/initiatives/12842-Animal-welfare-%E2%80%98End-the-Cage-Age%E2%80%99-European-citizens%E2%80%99-initiative_en",[10151],{"nodeType":1237,"value":10152,"marks":10153,"data":10154},"“End the Cage” ECI",[],{},{"nodeType":1237,"value":10156,"marks":10157,"data":10158},", which seeks to prohibit the use of cages in EU animal agriculture.",[],{},{"nodeType":1658,"data":10160,"content":10161},{"target":9561},[],{"nodeType":1283,"data":10163,"content":10164},{},[10165],{"nodeType":1237,"value":10166,"marks":10167,"data":10168},"Other Forms of Advocacy",[],{},{"nodeType":1233,"data":10170,"content":10171},{},[10172],{"nodeType":1237,"value":10173,"marks":10174,"data":10175},"The purpose of this resource is to provide a foundation of knowledge for individuals interested in legislative advocacy, but there are plenty of other forms of advocacy that are equally valuable to the pursuit of animal protection. This section briefly explores a few of those methods of advocacy to remind you that even if legislative advocacy is not ultimately what you decide to pursue, there are countless other ways to help animals. Your organisation may even have the capacity to undertake multiple forms of advocacy, or work in concert with other organisations, as a plurality of tactics can be the most effective way to bring about change.",[],{},{"nodeType":1298,"data":10177,"content":10178},{},[10179],{"nodeType":1237,"value":10180,"marks":10181,"data":10182},"Litigation",[],{},{"nodeType":1233,"data":10184,"content":10185},{},[10186,10190,10198],{"nodeType":1237,"value":10187,"marks":10188,"data":10189},"Litigation refers to the process of settling disputes in the public court system. Animal law litigators file lawsuits against individuals or companies to protect animals, by relying on existing statutes and common law rulings to formulate claims of action. When they win lawsuits, litigators are capable of not just defending the interests of specific animals, but also creating new rights and sources of protections for all kinds of animals. Justice v. Vercher, a case filed by the Animal Legal Defense Fund (ALDF), showcases the potential power animal law litigation holds for the future of human-animal relationships. ALDF filed the case in Oregon State Court in 2018 on behalf of an abused horse named Justice. In seeking the costs of Justice’s ongoing medical care and compensation for his pain and suffering, ALDF hopes to establish with this case that ",[],{},{"nodeType":1627,"data":10191,"content":10193},{"uri":10192},"https://aldf.org/case/justice-the-horse-sues-abuser/",[10194],{"nodeType":1237,"value":10195,"marks":10196,"data":10197},"animals have a legal right to sue their abusers in court",[],{},{"nodeType":1237,"value":10199,"marks":10200,"data":10201},".It is also important to note that lawsuits are typically brought for violation or vindication of rules enshrined in laws, and so represent an essential mechanism to improve enforcement of existing laws Litigation-based efforts have contributed to improving enforcement of existing legislation in the EU for instance, where the European Commission (the EU?s executive branch) sued certain EU countries for failing to comply with the ban on non-enriched battery cages and the requirement to stun animals prior to their bleeding.Litigation can be a powerful tool for change especially in Common law countries, such as the UK, the US, Australia, and New Zealand, where court rulings can have the same legal value as law – unlike civil law countries, where court rulings tend to have a lesser legal value compared to laws.",[],{},{"nodeType":1298,"data":10203,"content":10204},{},[10205],{"nodeType":1237,"value":10206,"marks":10207,"data":10208},"Administrative Advocacy",[],{},{"nodeType":1233,"data":10210,"content":10211},{},[10212,10216,10224,10228,10236,10240,10248],{"nodeType":1237,"value":10213,"marks":10214,"data":10215},"Administrative law regulates the operation and procedures of government agencies. In the U.S., agencies that govern the use and protection of animals include the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA), the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (FWS), ",[],{},{"nodeType":1627,"data":10217,"content":10219},{"uri":10218},"https://www.usaha.org/federal-and-state-animal-health",[10220],{"nodeType":1237,"value":10221,"marks":10222,"data":10223},"and many more",[],{},{"nodeType":1237,"value":10225,"marks":10226,"data":10227},". Agencies such as these promulgate regulations, which are rules that government agencies put in place to implement statutory law. Advocates can influence the formation or application of these rules to improve or save animal lives. For example, advocates can help ensure that the protections outlined for threatened aquatic species under the U.S. Endangered Species Act regulations are in fact being enforced to the best of our government’s ability.In the EU, agencies do not have rulemaking power, and only the European Commission can enact regulations, under the form of ",[],{},{"nodeType":1627,"data":10229,"content":10231},{"uri":10230},"https://ec.europa.eu/info/law/law-making-process/adopting-eu-law/implementing-and-delegated-acts_en",[10232],{"nodeType":1237,"value":10233,"marks":10234,"data":10235},"delegated acts and implementing acts",[],{},{"nodeType":1237,"value":10237,"marks":10238,"data":10239},", which are adopted in ",[],{},{"nodeType":1627,"data":10241,"content":10243},{"uri":10242},"https://ec.europa.eu/info/law/law-making-process/adopting-eu-law/implementing-and-delegated-acts/comitology_en",[10244],{"nodeType":1237,"value":10245,"marks":10246,"data":10247},"committees of experts",[],{},{"nodeType":1237,"value":10249,"marks":10250,"data":10251}," from all 27 Member States. These delegated and implementing acts specify the ways in which EU law should be implemented.If not in the U.S. or EU, you should research your relevant national agencies to determine what powers they have, and whether they are a suitable target for your advocacy.",[],{},{"nodeType":1298,"data":10253,"content":10254},{},[10255],{"nodeType":1237,"value":10256,"marks":10257,"data":10258},"Scientific Research",[],{},{"nodeType":1233,"data":10260,"content":10261},{},[10262,10266,10274,10278,10286],{"nodeType":1237,"value":10263,"marks":10264,"data":10265},"Animal scientists and social scientists have made ",[],{},{"nodeType":1627,"data":10267,"content":10269},{"uri":10268},"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4494450/",[10270],{"nodeType":1237,"value":10271,"marks":10272,"data":10273},"remarkable strides",[],{},{"nodeType":1237,"value":10275,"marks":10276,"data":10277}," in the last few decades in proving that many animals, including many aquatic species, are sentient, vital to the ecosystems they inhabit, and that the pollution and degradation that accompanies animal exploitation have detrimental impacts on humans’ ability to thrive on earth. Advocates of all kinds use these scientifically significant findings to lobby for legislation, strengthen arguments in court, and develop management and production practices that safeguard animals and their homes. A terrific example highlighting the importance of scientific research to animal protection is the recent amendment to the United Kingdom’s Animal Welfare (Sentience) Bill. The Foundations of Animal Sentience project published strong scientific evidence indicating that Cephalopod Mollusks and Decapod Crustaceans can experience pain and distress. Based on the findings of that report, the UK government expanded the scope of the Animal Welfare (Sentience) Bill to include all animals from these groups, ",[],{},{"nodeType":1627,"data":10279,"content":10281},{"uri":10280},"https://www.lse.ac.uk/philosophy/blog/2021/11/19/lse-philosophy-research-leads-to-change-in-uk-animal-welfare-law/",[10282],{"nodeType":1237,"value":10283,"marks":10284,"data":10285},"including octopuses, squid, crabs, lobsters, crayfish, and cuttlefish",[],{},{"nodeType":1237,"value":1636,"marks":10287,"data":10288},[],{},{"nodeType":1298,"data":10290,"content":10291},{},[10292],{"nodeType":1237,"value":10293,"marks":10294,"data":10295},"Corporate Outreach",[],{},{"nodeType":1233,"data":10297,"content":10298},{},[10299,10303,10311],{"nodeType":1237,"value":10300,"marks":10301,"data":10302},"Advocates working within the corporate outreach space do several things, including ensuring companies are complying with existing animal protection laws and encouraging businesses to implement meaningful protections to reduce animal suffering. Corporate outreach advocates communicate directly with industry members to convince them that it is in their best interest to willingly change their internal production methods and procedures. Such advocates often focus on specific requests, such as adopting improved standards of care, enhancing certification requirements, and offering plant-based alternatives.The Humane League’s work is one example of the power of corporate outreach. As of early 2016, the Humane League’s corporate campaigners secured commitments from over 200 companies to transition to cage-free systems for birds within ten years. These commitments are ",[],{},{"nodeType":1627,"data":10304,"content":10306},{"uri":10305},"https://founderspledge.com/research/fp-animal-welfare",[10307],{"nodeType":1237,"value":10308,"marks":10309,"data":10310},"estimated to prevent the suffering of 225 million hens from battery cage",[],{},{"nodeType":1237,"value":10312,"marks":10313,"data":10314}," confinement every year. Advocates across the globe are participating in corporate campaigns like this one, which tangibly improve the lives of millions of animals on an annual basis.",[],{},{"nodeType":1298,"data":10316,"content":10317},{},[10318],{"nodeType":1237,"value":10319,"marks":10320,"data":10321},"Social Campaigns",[],{},{"nodeType":1233,"data":10323,"content":10324},{},[10325,10329,10337],{"nodeType":1237,"value":10326,"marks":10327,"data":10328},"Lastly, we have social campaigns as a tool for change. Social campaigns are a method of mobilising individuals and groups to take action for animals. Such actions can include a variety of tactics, like initiating a letter writing campaign, collecting signatures for petitions, and coordinating social media campaigns to pressure relevant targets.An example of the power of social organising is the movement to end the breeding and captivity of orcas in aquariums and marine parks. The 2013 documentary Blackfish, in conjunction with mass calls of action on social media, ",[],{},{"nodeType":1627,"data":10330,"content":10332},{"uri":10331},"https://www.worldanimalprotection.org/blogs/how-documentary-blackfish-negatively-impacted-marine-park-seaworld",[10333],{"nodeType":1237,"value":10334,"marks":10335,"data":10336},"led SeaWorld’s stock market price to drastically fall",[],{},{"nodeType":1237,"value":10338,"marks":10339,"data":10340}," and the state of California to pass a bill prohibiting killer whale captivity, breeding, and trade. The public education and pressure campaign created substantive legal and industry improvements for orcas in the U.S., and may have helped later successful efforts in Canada and elsewhere, indicating the capacity social campaigns have to make change for animals.",[],{},{"nodeType":1658,"data":10342,"content":10362},{"target":10343},{"metadata":10344,"sys":10347,"fields":10354},{"tags":10345,"concepts":10346},[],[],{"space":10348,"id":10350,"type":16,"createdAt":10351,"updatedAt":10351,"environment":10352,"publishedVersion":48,"revision":23,"locale":24},{"sys":10349},{"type":12,"linkType":13,"id":14},"6rEAL7yTi2fqQhxLeRSlsU","2026-07-06T11:50:20.887Z",{"sys":10353},{"id":20,"type":12,"linkType":21},{"title":10355,"description":27,"file":10356},"CALF-chicken3",{"url":10357,"details":10358,"fileName":10361,"contentType":1199},"//images.ctfassets.net/5n7qh8xf3t5v/6rEAL7yTi2fqQhxLeRSlsU/0eb95cf903184b61d424494c3867da3f/CALF-chicken3.avif",{"size":10359,"image":10360},89635,{"width":9579,"height":9580},"CALF-chicken3.avif",[],{"nodeType":1283,"data":10364,"content":10365},{},[10366],{"nodeType":1237,"value":10367,"marks":10368,"data":10369},"Methods of Legislative Advocacy: Which is Right for You?",[],{},{"nodeType":1233,"data":10371,"content":10372},{},[10373],{"nodeType":1237,"value":10374,"marks":10375,"data":10376},"This resource has covered several available methods of legislative advocacy: voting, lobbying for city or state legislation, and ballot initiatives. Now it is time to assess which method of advocacy suits you best for your work. The following section will talk broadly about the advantages and disadvantages of the methods of legislative advocacy explored in this resource, and hopefully empower you to see how you as an individual can get involved in legislative campaigns.",[],{},{"nodeType":1298,"data":10378,"content":10379},{},[10380],{"nodeType":1237,"value":10381,"marks":10382,"data":10383},"Lobbying for City & State Legislation",[],{},{"nodeType":1233,"data":10385,"content":10386},{},[10387,10391,10399,10403,10411,10415,10422],{"nodeType":1237,"value":10388,"marks":10389,"data":10390},"Unlike voting, lobbying for city or state legislation requires a tremendous amount of time and resources. Advocates involved in city or state legislative campaigns must have the expertise to draft or amend legislation, build relationships with legislative offices, pay for campaign materials, and amass public support to achieve success. Do not be intimidated by the prospect of legislative campaigning. Lobbying for city or state legislation is never a solo task—you are always working as a part of a collective effort. And even if you feel as though you do not possess the requisite experience or resources to contribute, remember that there are sources of guidance and support to help you become a valuable member of a legislative campaign team. If you are interested in drafting new legislation or amending existing legislation but have never done it before, you can contact local advocacy groups, nonprofit organisations, and legislative professionals who can provide insight about how to get started. A relevant resource is the ",[],{},{"nodeType":1627,"data":10392,"content":10394},{"uri":10393},"https://calf.law/",[10395],{"nodeType":1237,"value":10396,"marks":10397,"data":10398},"Coller Animal Law Forum",[],{},{"nodeType":1237,"value":10400,"marks":10401,"data":10402},", which lists positive examples of laws and policies adopted around the world. If you have funds to share but not time or energy, you can donate directly to campaigns or organisations fighting for the legislative change you want to see. Or if you simply have a few minutes of your day to spare, you can support an ongoing campaign by contacting your local representative and letting them know how they can best align with your values as a constituent. Successfully advocating for city and state legislation requires many individuals taking on supportive roles, which anyone can do.Because of the time and resource intensive nature of lobbying, typically those with more power end up having their voices heard more. Advocates lobbying the U.S. federal government for public interest purposes are ",[],{},{"nodeType":1627,"data":10404,"content":10406},{"uri":10405},"https://www.brookings.edu/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/06_lobbying_drutman.pdf",[10407],{"nodeType":1237,"value":10408,"marks":10409,"data":10410},"outnumbered by business interests sixteen to one",[],{},{"nodeType":1237,"value":10412,"marks":10413,"data":10414},". Wealthy individuals and industries take advantage of an electoral process that favours campaign contributions and the ",[],{},{"nodeType":1627,"data":10416,"content":10417},{"uri":10405},[10418],{"nodeType":1237,"value":10419,"marks":10420,"data":10421},"ability to consistently flood congressional offices with information",[],{},{"nodeType":1237,"value":10423,"marks":10424,"data":10425},". Because political systems are rigged for the benefit of a few select classes of people, it may feel like your voice is not strong enough to measure up. But the power imbalances at play should incentivize you to get involved, not deter you. Without individuals proposing legislative ideas and lobbying lawmakers to enact them, business interests will only grow while minority perspectives and values will be ignored. The legislative system is not meant to be gatekept, and by getting involved in one or more steps in the lobbying process, you will help rectify the representational disparities that perpetuate the suffering of human and non-human animals.",[],{},{"nodeType":1298,"data":10427,"content":10428},{},[10429],{"nodeType":1237,"value":10430,"marks":10431,"data":10432},"Ballot Initiatives",[],{},{"nodeType":1233,"data":10434,"content":10435},{},[10436,10440,10448,10452],{"nodeType":1237,"value":10437,"marks":10438,"data":10439},"Ballot initiatives are distinct as a form of legislative advocacy because they are not available everywhere. Only about half of U.S. states allow their citizens to propose statewide ballot measures, while thousands of cities and counties allow them. Outside of the U.S. only Columbia, Croatia, Ecuador, Hungary, Italy, Lichtenstein, Philippines, Slovakia, Slovenia, Switzerland, and Taiwan have binding referendums on demand. When the ballot initiative process is available, it provides a game-changing opportunity to make up for lack of issue interest or prioritisation from the legislature. Ballot initiatives also allow citizens to exercise more control over a proposed measure’s content, framing the language as desired without influence from political tensions or compromise. Because of this inherent freedom in the initiative process, ",[],{},{"nodeType":1627,"data":10441,"content":10443},{"uri":10442},"https://nwlc.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/08/PowertothePeopleFinal2005ExecSummary.pdf",[10444],{"nodeType":1237,"value":10445,"marks":10446,"data":10447},"advocates can propose bolder, one-of-a-kind measures",[],{},{"nodeType":1237,"value":10449,"marks":10450,"data":10451}," that change the lives of millions of animals (like California’s Proposition 12).These advantages of ballot initiatives come with their drawbacks as well. Only one lawmaker is needed to introduce a bill, whereas volunteers need to collect thousands of signatures for a measure to qualify for the ballot—which can be just as expensive or time consuming as lobbying for city or state legislation. Only a limited number of decision-makers need to be persuaded to pass a city or state legislation, compared to thousands if not millions of voters. Additionally, because proposed ballot initiatives are less common than bills, ballot initiatives bring greater risks of political setbacks. These disadvantages do not mean that ballot initiatives are not worthwhile alternatives to other forms of legislative advocacy. Rather, it means creating a ballot measure proposal requires a lot of work. Before putting in resources to gather signatures, it thus recommended to conduct a poll of prospective voters early in the process and ensure there is enough support for your cause. Organisations should also go over their available finances, volunteers, and other resources that will make or break the success of a ballot measure campaign. There is also the possibility of supporting an existing ballot initiative campaign, which can be as impactful as starting one.",[],{},{"nodeType":1237,"value":10453,"marks":10454,"data":10456},"Author: Miranda Eisen, Student at the Animal Law Clinic, Lewis & Clark Law School (under the supervision of Professor Kathy Hessler)",[10455],{"type":1420},{},{"nodeType":1283,"data":10458,"content":10459},{},[10460],{"nodeType":1237,"value":10461,"marks":10462,"data":10463},"Resources",[],{},{"nodeType":1233,"data":10465,"content":10466},{},[10467,10470,10478],{"nodeType":1237,"value":27,"marks":10468,"data":10469},[],{},{"nodeType":1627,"data":10471,"content":10473},{"uri":10472},"https://www.afterschoolalliance.org/policyStateBallotInitiatives.cfm",[10474],{"nodeType":1237,"value":10475,"marks":10476,"data":10477},"Afterschool Alliance, “Ballot Initiatives,”",[],{},{"nodeType":1237,"value":10479,"marks":10480,"data":10481},", (last visited October 22, 2022).",[],{},{"nodeType":1233,"data":10483,"content":10484},{},[10485,10488,10496],{"nodeType":1237,"value":27,"marks":10486,"data":10487},[],{},{"nodeType":1627,"data":10489,"content":10491},{"uri":10490},"https://bolderadvocacy.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/02/Seize-the-Initiative-2020.pdf",[10492],{"nodeType":1237,"value":10493,"marks":10494,"data":10495},"Alliance for Justice, Seize the Initiative: A Legal Guide on Ballot Measures for Nonprofits and Foundations, Bolder Advocacy",[],{},{"nodeType":1237,"value":10497,"marks":10498,"data":10499},", (2020).",[],{},{"nodeType":1233,"data":10501,"content":10502},{},[10503],{"nodeType":1237,"value":10504,"marks":10505,"data":10506},"Ashlee Johnson & Mike Ryan, Best Practices in Lobbying for Animals Webinar (Jan. 31, 2022).",[],{},{"nodeType":1233,"data":10508,"content":10509},{},[10510,10513,10521],{"nodeType":1237,"value":27,"marks":10511,"data":10512},[],{},{"nodeType":1627,"data":10514,"content":10516},{"uri":10515},"https://thehumaneleague.org/article/prop-12",[10517],{"nodeType":1237,"value":10518,"marks":10519,"data":10520},"Ashley Chang, “This Is What Prop 12 Means for Animals,” The Humane League, October 14, 2021",[],{},{"nodeType":1237,"value":10479,"marks":10522,"data":10523},[],{},{"nodeType":1233,"data":10525,"content":10526},{},[10527,10530,10538],{"nodeType":1237,"value":27,"marks":10528,"data":10529},[],{},{"nodeType":1627,"data":10531,"content":10533},{"uri":10532},"https://ballotpedia.org/Who_represents_me",[10534],{"nodeType":1237,"value":10535,"marks":10536,"data":10537},"Ballotpedia.org, “Who Represents Me?,”",[],{},{"nodeType":1237,"value":10539,"marks":10540,"data":10541}," (last visited October 22, 2022).",[],{},{"nodeType":1233,"data":10543,"content":10544},{},[10545,10548,10556],{"nodeType":1237,"value":27,"marks":10546,"data":10547},[],{},{"nodeType":1627,"data":10549,"content":10551},{"uri":10550},"https://www.britannica.com/topic/referendum",[10552],{"nodeType":1237,"value":10553,"marks":10554,"data":10555},"Britannica.org, “Referendum and Initiative,”",[],{},{"nodeType":1237,"value":10539,"marks":10557,"data":10558},[],{},{"nodeType":1233,"data":10560,"content":10561},{},[10562,10565,10573],{"nodeType":1237,"value":27,"marks":10563,"data":10564},[],{},{"nodeType":1627,"data":10566,"content":10568},{"uri":10567},"http://www.osba.org/-/media/Files/Resources/Legislative/2021/2021-Advocacy-BuildingRelationshipswithLegislators-Pamphlet-FINAL.pdf?la=en",[10569],{"nodeType":1237,"value":10570,"marks":10571,"data":10572},"Building Relationships With Legislators, Guide to Education Advocacy, Oregon School Boards",[],{},{"nodeType":1237,"value":27,"marks":10574,"data":10575},[],{},{"nodeType":1233,"data":10577,"content":10578},{},[10579,10582,10589,10592,10600],{"nodeType":1237,"value":27,"marks":10580,"data":10581},[],{},{"nodeType":1627,"data":10583,"content":10584},{"uri":10567},[10585],{"nodeType":1237,"value":10586,"marks":10587,"data":10588},"Association",[],{},{"nodeType":1237,"value":1636,"marks":10590,"data":10591},[],{},{"nodeType":1627,"data":10593,"content":10595},{"uri":10594},"https://oregonlandtrusts.org/get-involved/advocacy-101/",[10596],{"nodeType":1237,"value":10597,"marks":10598,"data":10599},"Coalition of Oregon Land Trusts, “Advocacy 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By way of a series of treaties binding the EU Member States, these 27 countries have transferred power to enact and implement legislation to the EU in a certain number of fields of law. 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However, Member States have agreed that EU law should recognise ",[],{},{"nodeType":1627,"data":11004,"content":11006},{"uri":11005},"https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX%3A12016E013",[11007],{"nodeType":1237,"value":11008,"marks":11009,"data":11010},"animals as sentient beings and require that the EU and the Member States take into account their welfare in certain policy fields, including agriculture and fisheries",[],{},{"nodeType":1237,"value":11012,"marks":11013,"data":11014},". Specifically, article 13 of the EU Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union (TFEU), which serves as one of the EU’s constitutional treaties, states:",[],{},{"nodeType":11016,"data":11017,"content":11018},"blockquote",{},[11019],{"nodeType":1233,"data":11020,"content":11021},{},[11022],{"nodeType":1237,"value":11023,"marks":11024,"data":11025},"In formulating and implementing the Union's agriculture, fisheries, transport, internal market, research and technological development and space policies, the Union and the Member States shall, since animals are sentient beings, pay full regard to the welfare requirements of animals, while respecting the legislative or administrative provisions and customs of the Member States relating in particular to religious rites, cultural traditions and regional heritage.",[],{},{"nodeType":1233,"data":11027,"content":11028},{},[11029],{"nodeType":1237,"value":11030,"marks":11031,"data":11032},"The duty to take into account animal welfare in EU and national laws and policies includes one exemption: cultural and traditional practices. Practices such as bullfighting, cockfighting, or slaughter without stunning for religious purposes are considered cultural and traditional practices.",[],{},{"nodeType":1233,"data":11034,"content":11035},{},[11036],{"nodeType":1237,"value":11037,"marks":11038,"data":11039},"Another significant limitation of Article 13, TFEU is that such a provision does not explicitly allow the EU to regulate the treatment of farmed animals; but instead merely requires the EU to take into account the welfare of animals. In other words, the TFEU does not create a “competence” for the EU to enact legislation in the field of animal welfare.",[],{},{"nodeType":1233,"data":11041,"content":11042},{},[11043,11047,11055,11058,11065,11069,11076],{"nodeType":1237,"value":11044,"marks":11045,"data":11046},"The Court of Justice of the European Union, which is tasked with interpreting EU law (see section below), confirmed the EU’s lack of competence in enacting legislation related to animal welfare in several cases, ",[],{},{"nodeType":1627,"data":11048,"content":11050},{"uri":11049},"https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX%3A61986CJ0131",[11051],{"nodeType":1237,"value":11052,"marks":11053,"data":11054},"in 1986",[],{},{"nodeType":1237,"value":3650,"marks":11056,"data":11057},[],{},{"nodeType":1627,"data":11059,"content":11061},{"uri":11060},"https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/ALL/?uri=CELEX%3A62001CJ0189",[11062],{"nodeType":1237,"value":847,"marks":11063,"data":11064},[],{},{"nodeType":1237,"value":11066,"marks":11067,"data":11068},", and ",[],{},{"nodeType":1627,"data":11070,"content":11072},{"uri":11071},"https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/ALL/?uri=CELEX%3A62014TJ0361",[11073],{"nodeType":1237,"value":189,"marks":11074,"data":11075},[],{},{"nodeType":1237,"value":1636,"marks":11077,"data":11078},[],{},{"nodeType":1233,"data":11080,"content":11081},{},[11082],{"nodeType":1237,"value":11083,"marks":11084,"data":11085},"Despite this limitation, the EU Institutions have provided common standards on farm animal welfare. This legislation was adopted on the EU’s competence in enacting common standards in agricultural production, on the basis that differentiated rules across EU countries might create unfair competition for businesses involved in the production of animal-source products – a phenomenon commonly referred to as “unlevel playing field.”\n",[],{},{"nodeType":1658,"data":11087,"content":11088},{"target":10891},[],{"nodeType":1233,"data":11090,"content":11091},{},[11092],{"nodeType":1237,"value":27,"marks":11093,"data":11094},[],{},{"nodeType":1283,"data":11096,"content":11097},{},[11098],{"nodeType":1237,"value":11099,"marks":11100,"data":11101},"National Advocacy Efforts versus EU Advocacy Efforts",[],{},{"nodeType":1233,"data":11103,"content":11104},{},[11105],{"nodeType":1237,"value":11106,"marks":11107,"data":11108},"When it comes to farm animal welfare standards, EU law only sets minimum standards. Unlike other fields of legislation and policies, such as the welfare of animals used for scientific purposes, EU Member States are thus able to adopt, in their national legislation, farm animal welfare standards that go above and beyond those set in EU law. As a result, animal advocates can either try and influence their national governments to pass higher standards in a given country, or the EU, to pass higher standards that would apply in all 27 Member States.",[],{},{"nodeType":1233,"data":11110,"content":11111},{},[11112],{"nodeType":1237,"value":11113,"marks":11114,"data":11115},"In practice though, many member states have adopted only a few farm animal welfare standards superior to EU minimum standards. The reluctance of Member States to adopt higher standards can be partly explained by the fact that the EU is a free trade area, wherein products can be produced and sold across Member States, as well as the political power of industrial farm animal production groups. As a result, Member States that have adopted higher standards than EU law are not able to ban the sale of products from Member States that have chosen to abide by the EU’s minimum animal welfare standards. ",[],{},{"nodeType":1233,"data":11117,"content":11118},{},[11119],{"nodeType":1237,"value":11120,"marks":11121,"data":11122},"For example, Austrian law prohibits the use of cages in egg production. However, Austria remains obligated to sell eggs from caged hens from other countries that only abide by minimum EU legal standards, and in doing so, still allow the use of cages – such as Italy or France.",[],{},{"nodeType":1233,"data":11124,"content":11125},{},[11126],{"nodeType":1237,"value":11127,"marks":11128,"data":11129},"Because higher farm animal welfare standards entail higher production costs, Member States typically refrain from adopting farm animal welfare standards that are superior to EU minimum standards. Specifically, Member States generally do not impose higher standards to their domestic producers by fear of putting them at a competitive disadvantage with cheaper imports.",[],{},{"nodeType":1233,"data":11131,"content":11132},{},[11133,11137,11145,11149,11157,11161,11168],{"nodeType":1237,"value":11134,"marks":11135,"data":11136},"Despite the existence of a chilling effect in passing progressive national farm animal welfare laws, some countries have adopted higher standards than these minimum standards set in EU law. Such in the case for ",[],{},{"nodeType":1627,"data":11138,"content":11140},{"uri":11139},"https://ec.europa.eu/transparency/documents-register/detail?ref=C(2021)4747&lang=en",[11141],{"nodeType":1237,"value":11142,"marks":11143,"data":11144},"Austria, Germany, and Czechia, which all ban the use of cages for egg-laying hens",[],{},{"nodeType":1237,"value":11146,"marks":11147,"data":11148},", when such a use is allowed in EU law. Similarly, ",[],{},{"nodeType":1627,"data":11150,"content":11152},{"uri":11151},"https://porcinehealthmanagement.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s40813-018-0103-8",[11153],{"nodeType":1237,"value":11154,"marks":11155,"data":11156},"Sweden, Finland, and Lithuania prohibit tail docking on pigs",[],{},{"nodeType":1237,"value":11158,"marks":11159,"data":11160},", although this practice is not prohibited by EU law. ",[],{},{"nodeType":1627,"data":11162,"content":11163},{"uri":11139},[11164],{"nodeType":1237,"value":11165,"marks":11166,"data":11167},"Sweden also prohibits the use of gestation and farrowing crates for sows",[],{},{"nodeType":1237,"value":11169,"marks":11170,"data":11171},", a measure also above and beyond EU law. However, these cases are not common at the scale of the 27 Member States and only occur in countries where production levels of animal-source food tend to be negligible.",[],{},{"nodeType":1233,"data":11173,"content":11174},{},[11175],{"nodeType":1237,"value":11176,"marks":11177,"data":11178},"For this reason, the proper, most adequate level of governance to pass progressive legislation for farm animals remains the EU, as EU law applies uniformly in all 27 Member States, and neutralises the chilling effect caused by free movement of animal-source products on the EU market.",[],{},{"nodeType":1233,"data":11180,"content":11181},{},[11182],{"nodeType":1237,"value":11183,"marks":11184,"data":11185},"Yet, national efforts and corporate commitments can pave the way for efforts to be adopted at EU level. For instance, the upcoming ban on the use of cages in EU law was largely prompted by the transition away from cages in egg production on account of national bans in Austria, Germany, Luxembourg, and Czechia, as well as corporate commitments from major producers and manufacturers to only source eggs from cage-free systems.",[],{},{"nodeType":1233,"data":11187,"content":11188},{},[11189],{"nodeType":1237,"value":11190,"marks":11191,"data":11192},"National efforts also are crucial because Member States ultimately adopt EU legislation (see below, Council of the EU). It is therefore essential for advocates to secure Member States' support to the EU Legislature’s efforts to improve farm animal welfare in EU law. Some Member States in particular can have significant political influence in EU decision making, because they represent a large proportion of the EU population, or because their national industries are powerful at the scale of the EU. For example, in 2008, the EU decided to prohibit the use of individual crates for calves after the age of 8 weeks. The UK really pushed for this measure because British law banned the use of calf crates and this situation put British producers at a competitive advantage relative to other EU producers. Even though the UK was one of the only countries to have enacted such a ban, the UK managed to influence other Member States to agree to a limit on the use of crates, partly on account of pressure from the British veal industry on the UK government.",[],{},{"nodeType":1233,"data":11194,"content":11195},{},[11196],{"nodeType":1237,"value":11197,"marks":11198,"data":11199},"National advocacy efforts are also paramount in smaller countries of the EU. 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When proposing legislation on the welfare of farmed animals, the European Commission relies on the expertise of its agencies, and particularly, the European Food Safety Agency (EFSA). The mission of the EFSA is to advise the EU Legislature on matters related to feed and food safety by providing scientific expertise on food safety, as well as animal welfare. Such scientific expertise is delivered under the form of “scientific opinion,” which are all publicly accessible. These scientific opinions do not have legal value and so the European Commission does not have to follow EFSA’s opinions. The EFSA’s scientific outputs are provided by experts who are external to the EFSA, and are distributed in panels dedicated to one area of expertise. There are 10 panels, including one on animal health and welfare, and the experts seating on these panels are organised in working groups. EFAs being an independent agency, it is not possible for advocates to contact experts and influence their scientific outputs. However, advocates can interact with the European Commission by encouraging the European Commission to seek advice to EFSA, or explain the reasons why the European Commission decided not to follow EFSA’s scientific opinions favourable to animals.",[],{},{"nodeType":1365,"data":11263,"content":11264},{},[11265],{"nodeType":1233,"data":11266,"content":11267},{},[11268,11273],{"nodeType":1237,"value":11269,"marks":11270,"data":11272},"The Council of the EU",[11271],{"type":1906},{},{"nodeType":1237,"value":11274,"marks":11275,"data":11276},": The Council of the EU acts as the legislative branch of the EU, in conjunction with the European Parliament, by amending and voting on laws. Like the European Commission, The Council of the EU is also headquartered in Brussels, Belgium. 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The European Parliament and the Council of the EU can also adopt resolutions, which are non-binding statements, that can be used to call the European Commission to take action.",[],{},{"nodeType":1233,"data":11980,"content":11981},{},[11982,11986,11994],{"nodeType":1237,"value":11983,"marks":11984,"data":11985},"One notable example of an influential policy document for farm animal welfare is the European Green Deal, which took the form of a Communication from the European Commission to the European Parliament and the Council of the EU. In the ",[],{},{"nodeType":1627,"data":11987,"content":11989},{"uri":11988},"https://commission.europa.eu/strategy-and-policy/priorities-2019-2024/european-green-deal_en",[11990],{"nodeType":1237,"value":11991,"marks":11992,"data":11993},"European Green Deal",[],{},{"nodeType":1237,"value":11995,"marks":11996,"data":11997},", the European Commission announced its intent to revise EU farm animal welfare legislation.",[],{},{"nodeType":1298,"data":11999,"content":12000},{},[12001],{"nodeType":1237,"value":12002,"marks":12003,"data":12004},"The EU Legislative Process",[],{},{"nodeType":1233,"data":12006,"content":12007},{},[12008],{"nodeType":1237,"value":12009,"marks":12010,"data":12011},"The legislative phase starts once the European Commission officially presents a proposal for legislation. The majority of EU laws that affect the treatment of farmed animals follow the “ordinary legislative procedure” as opposed to the “special legislative procedure,” which only applies to specific laws, such as laws approving international agreements.The ordinary legislative procedure follows several steps:",[],{},{"nodeType":2975,"data":12013,"content":12014},{},[12015,12025,12035,12045],{"nodeType":1365,"data":12016,"content":12017},{},[12018],{"nodeType":1233,"data":12019,"content":12020},{},[12021],{"nodeType":1237,"value":12022,"marks":12023,"data":12024},"The European Commission publishes a proposal for legislation. This proposal can either be an entirely new law or a law replacing an already-existing law – a process called “revision.”",[],{},{"nodeType":1365,"data":12026,"content":12027},{},[12028],{"nodeType":1233,"data":12029,"content":12030},{},[12031],{"nodeType":1237,"value":12032,"marks":12033,"data":12034},"The European Parliament and the Council of the EU amends the European Commission’s law proposal. These amendments typically take the form of “reports” drafted and voted upon by the competent committee in the European Parliament, and the reports are then adopted in the Parliament’s plenary session in Strasbourg. The Council of the EU also composes and adopts its own reports.",[],{},{"nodeType":1365,"data":12036,"content":12037},{},[12038],{"nodeType":1233,"data":12039,"content":12040},{},[12041],{"nodeType":1237,"value":12042,"marks":12043,"data":12044},"All three institutions (The European Commission, The European Parliament, and The Council of the EU) meet and negotiate to finalise the drafting of the law during a series of meetings called “trilogues.”",[],{},{"nodeType":1365,"data":12046,"content":12047},{},[12048],{"nodeType":1233,"data":12049,"content":12050},{},[12051],{"nodeType":1237,"value":12052,"marks":12053,"data":12054},"The European Parliament and the Council of the EU vote to enact the law.",[],{},{"nodeType":1658,"data":12056,"content":12077},{"target":12057},{"metadata":12058,"sys":12061,"fields":12068},{"tags":12059,"concepts":12060},[],[],{"space":12062,"id":12064,"type":16,"createdAt":12065,"updatedAt":12065,"environment":12066,"publishedVersion":1805,"revision":23,"locale":24},{"sys":12063},{"type":12,"linkType":13,"id":14},"76M9WLV4JcBWeYLegmZ4ha","2026-07-06T11:50:20.828Z",{"sys":12067},{"id":20,"type":12,"linkType":21},{"title":12069,"file":12070},"CALF-How does a law come to existence",{"url":12071,"details":12072,"fileName":12076,"contentType":2905},"//images.ctfassets.net/5n7qh8xf3t5v/76M9WLV4JcBWeYLegmZ4ha/8329208167603efd3d98f080f479141e/CALF-How_does_a_law_come_to_existence_.png",{"size":12073,"image":12074},74948,{"width":11220,"height":12075},499,"CALF-How does a law come to existence_.png",[],{"nodeType":1233,"data":12079,"content":12080},{},[12081],{"nodeType":1237,"value":12082,"marks":12083,"data":12084},"The ordinary legislative process usually takes several years to complete. For instance, the European Commission’s proposal for Directive 98/58/EC concerning the protection of animals kept for farming purposes was published in 1992, and adopted six years later, in 1998 (the main measures of the legislation entered into force as late as 2012).A central element to keep in mind when working in EU public affairs is that, unlike most national jurisdictions, only the executive branch – the European Commission – can propose legislation. The Council of the EU and the European Parliament, which comprise the legislative branch, can only amend the laws proposed by the European Commission. Furthermore, the European Commission is responsible for the drafting and the adoption of implementing acts and delegated acts, which are the equivalent of decrees (also often called rules, or regulations) at national level. Implementing and delegated acts specify how to implement a given law.",[],{},{"nodeType":1298,"data":12086,"content":12087},{},[12088],{"nodeType":1237,"value":12089,"marks":12090,"data":12091},"The Post-Legislative Phase",[],{},{"nodeType":1233,"data":12093,"content":12094},{},[12095],{"nodeType":1237,"value":12096,"marks":12097,"data":12098},"The work of animal advocates does not stop at the adoption of the legislative act. Animal advocates have opportunities to influence the lawmaking process by ensuring that the legislation produces its intended effects. This type of activity comprises the post-legislative phase.Once the European Parliament and the Council of the EU have adopted a legislative act, this act must be:",[],{},{"nodeType":2975,"data":12100,"content":12101},{},[12102,12117],{"nodeType":1365,"data":12103,"content":12104},{},[12105],{"nodeType":1233,"data":12106,"content":12107},{},[12108,12113],{"nodeType":1237,"value":12109,"marks":12110,"data":12112},"Implemented",[12111],{"type":1906},{},{"nodeType":1237,"value":12114,"marks":12115,"data":12116},": The European Commission must adopt a series of administrative acts (implementing and deleted acts) that specify the ways in which the legislative act should be implemented. Member States must also implement EU law into their national law, either by way of adopting new legislation, or administrative acts.",[],{},{"nodeType":1365,"data":12118,"content":12119},{},[12120],{"nodeType":1233,"data":12121,"content":12122},{},[12123,12127,12132],{"nodeType":1237,"value":12124,"marks":12125,"data":12126},"And ",[],{},{"nodeType":1237,"value":12128,"marks":12129,"data":12131},"enforced",[12130],{"type":1906},{},{"nodeType":1237,"value":12133,"marks":12134,"data":12135},": The European Commission and the Member States have a duty to ensure the legislative act is properly enforced.",[],{},{"nodeType":1233,"data":12137,"content":12138},{},[12139,12143,12150,12153,12160],{"nodeType":1237,"value":12140,"marks":12141,"data":12142},"Member States have sometimes failed to implement EU law within the period set in the EU law. In such cases, EU law allows the European Commission to start a procedure asking Member States to diligently implement EU law (called an “infringement procedure”). If the Member States refuse to comply, the European Commission can ultimately sue the Member States before the Court of Justice of the European Union’ (CJEU). The European Commission at one time launched infringement procedures against Italy for failing to implement into national law the mandatory stunning of animals prior to their killing, as required by EU law; the Commission also filed infringement procedures against Greece in 2014, for failing to implement the prohibition on the use of enriched battery cages after the transition period set by the EU. These two infringement procedures ended up before the CJEU, which ruled against ",[],{},{"nodeType":1627,"data":12144,"content":12146},{"uri":12145},"https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX%3A61977CJ0147&qid=1611094616203",[12147],{"nodeType":1237,"value":373,"marks":12148,"data":12149},[],{},{"nodeType":1237,"value":3859,"marks":12151,"data":12152},[],{},{"nodeType":1627,"data":12154,"content":12156},{"uri":12155},"https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX%3A62013CN0351",[12157],{"nodeType":1237,"value":11700,"marks":12158,"data":12159},[],{},{"nodeType":1237,"value":1636,"marks":12161,"data":12162},[],{},{"nodeType":1233,"data":12164,"content":12165},{},[12166],{"nodeType":1237,"value":12167,"marks":12168,"data":12169},"Infringement procedures can be an effective tool to ensure that Member States enforce EU law as well, provided the European Commission decides to make use of it. In case the European Commission is reluctant to sue Member States for not properly enforcing EU law, advocates can turn to other types of litigation, before national or EU courts, or engage in other types of advocacy, such as meeting with national administrations, to improve the compliance rate with EU law.",[],{},{"nodeType":1658,"data":12171,"content":12191},{"target":12172},{"metadata":12173,"sys":12176,"fields":12183},{"tags":12174,"concepts":12175},[],[],{"space":12177,"id":12179,"type":16,"createdAt":12180,"updatedAt":12180,"environment":12181,"publishedVersion":1805,"revision":23,"locale":24},{"sys":12178},{"type":12,"linkType":13,"id":14},"LhLqZiqx4EG2vdEEslQwy","2026-07-06T11:50:20.823Z",{"sys":12182},{"id":20,"type":12,"linkType":21},{"title":12184,"file":12185},"CALF-sheep2",{"url":12186,"details":12187,"fileName":12190,"contentType":1199},"//images.ctfassets.net/5n7qh8xf3t5v/LhLqZiqx4EG2vdEEslQwy/febc1e35d6bc916527012ef3429b410b/CALF-sheep2.avif",{"size":12188,"image":12189},75598,{"width":9579,"height":9580},"CALF-sheep2.avif",[],{"nodeType":1233,"data":12193,"content":12194},{},[12195],{"nodeType":1237,"value":27,"marks":12196,"data":12197},[],{},{"nodeType":1283,"data":12199,"content":12200},{},[12201],{"nodeType":1237,"value":12202,"marks":12203,"data":12204},"How to Engage with the EU Institutions",[],{},{"nodeType":1298,"data":12206,"content":12207},{},[12208],{"nodeType":1237,"value":12209,"marks":12210,"data":12211},"Traditional Ways of Engaging with the Legislature",[],{},{"nodeType":1650,"data":12213,"content":12214},{},[12215],{"nodeType":1237,"value":12216,"marks":12217,"data":12218},"Registration in the EU Transparency Register",[],{},{"nodeType":1233,"data":12220,"content":12221},{},[12222,12226,12233,12237,12244],{"nodeType":1237,"value":12223,"marks":12224,"data":12225},"As per EU rules, every person engaging in legislative advocacy must register in the ",[],{},{"nodeType":1627,"data":12227,"content":12228},{"uri":9797},[12229],{"nodeType":1237,"value":12230,"marks":12231,"data":12232},"EU Transparency Register",[],{},{"nodeType":1237,"value":12234,"marks":12235,"data":12236},". Legislative advocacy is defined as any “activities carried out by interest representatives with the objective of influencing the formulation or implementation of policy or legislation, or the decision-making processes of the signatory institutions or other Union institutions, bodies, offices and agencies [...]. Covered activities [...] include inter alia: “(a) organising or participating in meetings, conferences or events, as well as engaging in any similar contacts with Union institutions; (b) contributing to or participating in consultations, hearings or other similar initiatives; (c) organising communication campaigns, platforms, networks and grassroots initiatives; (d) preparing or commissioning policy and position papers, amendments, opinion polls and surveys, open letters and other communication or information material, and commissioning and carrying out research.” (Article 3, ",[],{},{"nodeType":1627,"data":12238,"content":12239},{"uri":9889},[12240],{"nodeType":1237,"value":12241,"marks":12242,"data":12243},"Interinstitutional Agreement of 20 May 2021 between the European Parliament, the Council of the European Union and the European Commission on a Mandatory Transparency Register",[],{},{"nodeType":1237,"value":12245,"marks":12246,"data":12247},", 2021 OJ (L 207) 1–17.)",[],{},{"nodeType":1233,"data":12249,"content":12250},{},[12251],{"nodeType":1237,"value":12252,"marks":12253,"data":12254},"Any organisation can register in the EU Transparency Register, provided they declare certain information, such as the number of the organisation’s staff, estimated amount of funding, and main funding sources. After they have registered, organisations are given an Transparency Register number, and EU rules advise that individuals belonging to a registered organisation provide such a number in all their written communications with EU officials.",[],{},{"nodeType":1650,"data":12256,"content":12257},{},[12258],{"nodeType":1237,"value":12259,"marks":12260,"data":12261},"Generic Ways",[],{},{"nodeType":1233,"data":12263,"content":12264},{},[12265],{"nodeType":1237,"value":12266,"marks":12267,"data":12268},"Each stage of the legislative process represents an opportunity to influence decision making taking place in all three institutions. For instance, animal advocates will have an interest in engaging with Members of the European Parliament and with the administration of the Member States at national level to try to amend the European Commission’s legislation proposal in a way that benefits animals. Similarly, animal advocates will have an interest in persuading all three institutions to safeguard progressive measures, or to eliminate less progressive measures, for farm animals during the trilogue phase.",[],{},{"nodeType":1658,"data":12270,"content":12290},{"target":12271},{"metadata":12272,"sys":12275,"fields":12282},{"tags":12273,"concepts":12274},[],[],{"space":12276,"id":12278,"type":16,"createdAt":12279,"updatedAt":12279,"environment":12280,"publishedVersion":1805,"revision":23,"locale":24},{"sys":12277},{"type":12,"linkType":13,"id":14},"51KDPvW3I71a0Ly438LCC9","2026-07-06T11:50:20.824Z",{"sys":12281},{"id":20,"type":12,"linkType":21},{"title":12283,"file":12284},"CALF-opportunities to influence the drafting of an EU law",{"url":12285,"details":12286,"fileName":12289,"contentType":2905},"//images.ctfassets.net/5n7qh8xf3t5v/51KDPvW3I71a0Ly438LCC9/e2078ba77815a70f0d23ef6955839476/CALF-opportunities_to_influence_the_drafting_of_an_EU_law.png",{"size":12287,"image":12288},86082,{"width":11220,"height":12075},"CALF-opportunities to influence the drafting of an EU law.png",[],{"nodeType":1233,"data":12292,"content":12293},{},[12294],{"nodeType":1237,"value":12295,"marks":12296,"data":12297},"This type of engagement can take many forms: meeting with policymakers, campaigning, sending official letters, holding events, etc.",[],{},{"nodeType":1650,"data":12299,"content":12300},{},[12301],{"nodeType":1237,"value":12302,"marks":12303,"data":12304},"Public Consultations",[],{},{"nodeType":1233,"data":12306,"content":12307},{},[12308,12312,12320],{"nodeType":1237,"value":12309,"marks":12310,"data":12311},"All documents published by the European Commission during the pre-legislative phase are also submitted to an online public consultation, in which the European Commission collects feedback from EU citizens, industry representatives, and NGOs. The ",[],{},{"nodeType":1627,"data":12313,"content":12315},{"uri":12314},"https://ec.europa.eu/info/law/better-regulation/have-your-say_en",[12316],{"nodeType":1237,"value":12317,"marks":12318,"data":12319},"list of ongoing public consultations",[],{},{"nodeType":1237,"value":12321,"marks":12322,"data":12323}," is available online.",[],{},{"nodeType":1233,"data":12325,"content":12326},{},[12327],{"nodeType":1237,"value":12328,"marks":12329,"data":12330},"When conducting studies, the European Commission will also enlist private consultancies to interview all stakeholders, including NGOs. The selection process is at the discretion of the consultancies conducting these studies, but consultants tend to interview a wide range of NGOs working to influence the EU. ",[],{},{"nodeType":1233,"data":12332,"content":12333},{},[12334],{"nodeType":1237,"value":12335,"marks":12336,"data":12337},"Lastly, the European Commission created an official forum in 2017, which gathers representatives from industry, academia, and NGOs to further structure the public consultation process on animal welfare issues. This official forum is called the “Platform on Animal Welfare.” Any animal protection organisations can apply to be represented at the Platform on Animal Welfare, although the European Commission tends to select federations or organisations that operate at EU level. The Platform is divided into working groups and sub-working groups that adopt official statements (“position papers”). These statements have no legal value and simply inform the European Commission in setting policy goals. It is difficult to evaluate the efficiency of the Platform on Animal Welfare in obtaining progressive reforms for farm animal welfare because the industry is also represented within that platform, and so the positions by the Platform tend to be accommodating to industry interests. For this reason, calls for progressive measures so far have all originated from outside the Platform.",[],{},{"nodeType":1298,"data":12339,"content":12340},{},[12341],{"nodeType":1237,"value":12342,"marks":12343,"data":12344},"Other Ways of Engaging with the Legislature",[],{},{"nodeType":1650,"data":12346,"content":12347},{},[12348],{"nodeType":1237,"value":12349,"marks":12350,"data":12351},"The European Citizens’ Initiative",[],{},{"nodeType":1233,"data":12353,"content":12354},{},[12355],{"nodeType":1237,"value":12356,"marks":12357,"data":12358},"The European Citizens’ Initiative (ECI) is a mechanism enabling citizens to officially petition the EU’s executive branch, the European Commission, to enact legislation on a matter within its competence. The ECI has existed since the entry into force of the Lisbon Treaty in 2009 to increase direct democracy. It is provided by the Treaty on European Union (TEU) in its article 11(4), as follows:",[],{},{"nodeType":1233,"data":12360,"content":12361},{},[12362],{"nodeType":1237,"value":12363,"marks":12364,"data":12365},"Not less than one million citizens who are nationals of a significant number of Member States may take the initiative of inviting the European Commission, within the framework of its powers, to submit any appropriate proposal on matters where citizens consider that a legal act of the Union is required for the purpose of implementing the Treaties.The requirements to submit an ECI are detailed in Regulation (EU) 2019/7881 (the ECI Regulation). For an ECI to be valid, it must gather the signatures of:",[],{},{"nodeType":2975,"data":12367,"content":12368},{},[12369,12379,12389],{"nodeType":1365,"data":12370,"content":12371},{},[12372],{"nodeType":1233,"data":12373,"content":12374},{},[12375],{"nodeType":1237,"value":12376,"marks":12377,"data":12378},"At least one million EU citizens who are at least of the age to be entitled to vote in elections to the European Parliament;",[],{},{"nodeType":1365,"data":12380,"content":12381},{},[12382],{"nodeType":1233,"data":12383,"content":12384},{},[12385],{"nodeType":1237,"value":12386,"marks":12387,"data":12388},"From at least one quarter of the EU Member States;",[],{},{"nodeType":1365,"data":12390,"content":12391},{},[12392],{"nodeType":1233,"data":12393,"content":12394},{},[12395],{"nodeType":1237,"value":12396,"marks":12397,"data":12398},"And in at least one quarter of the EU Member States, the number of signatories must be at least equal to the minimum number set out in Annex 1 of the ECI Regulation. Such a number corresponds to the number of the Members of the European Parliament elected in each Member State, multiplied by the total number of Members of the European Parliament, at the time of registration of the initiative.",[],{},{"nodeType":1233,"data":12400,"content":12401},{},[12402],{"nodeType":1237,"value":12403,"marks":12404,"data":12405},"Additionally, an ECI must be submitted by seven citizens coming from at least seven EU Member States, although the ECI can be supported and advertised by an organisation. Only an ECI whose registration was accepted by the European Commission can go forward.",[],{},{"nodeType":1233,"data":12407,"content":12408},{},[12409],{"nodeType":1237,"value":12410,"marks":12411,"data":12412},"Even in the cases where an ECI gathered enough signatures, the European Commission is not required to implement the request formulated in the ECI. The ECI is merely a mechanism to ask the European Commission to adopt legislation. Thus, the success of an ECI is not measured by its number of signatures, but by the implementation of the request it formulated to the European Commission.",[],{},{"nodeType":1650,"data":12414,"content":12415},{},[12416],{"nodeType":1237,"value":12417,"marks":12418,"data":12419},"Process",[],{},{"nodeType":1233,"data":12421,"content":12422},{},[12423],{"nodeType":1237,"value":12424,"marks":12425,"data":12426},"Once a proposed ECI is submitted on the European Commission’s portal, the supporters of the ECI have 12 months to collect the number of signatures required, starting from the date of their own choosing. Being an official petition, the signatory must provide a document of identification when submitting their signature.",[],{},{"nodeType":1233,"data":12428,"content":12429},{},[12430,12434,12442],{"nodeType":1237,"value":12431,"marks":12432,"data":12433},"Once the proponents of an ECI have gathered the minimum amount of signatures, the organisers submit the ECI signatures to the Member States so they can certify the signatures (within three months), after which the signatures can be submitted to the European Commission, which then organises, within three months, a hearing at the European Parliament with the ECI organisers. Finally, the European Commission answers by providing “its legal and political conclusions on the initiative, the action it intends to take, if any, and its reasons for taking or not taking action” as per ",[],{},{"nodeType":1627,"data":12435,"content":12437},{"uri":12436},"https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX%3A32019R0788",[12438],{"nodeType":1237,"value":12439,"marks":12440,"data":12441},"Regulation 2019/788",[],{},{"nodeType":1237,"value":1636,"marks":12443,"data":12444},[],{},{"nodeType":1650,"data":12446,"content":12447},{},[12448],{"nodeType":1237,"value":12449,"marks":12450,"data":12451},"A Short History of ECIs in the EU",[],{},{"nodeType":1233,"data":12453,"content":12454},{},[12455],{"nodeType":1237,"value":12456,"marks":12457,"data":12458},"Since the creation of the ECI in 2007, 110 ECIs have been submitted for registration, 85 of which have completed registration on the European Commission’s ECI portal, including six on animal protection issues (“Save Cruelty Free Cosmetics”, “End the Cage Age,” “Stop Vivisection,” “Save the Bees,” “Stop Finning – Stop the Trade,” “EU Directive on Cow Welfare”). The European Commission usually rejects a registration on account that such a registration does not comply with the rules set out in the ECI Regulation or addresses an issue that does not fall under EU competence.",[],{},{"nodeType":1233,"data":12460,"content":12461},{},[12462,12466,12473],{"nodeType":1237,"value":12463,"marks":12464,"data":12465},"Of the 85 registered ECIs, only seven have reached the sufficient number of signatures, including two on animal protection issues, the “Stop Vivisection” and the “End the Cage Age” ECIs. The European Commission only followed up on one ECI, though the Commission undertook legislative actions in two cases out of six. In 2021, the ",[],{},{"nodeType":1627,"data":12467,"content":12468},{"uri":11139},[12469],{"nodeType":1237,"value":12470,"marks":12471,"data":12472},"European Commission announced it would take legislative action to end the use of cages",[],{},{"nodeType":1237,"value":12474,"marks":12475,"data":12476}," in a response to the “End the Cage Age” ECI.",[],{},{"nodeType":1233,"data":12478,"content":12479},{},[12480],{"nodeType":1237,"value":12481,"marks":12482,"data":12483},"In the majority of cases so far, the European Commission responded to an ECI by proposing a series of non-legislative follow-up actions. This has been the case for the 2015 “Stop Vivisection” ECI, where the European Commission simply committed to better implementation of existing legislation, considering that the request formulated in the ECI had already been addressed through EU legislation.",[],{},{"nodeType":1650,"data":12485,"content":12486},{},[12487],{"nodeType":1237,"value":10180,"marks":12488,"data":12489},[],{},{"nodeType":1233,"data":12491,"content":12492},{},[12493],{"nodeType":1237,"value":12494,"marks":12495,"data":12496},"Advocates who wish to improve the welfare of farmed animals might also turn to the courts and engage in strategic litigation.",[],{},{"nodeType":1233,"data":12498,"content":12499},{},[12500],{"nodeType":1237,"value":12501,"marks":12502,"data":12503},"Opportunities to litigate at Member State level differ considerably from country to country, and so advocates contemplating litigation in their country usually consult with a lawyer in their jurisdictions.",[],{},{"nodeType":1233,"data":12505,"content":12506},{},[12507],{"nodeType":1237,"value":12508,"marks":12509,"data":12510},"At EU level, advocates can initiate proceedings before the European Court of Justice (ECJ), which is the judiciary branch of the EU. The primary role of the ECJ is to interpret EU law to ensure it is applied consistently across all the 27 Member States. ",[],{},{"nodeType":1233,"data":12512,"content":12513},{},[12514],{"nodeType":1237,"value":12515,"marks":12516,"data":12517},"There are different types of actions possible before the ECJ. Advocates do not always have standing (i.e. they do not have the right to file a lawsuit) to litigate before the ECJ, but they can try and influence their governments or the European Commission to bring cases before the ECJ:",[],{},{"nodeType":1650,"data":12519,"content":12520},{},[12521],{"nodeType":1237,"value":12522,"marks":12523,"data":12524},"Preliminary Rulings",[],{},{"nodeType":1233,"data":12526,"content":12527},{},[12528],{"nodeType":1237,"value":12529,"marks":12530,"data":12531},"This type of action is the most common before the ECJ and consists of one or several questions from a national court to the ECJ to ask for clarification on how an EU law should be interpreted, if a law is valid, and whether a national law or practice is compatible with an EU law. The opinion of the court takes the form of a ruling. ECJ rulings are binding for Member States in such domains where EU law takes precedence over national law.",[],{},{"nodeType":1233,"data":12533,"content":12534},{},[12535],{"nodeType":1237,"value":12536,"marks":12537,"data":12538},"Recent examples of preliminary rulings related to farm animal welfare include two cases regulating the slaughter of animals without stunning in Case C-336/19, Centraal Israëlitisch Consistorie van België e.a. and Others, 17 December 2020 and Case C-497/17, Oeuvre d’assistance aux bêtes d’abattoirs (OABA) v Ministre de l’Agriculture and Others, 26 February 2019.",[],{},{"nodeType":1650,"data":12540,"content":12541},{},[12542],{"nodeType":1237,"value":12543,"marks":12544,"data":12545},"Infringement Proceedings",[],{},{"nodeType":1233,"data":12547,"content":12548},{},[12549],{"nodeType":1237,"value":12550,"marks":12551,"data":12552},"An infringement proceeding is a type of case taken against a national government for failing to comply with EU law. Infringement proceedings can be initiated by the European Commission, or by another EU Member State. If the Court finds against the defendant, the defendant will be fined until it complies with EU law.",[],{},{"nodeType":1233,"data":12554,"content":12555},{},[12556],{"nodeType":1237,"value":12557,"marks":12558,"data":12559},"Recent examples of infringement proceedings related to farm animal welfare include C – 147/77, Commission of the European Communities v Italian Republic, 6 June 1978; C–339,/ 13, Commission v Italy, 22 May 2014, in which Italy failed to comply with EU law on the mandatory stunning of animals at slaughter and the legislation on the welfare of egg-laying hens.",[],{},{"nodeType":1650,"data":12561,"content":12562},{},[12563],{"nodeType":1237,"value":12564,"marks":12565,"data":12566},"Actions for Annulment",[],{},{"nodeType":1233,"data":12568,"content":12569},{},[12570],{"nodeType":1237,"value":12571,"marks":12572,"data":12573},"An action for annulment can be initiated by a citizen, an EU Member State, or any of the three EU institutions (European Parliament, the European Commission, and the Council of the EU) against the EU to challenge the enactment of a rule (usually a regulation or directive) adopted by an institution, body, office or agency of the EU.",[],{},{"nodeType":1233,"data":12575,"content":12576},{},[12577],{"nodeType":1237,"value":12578,"marks":12579,"data":12580},"There is only one example of an action for annulment brought by the UK against the Union to challenge the adoption of the EU legislation on egg-laying hen welfare in a 1986 case (C – 131/86, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland v Council of the European Communities, 23 February 1988).",[],{},{"nodeType":1650,"data":12582,"content":12583},{},[12584],{"nodeType":1237,"value":12585,"marks":12586,"data":12587},"Actions for Failure to Act",[],{},{"nodeType":1233,"data":12589,"content":12590},{},[12591],{"nodeType":1237,"value":12592,"marks":12593,"data":12594},"This type of action can be initiated by a citizen, a company, an EU Member State, or any of the three EU institutions (European Parliament, the European Commission, and the Council) against the EU institution’s inaction to enact rules after it has been called to act. There is no example of case law involving an action for failure to act related to farm animal welfare legislation.",[],{},{"nodeType":1233,"data":12596,"content":12597},{},[12598,12602,12610,12613,12618],{"nodeType":1237,"value":12599,"marks":12600,"data":12601},"The content of this section is derived from ",[],{},{"nodeType":1627,"data":12603,"content":12605},{"uri":12604},"https://animallaweurope.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/08/For-a-More-Humane-Union.pdf",[12606],{"nodeType":1237,"value":12607,"marks":12608,"data":12609},"The European Institute for Animal Law & Policy, For a More Humane Union (2022), p. 23 - 24",[],{},{"nodeType":1237,"value":1636,"marks":12611,"data":12612},[],{},{"nodeType":1237,"value":12614,"marks":12615,"data":12617},"Author: Alice Di Concetto, Chief Legal Adviser, The European Institute for Animal Law & Policy",[12616],{"type":1420},{},{"nodeType":1237,"value":12619,"marks":12620,"data":12621},"The author would like to thank Neil Dullaghan for his helpful feedback.",[],{},{"nodeType":1283,"data":12623,"content":12624},{},[12625],{"nodeType":1237,"value":10461,"marks":12626,"data":12627},[],{},{"nodeType":1298,"data":12629,"content":12630},{},[12631],{"nodeType":1237,"value":2151,"marks":12632,"data":12633},[],{},{"nodeType":1233,"data":12635,"content":12636},{},[12637],{"nodeType":1237,"value":12638,"marks":12639,"data":12640},"Katy Sowery, Sentient Beings and Tradable Products: The Curious Constitutional Status of Animals Under Union Law, Common Market Law Review, (2018).",[],{},{"nodeType":1233,"data":12642,"content":12643},{},[12644],{"nodeType":1237,"value":12645,"marks":12646,"data":12647},"Rasso Ludwig and Roderic O’Gorman, A Cock and Bull Story? – Problems with the Protection of Animal Welfare in EU Law and Some Proposed Solutions, Journal of Environmental Law, (2008).",[],{},{"nodeType":1233,"data":12649,"content":12650},{},[12651],{"nodeType":1237,"value":12652,"marks":12653,"data":12654},"Tara Camm and David Bowles, Animal Welfare and the Treaty of Rome – A Legal Analysis of the Protocol on Animal Welfare and Welfare Standards in the European Union, Journal of Environmental Law, (2000).",[],{},{"nodeType":1233,"data":12656,"content":12657},{},[12658],{"nodeType":1237,"value":12659,"marks":12660,"data":12661},"Neil Dullaghan, \"Progress Update: European Union Regranting Initiative,\" Rethink Priorities (Aug. 25, 2022).",[],{},{"nodeType":1298,"data":12663,"content":12664},{},[12665],{"nodeType":1237,"value":2792,"marks":12666,"data":12667},[],{},{"nodeType":1233,"data":12669,"content":12670},{},[12671,12674,12682],{"nodeType":1237,"value":27,"marks":12672,"data":12673},[],{},{"nodeType":1627,"data":12675,"content":12677},{"uri":12676},"https://www.thegoodlobby.eu/wp-content/uploads/2021/07/Public-Consultation-Toolkit-TGL-2021.pdf",[12678],{"nodeType":1237,"value":12679,"marks":12680,"data":12681},"The Good Lobby and The European Institute for Animal Law & Policy, How to Submit a Feedback to a Public Consultation",[],{},{"nodeType":1237,"value":12683,"marks":12684,"data":12685},", (2021).",[],{},{"nodeType":1233,"data":12687,"content":12688},{},[12689,12692,12699],{"nodeType":1237,"value":27,"marks":12690,"data":12691},[],{},{"nodeType":1627,"data":12693,"content":12694},{"uri":12604},[12695],{"nodeType":1237,"value":12696,"marks":12697,"data":12698},"The European Institute for Animal Law & Policy, For a More Humane Union",[],{},{"nodeType":1237,"value":12700,"marks":12701,"data":12702},", (2022).",[],{},[],{"data":12705,"content":12706,"nodeType":1233},{},[12707],{"data":12708,"marks":12709,"value":27,"nodeType":1237},{},[],[],{"nodeType":1138,"data":12712,"content":14710},{"target":12713},{"metadata":12714,"sys":12717,"fields":12726},{"tags":12715,"concepts":12716},[],[],{"space":12718,"id":12720,"type":87,"createdAt":12721,"updatedAt":12721,"environment":12722,"publishedVersion":69,"revision":23,"contentType":12724,"locale":24},{"sys":12719},{"type":12,"linkType":13,"id":14},"7ssXz18tbR8sdjPhfkx0a3","2026-07-06T11:48:05.446Z",{"sys":12723},{"id":20,"type":12,"linkType":21},{"sys":12725},{"type":12,"linkType":94,"id":1173},{"title":12727,"excerpt":12728,"media":12729,"links":12751,"displayType":1230},"Legislative Advocacy in the UK","The UK’s system of governance is based on parliamentary democracy, where elected representatives in Parliament are responsible for drafting and voting on legislation. While the UK Parliament holds primary legislative authority, government departments (such as DEFRA) play a key role in developing and implementing policy. Legislative advocacy in the UK therefore involves engaging both with policymakers and parliamentarians to help inform decisions, shape emerging policies, and ensure that key topics such as animal welfare issues are effectively reflected in law and practice.\n\n",[12730],{"metadata":12731,"sys":12734,"fields":12741},{"tags":12732,"concepts":12733},[],[],{"space":12735,"id":12737,"type":16,"createdAt":12738,"updatedAt":12738,"environment":12739,"publishedVersion":1126,"revision":23,"locale":24},{"sys":12736},{"type":12,"linkType":13,"id":14},"V0NTWLZCCKNzeWhTQaZ9N","2026-07-06T11:48:34.714Z",{"sys":12740},{"id":20,"type":12,"linkType":21},{"title":12742,"description":27,"file":12743},"All-Party Parliamentary Groups",{"url":12744,"details":12745,"fileName":12750,"contentType":1889},"//images.ctfassets.net/5n7qh8xf3t5v/V0NTWLZCCKNzeWhTQaZ9N/1ab2938e23e72aa91c53f98e8ae88bce/pexels-cleo-beater-2150411100-31245588.jpg",{"size":12746,"image":12747},1944998,{"width":12748,"height":12749},5184,3888,"pexels-cleo-beater-2150411100-31245588.jpg",[12752],{"metadata":12753,"sys":12756,"fields":12765},{"tags":12754,"concepts":12755},[],[],{"space":12757,"id":12759,"type":87,"createdAt":12760,"updatedAt":12760,"environment":12761,"publishedVersion":48,"revision":23,"contentType":12763,"locale":24},{"sys":12758},{"type":12,"linkType":13,"id":14},"6eXuIabqoHkJMhK728S6fY","2026-07-06T11:51:24.840Z",{"sys":12762},{"id":20,"type":12,"linkType":21},{"sys":12764},{"type":12,"linkType":94,"id":95},{"label":12766,"reference":12767,"displayType":1229},"UK Guide",{"metadata":12768,"sys":12771,"fields":12780},{"tags":12769,"concepts":12770},[],[],{"space":12772,"id":12774,"type":87,"createdAt":12775,"updatedAt":12775,"environment":12776,"publishedVersion":1126,"revision":23,"contentType":12778,"locale":24},{"sys":12773},{"type":12,"linkType":13,"id":14},"6WwJWTW6XdQ9Bu4gykd7Qz","2026-07-06T11:47:47.677Z",{"sys":12777},{"id":20,"type":12,"linkType":21},{"sys":12779},{"type":12,"linkType":94,"id":1129},{"title":12727,"slug":12781,"parent":9486,"content":12782,"includeContactForm":1240,"includeNewsletter":1240},"legislative-advocacy-uk",{"data":12783,"content":12784,"nodeType":1134},{},[12785,12803,14704],{"data":12786,"content":12802,"nodeType":1138},{"target":12787},{"metadata":12788,"sys":12791,"fields":12800},{"tags":12789,"concepts":12790},[],[],{"space":12792,"id":12794,"type":87,"createdAt":12795,"updatedAt":12795,"environment":12796,"publishedVersion":22,"revision":23,"contentType":12798,"locale":24},{"sys":12793},{"type":12,"linkType":13,"id":14},"1O4pR67el7o7JlZu87I2A3","2026-07-06T11:51:24.870Z",{"sys":12797},{"id":20,"type":12,"linkType":21},{"sys":12799},{"type":12,"linkType":94,"id":1153},{"title":12727,"jurisdiction":12801},"UK",[],{"data":12804,"content":14703,"nodeType":1138},{"target":12805},{"metadata":12806,"sys":12809,"fields":12819},{"tags":12807,"concepts":12808},[],[],{"space":12810,"id":12812,"type":87,"createdAt":12813,"updatedAt":12813,"environment":12814,"publishedVersion":12816,"revision":23,"contentType":12817,"locale":24},{"sys":12811},{"type":12,"linkType":13,"id":14},"2tpqJfBcCTFE8s86yYGyOJ","2026-07-06T11:48:05.290Z",{"sys":12815},{"id":20,"type":12,"linkType":21},110,{"sys":12818},{"type":12,"linkType":94,"id":1277},{"content":12820,"displayMenu":1688,"displayChild":1688},{"nodeType":1134,"data":12821,"content":12822},{},[12823,12830,12837,12844,12863,12870,12933,12940,12964,12971,12978,12985,12992,12999,13006,13013,13023,13031,13054,13061,13069,13091,13098,13105,13112,13119,13136,13144,13167,13174,13181,13188,13195,13202,13209,13216,13223,13230,13240,13248,13272,13279,13286,13293,13300,13307,13314,13343,13351,13357,13374,13381,13388,13407,13437,13454,13478,13484,13491,13498,13505,13512,13519,13526,13533,13541,13548,13556,13563,13571,13578,13585,13592,13599,13609,13619,13629,13637,13661,13669,13676,13683,13693,13700,13707,13714,13721,13728,13735,13745,13752,13759,13802,13810,13817,13840,13857,13863,13870,13877,13884,13891,13898,13905,13912,13922,13930,13952,13976,14007,14024,14031,14038,14054,14061,14068,14086,14096,14103,14122,14129,14136,14143,14150,14157,14164,14171,14178,14188,14196,14218,14242,14249,14256,14263,14270,14289,14299,14309,14315,14322,14328,14334,14341,14359,14366,14373,14392,14399,14428,14435,14442,14452,14458,14464,14482,14499,14516,14533,14550,14567,14584,14601,14618,14635,14652,14669,14686],{"nodeType":1283,"data":12824,"content":12825},{},[12826],{"nodeType":1237,"value":12827,"marks":12828,"data":12829},"Introduction and Executive Summary",[],{},{"nodeType":1650,"data":12831,"content":12832},{},[12833],{"nodeType":1237,"value":12834,"marks":12835,"data":12836},"Legislative advocacy has long been a powerful tool for improving the lives of animals in the United Kingdom (UK).",[],{},{"nodeType":1233,"data":12838,"content":12839},{},[12840],{"nodeType":1237,"value":12841,"marks":12842,"data":12843},"More than 200 years ago, this intervention produced what is widely regarded as the world’s first modern animal protection law: the Cruel Treatment of Cattle Act 1822 (known as “Martin’s Act”, after its sponsor Richard Martin, a Member of the UK Parliament (“MP”)). This legislation had ripple effects throughout the globe, with countless other nations adopting similar laws in the decades and centuries that followed.",[],{},{"nodeType":1233,"data":12845,"content":12846},{},[12847,12851,12859],{"nodeType":1237,"value":12848,"marks":12849,"data":12850},"Whilst Martin’s Act was spearheaded by an MP, any animal advocate can engage in legislative advocacy. With the UK government’s Animal Welfare ",[],{},{"nodeType":1627,"data":12852,"content":12854},{"uri":12853},"https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/animal-welfare-strategy-for-england/animal-welfare-strategy-for-england",[12855],{"nodeType":1237,"value":12856,"marks":12857,"data":12858},"Strategy",[],{},{"nodeType":1237,"value":12860,"marks":12861,"data":12862}," recently published in December 2025, now is a particularly opportune time to do so: ample opportunities will arise over the coming years for advocates to positively shape laws and policies being introduced to improve the lives of animals. This guide exists to help these efforts. It explains how different types of legislation are made and implemented in the UK; who is responsible for making and amending these laws; and how advocates can positively influence these processes. The guide also outlines the different practical tools that can be used by advocates conducting legislative advocacy and how to effectively engage with the different branches of the UK government.",[],{},{"nodeType":1233,"data":12864,"content":12865},{},[12866],{"nodeType":1237,"value":12867,"marks":12868,"data":12869},"In conducting legislative advocacy for animals in the UK specifically, advocates may wish to keep the following key points in mind:",[],{},{"nodeType":1361,"data":12871,"content":12872},{},[12873,12883,12893,12903,12913,12923],{"nodeType":1365,"data":12874,"content":12875},{},[12876],{"nodeType":1233,"data":12877,"content":12878},{},[12879],{"nodeType":1237,"value":12880,"marks":12881,"data":12882},"In the UK, the real power largely lies with the Executive (the government). Courts cannot directly overrule legislation, and whilst Parliament is the supreme lawmaker, the government controls the legislative agenda, typically commands a House of Commons majority, and drafts bills through Whitehall departments. Effective advocacy therefore depends primarily on influencing ministers early in the policy process – while engaging MPs strategically to support and reinforce these efforts.",[],{},{"nodeType":1365,"data":12884,"content":12885},{},[12886],{"nodeType":1233,"data":12887,"content":12888},{},[12889],{"nodeType":1237,"value":12890,"marks":12891,"data":12892},"Animal welfare is a “devolved” competency. This means that the national parliaments in Wales, Scotland and Northern Ireland (the four nations composing the UK) can pass their own animal welfare laws, whilst the UK Parliament has only the authority to legislate in England. Nevertheless, some legislative measures will be adopted on a UK-wide basis.",[],{},{"nodeType":1365,"data":12894,"content":12895},{},[12896],{"nodeType":1233,"data":12897,"content":12898},{},[12899],{"nodeType":1237,"value":12900,"marks":12901,"data":12902},"When a bill is passing through the UK Parliament, the amending stages – the Committee Stage and the Report Stage – are particularly important. During these stages advocates may wish to find sympathetic MPs to propose and/or support amendments to strengthen the text, add new protections, or remove an unfavourable clause.",[],{},{"nodeType":1365,"data":12904,"content":12905},{},[12906],{"nodeType":1233,"data":12907,"content":12908},{},[12909],{"nodeType":1237,"value":12910,"marks":12911,"data":12912},"Private Members’ Bills can catalyse change. There is precedent for the UK government and devolved nations supporting private members’ bills on animal welfare or adopting their content into government bills.",[],{},{"nodeType":1365,"data":12914,"content":12915},{},[12916],{"nodeType":1233,"data":12917,"content":12918},{},[12919],{"nodeType":1237,"value":12920,"marks":12921,"data":12922},"The UK’s relationship with the EU is evolving: The UK is currently negotiating with the EU a common sanitary and phytosanitary area with respect to the movement of agri-food products. Depending on the scope of this agreement and the nature of any agreed exemptions, the UK may be required to dynamically align with EU farm animal welfare standards.",[],{},{"nodeType":1365,"data":12924,"content":12925},{},[12926],{"nodeType":1233,"data":12927,"content":12928},{},[12929],{"nodeType":1237,"value":12930,"marks":12931,"data":12932},"Secondary legislation – being delegated legislation made by the Executive under powers granted by Parliament – can often change animal welfare standards without requiring a new bill. This saves parliamentary time and is typically easier to secure – though it can be used to raise or lower standards.",[],{},{"nodeType":1233,"data":12934,"content":12935},{},[12936],{"nodeType":1237,"value":12937,"marks":12938,"data":12939},"Legislative advocacy is a “long game” – and there are many tools available to keep important issues alive during the ebbs and flows of politics. These include Westminster Hall debates, written and oral questions, select committee inquiries, and engagement with all-party parliamentary groups. Each of these interventions can keep issues visible and on ministers’ agendas.\n",[],{},{"nodeType":1658,"data":12941,"content":12963},{"target":12942},{"metadata":12943,"sys":12946,"fields":12953},{"tags":12944,"concepts":12945},[],[],{"space":12947,"id":12949,"type":16,"createdAt":12950,"updatedAt":12950,"environment":12951,"publishedVersion":48,"revision":23,"locale":24},{"sys":12948},{"type":12,"linkType":13,"id":14},"2OWF2wbfrfurePPoYmpFiR","2026-07-06T11:48:34.812Z",{"sys":12952},{"id":20,"type":12,"linkType":21},{"title":12954,"description":27,"file":12955},"pexels-hayana-fernanda-3280725-14534682",{"url":12956,"details":12957,"fileName":12962,"contentType":1889},"//images.ctfassets.net/5n7qh8xf3t5v/2OWF2wbfrfurePPoYmpFiR/5587f557c11bb7e0fd5e6f2ac90bafc5/pexels-hayana-fernanda-3280725-14534682.jpg",{"size":12958,"image":12959},897035,{"width":12960,"height":12961},3024,4032,"pexels-hayana-fernanda-3280725-14534682.jpg",[],{"nodeType":1283,"data":12965,"content":12966},{},[12967],{"nodeType":1237,"value":12968,"marks":12969,"data":12970},"The Structure of the UK Government",[],{},{"nodeType":1233,"data":12972,"content":12973},{},[12974],{"nodeType":1237,"value":12975,"marks":12976,"data":12977},"The UK has three branches of government: the Executive, the Legislative (also called the Legislature), and the Judiciary.",[],{},{"nodeType":1298,"data":12979,"content":12980},{},[12981],{"nodeType":1237,"value":12982,"marks":12983,"data":12984},"The Legislature: The UK Parliament",[],{},{"nodeType":1233,"data":12986,"content":12987},{},[12988],{"nodeType":1237,"value":12989,"marks":12990,"data":12991},"The UK Parliament (commonly referred to as “Westminster”) is the key lawmaking body. It comprises two Houses: The House of Commons and the House of Lords. Both houses make laws, scrutinise the work of government, and debate national issues. The government cannot pass legislation or raise new taxes without Parliament’s agreement.",[],{},{"nodeType":1233,"data":12993,"content":12994},{},[12995],{"nodeType":1237,"value":12996,"marks":12997,"data":12998},"The House of Commons comprises 650 publicly elected MPs, who each represent a constituency in England, Wales, Scotland, or Northern Ireland.",[],{},{"nodeType":1233,"data":13000,"content":13001},{},[13002],{"nodeType":1237,"value":13003,"marks":13004,"data":13005},"The House of Lords has about 800 eligible members (the exact number fluctuates and is currently 828). These members, known as “Lords” or “peers”, are not publicly elected: most are appointed by the Monarch on the advice of the Prime Minister, whilst 92 sit by virtue of hereditary title (though a bill is currently progressing in Parliament which will remove hereditary peers). Some peers are affiliated to the main political parties, whilst others are independent (“crossbench peers”). Although the House of Commons is the more powerful chamber, the Lords can play an important role in scrutinising and revising legislation.",[],{},{"nodeType":1233,"data":13007,"content":13008},{},[13009],{"nodeType":1237,"value":13010,"marks":13011,"data":13012},"The UK Parliament includes MPs in the “Shadow Cabinet”, who lead the main opposition party’s policy positions and challenge their government counterparts, as well as “backbenchers” (MPs or peers that are neither government ministers nor opposition Shadow spokespeople).",[],{},{"nodeType":11016,"data":13014,"content":13015},{},[13016],{"nodeType":1233,"data":13017,"content":13018},{},[13019],{"nodeType":1237,"value":13020,"marks":13021,"data":13022},"\"The UK Parliament (commonly referred to as “Westminster”) is the key lawmaking body. It comprises two Houses: The House of Commons and the House of Lords. Both houses make laws, scrutinise the work of government, and debate national issues.\"",[],{},{"nodeType":1233,"data":13024,"content":13025},{},[13026],{"nodeType":1237,"value":13027,"marks":13028,"data":13030},"Seats by Party in the UK House of Commons (2026)",[13029],{"type":1906},{},{"nodeType":1658,"data":13032,"content":13053},{"target":13033},{"metadata":13034,"sys":13037,"fields":13044},{"tags":13035,"concepts":13036},[],[],{"space":13038,"id":13040,"type":16,"createdAt":13041,"updatedAt":13041,"environment":13042,"publishedVersion":48,"revision":23,"locale":24},{"sys":13039},{"type":12,"linkType":13,"id":14},"WgfdFnLT3Ets7ZsOIJ5aV","2026-07-06T11:48:34.810Z",{"sys":13043},{"id":20,"type":12,"linkType":21},{"title":13045,"description":27,"file":13046},"House of Commons in the UK",{"url":13047,"details":13048,"fileName":13052,"contentType":1889},"//images.ctfassets.net/5n7qh8xf3t5v/WgfdFnLT3Ets7ZsOIJ5aV/7fe7da109c3501c7b53d0dd0c156f929/House_of_Commons_in_the_UK.jpg",{"size":13049,"image":13050},840288,{"width":9579,"height":13051},828,"House of Commons in the UK.jpg",[],{"nodeType":1233,"data":13055,"content":13056},{},[13057],{"nodeType":1237,"value":13058,"marks":13059,"data":13060},"Animal advocates can approach MPs and peers to ask them to raise issues or press government ministers to take a particular action. The various parliamentary interventions that are available to MPs and peers are discussed further in section 4 below.",[],{},{"nodeType":1233,"data":13062,"content":13063},{},[13064],{"nodeType":1237,"value":13065,"marks":13066,"data":13068},"Structure of the UK Executive Branch",[13067],{"type":1906},{},{"nodeType":1658,"data":13070,"content":13090},{"target":13071},{"metadata":13072,"sys":13075,"fields":13082},{"tags":13073,"concepts":13074},[],[],{"space":13076,"id":13078,"type":16,"createdAt":13079,"updatedAt":13079,"environment":13080,"publishedVersion":48,"revision":23,"locale":24},{"sys":13077},{"type":12,"linkType":13,"id":14},"3Eb0ytuOcg6egXMzQknUEt","2026-07-06T11:48:34.808Z",{"sys":13081},{"id":20,"type":12,"linkType":21},{"title":13065,"description":27,"file":13083},{"url":13084,"details":13085,"fileName":13089,"contentType":1889},"//images.ctfassets.net/5n7qh8xf3t5v/3Eb0ytuOcg6egXMzQknUEt/fcff76b429497b530cb0753cd2aa2290/Structure_of_the_UK_Executive_Branch.jpg",{"size":13086,"image":13087},481734,{"width":9579,"height":13088},1772,"Structure of the UK Executive Branch.jpg",[],{"nodeType":1298,"data":13092,"content":13093},{},[13094],{"nodeType":1237,"value":13095,"marks":13096,"data":13097},"The Executive: The Government",[],{},{"nodeType":1233,"data":13099,"content":13100},{},[13101],{"nodeType":1237,"value":13102,"marks":13103,"data":13104},"In the UK, the political party that wins the most seats in the House of Commons in a General Election takes charge of the Executive branch – also known as “His/Her Majesty’s Government” or “HM Government” or simply “the government”. They are then responsible for running the country for up to five years, until the next General Election. The Executive branch comprises the Prime Minister, their Cabinet – a team of about 20 senior ministers who lead specific government departments, such as the Department for Food, Environment and Rural Affairs (“DEFRA”) – junior Ministers, and non-political civil servants. The Animal Welfare Minister (a Parliamentary Under-Secretary of State) is an example of a junior minister who serves as part of the Executive branch, with the support of civil servants in DEFRA. Senior civil servants can often have considerable influence on policy, particularly in complex or highly technical areas.",[],{},{"nodeType":1233,"data":13106,"content":13107},{},[13108],{"nodeType":1237,"value":13109,"marks":13110,"data":13111},"Each Secretary of State will usually have two or three special advisers (also known as “SpAds”). Special advisers are among the most powerful figures in government: they are politically appointed to support each Secretary of State on various aspects of departmental business and to provide advice, for example on key policy decisions. Often, special advisers can be more influential within a department than junior ministers. The Prime Minister also has his own special advisers, based in No. 10 Downing Street, the address of his official residence.",[],{},{"nodeType":1233,"data":13113,"content":13114},{},[13115],{"nodeType":1237,"value":13116,"marks":13117,"data":13118},"Whilst certain policy areas are devolved – meaning that the parliaments in Scotland, Wales, and Northern Ireland are responsible for them – some powers sit with the UK government alone. For example, only the UK government can enter into trade deals with other countries, which can have a significant impact on animal welfare. In addition, as England is the most populous nation in the UK, policy made at Westminster often affects the greatest number of animals.",[],{},{"nodeType":11016,"data":13120,"content":13121},{},[13122,13129],{"nodeType":1233,"data":13123,"content":13124},{},[13125],{"nodeType":1237,"value":13126,"marks":13127,"data":13128},"\"Whilst certain policy areas are devolved – meaning that the parliaments in Scotland, Wales, and Northern Ireland are responsible for them – some powers sit with the UK government alone.",[],{},{"nodeType":1233,"data":13130,"content":13131},{},[13132],{"nodeType":1237,"value":13133,"marks":13134,"data":13135},"For example, only the UK government can enter into trade deals with other countries, which can have a significant impact on animal welfare.\"",[],{},{"nodeType":1233,"data":13137,"content":13138},{},[13139],{"nodeType":1237,"value":13140,"marks":13141,"data":13143},"The Roles of the Different Branches of Government",[13142],{"type":1906},{},{"nodeType":1658,"data":13145,"content":13166},{"target":13146},{"metadata":13147,"sys":13150,"fields":13157},{"tags":13148,"concepts":13149},[],[],{"space":13151,"id":13153,"type":16,"createdAt":13154,"updatedAt":13154,"environment":13155,"publishedVersion":48,"revision":23,"locale":24},{"sys":13152},{"type":12,"linkType":13,"id":14},"1Ao4W7z2lMrKjeTHxs54eQ","2026-07-06T11:48:34.795Z",{"sys":13156},{"id":20,"type":12,"linkType":21},{"title":13158,"description":27,"file":13159},"Three Banches of UK Government -2",{"url":13160,"details":13161,"fileName":13165,"contentType":1889},"//images.ctfassets.net/5n7qh8xf3t5v/1Ao4W7z2lMrKjeTHxs54eQ/65f0ee0ade7d24d3b32ad9fbb5af09be/Three_Banches_of_UK_Government_-2.jpg",{"size":13162,"image":13163},410768,{"width":9579,"height":13164},780,"Three Banches of UK Government -2.jpg",[],{"nodeType":1298,"data":13168,"content":13169},{},[13170],{"nodeType":1237,"value":13171,"marks":13172,"data":13173},"Power Dynamics Between the Executive and Parliament",[],{},{"nodeType":1233,"data":13175,"content":13176},{},[13177],{"nodeType":1237,"value":13178,"marks":13179,"data":13180},"It is worth emphasising just how powerful the Executive is. MPs – even those from the governing party – can rarely initiate legislation unless they win the private members’ bill ballot. In practice, they have little capacity to amend laws directly and must instead seek to influence the government. Opposition MPs possess even less legislative power unless strong cross-party consensus emerges against the government. When the government holds a solid majority – as it currently does – it almost never loses votes on bills. Moreover, only ministers may propose taxation or public spending, leaving backbenchers with virtually no formal role in such legislation.",[],{},{"nodeType":1233,"data":13182,"content":13183},{},[13184],{"nodeType":1237,"value":13185,"marks":13186,"data":13187},"Power dynamics differ in the House of Lords, where the government lacks a majority and legislation is more frequently amended or defeated. Individual peers therefore hold greater procedural influence, though legislative primacy still lies with the Commons, which can pass legislation without the Lords’ approval if certain conditions are met.",[],{},{"nodeType":1233,"data":13189,"content":13190},{},[13191],{"nodeType":1237,"value":13192,"marks":13193,"data":13194},"A key source of executive dominance is the UK’s highly centralised and disciplined party system. Government “whips”, who are MPs and peers appointed by the governing party to ensure their party colleagues vote in line with the government’s agenda, enforce party discipline by ensuring that their party’s MPs vote in accordance with the leader’s agenda, especially on key bills. Party loyalty is further rewarded through promotions and favourable committee appointments. Together, these features consolidate the Executive’s influence over Parliament.",[],{},{"nodeType":1298,"data":13196,"content":13197},{},[13198],{"nodeType":1237,"value":13199,"marks":13200,"data":13201},"The Judiciary The third branch of government is the judiciary.",[],{},{"nodeType":1233,"data":13203,"content":13204},{},[13205],{"nodeType":1237,"value":13206,"marks":13207,"data":13208},"The UK has three separate judiciaries: England and Wales, Scotland, and Northern Ireland.",[],{},{"nodeType":1233,"data":13210,"content":13211},{},[13212],{"nodeType":1237,"value":13213,"marks":13214,"data":13215},"Criminal cases usually start in a Magistrates’ court, whilst more serious matters are referred to the Crown Court. Appeals from the Crown Court proceed to the Court of Appeal (Criminal Division) and in some cases, the UK Supreme Court. An example of a criminal case is a private prosecution brought against someone who has committed cruelty to animals.",[],{},{"nodeType":1233,"data":13217,"content":13218},{},[13219],{"nodeType":1237,"value":13220,"marks":13221,"data":13222},"Civil cases usually start in the County Court and can then be appealed to the High Court, Court of Appeal and the UK Supreme Court. An example of a civil case is a judicial review against a government department, for example a claim alleging that a decision they made in relation to an animal welfare standard was irrational, unlawful, or procedurally unfair.",[],{},{"nodeType":1233,"data":13224,"content":13225},{},[13226],{"nodeType":1237,"value":13227,"marks":13228,"data":13229},"Like many modern Western states, a cornerstone principle of the UK’s judicial system is the rule of law. One pillar of the rule of law is the notion that the judiciary is independent from other branches of government.",[],{},{"nodeType":11016,"data":13231,"content":13232},{},[13233],{"nodeType":1233,"data":13234,"content":13235},{},[13236],{"nodeType":1237,"value":13237,"marks":13238,"data":13239},"\"It is worth emphasising just how powerful the Executive is. MPs – even those from the governing party – can rarely initiate legislation unless they win the private members’ bill ballot. In practice, they have little capacity to amend laws directly and must instead seek to influence the government.\"",[],{},{"nodeType":1233,"data":13241,"content":13242},{},[13243],{"nodeType":1237,"value":13244,"marks":13245,"data":13247},"The Structure of the Judiciary in the UK",[13246],{"type":1906},{},{"nodeType":1658,"data":13249,"content":13271},{"target":13250},{"metadata":13251,"sys":13254,"fields":13261},{"tags":13252,"concepts":13253},[],[],{"space":13255,"id":13257,"type":16,"createdAt":13258,"updatedAt":13258,"environment":13259,"publishedVersion":48,"revision":23,"locale":24},{"sys":13256},{"type":12,"linkType":13,"id":14},"3SupHIpLUFN4gBTMJPyDtK","2026-07-06T11:48:34.792Z",{"sys":13260},{"id":20,"type":12,"linkType":21},{"title":13262,"description":27,"file":13263},"court-cases",{"url":13264,"details":13265,"fileName":13270,"contentType":2905},"//images.ctfassets.net/5n7qh8xf3t5v/3SupHIpLUFN4gBTMJPyDtK/269d1ea547442d8bfaa807a5fcc04675/court-cases.png",{"size":13266,"image":13267},52621,{"width":13268,"height":13269},1125,526,"court-cases.png",[],{"nodeType":1233,"data":13273,"content":13274},{},[13275],{"nodeType":1237,"value":13276,"marks":13277,"data":13278},"This demarcation reflects the doctrine of the “separation of powers” – the idea that the three organs of government should be clearly divided so that no branch becomes too powerful.",[],{},{"nodeType":1233,"data":13280,"content":13281},{},[13282],{"nodeType":1237,"value":13283,"marks":13284,"data":13285},"One peculiarity of the UK’s system of government is that – unlike the vast majority of nations in the world – the UK does not have a codified constitution. It does, however, have an “unwritten constitution” which comprises various key pieces of common law decisions (i.e. decisions by the courts), statutes, and conventions. The defining principle of the UK’s constitution is the notion of parliamentary sovereignty: Parliament is the supreme lawmaker with the power to enact or revoke any law. Courts cannot overrule legislation and no Parliament has the power to pass a law that a future Parliament is prohibited to change.",[],{},{"nodeType":1233,"data":13287,"content":13288},{},[13289],{"nodeType":1237,"value":13290,"marks":13291,"data":13292},"For advocates, this matters. Unlike the US Supreme Court, UK courts cannot directly strike down legislation. Whilst litigation can still play a role, durable gains for animals typically come from Parliament and the Executive.",[],{},{"nodeType":1298,"data":13294,"content":13295},{},[13296],{"nodeType":1237,"value":13297,"marks":13298,"data":13299},"Devolved Parliaments",[],{},{"nodeType":1233,"data":13301,"content":13302},{},[13303],{"nodeType":1237,"value":13304,"marks":13305,"data":13306},"An important feature of the UK legal system is the notion of “devolution”. Devolution refers to the powers that the national parliaments in Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland have to legislate in certain policy areas – as opposed to these being decided on a UK-wide basis by the UK Parliament.*2 Devolution resulted from successful referendums in Scotland, Wales, and Northern Ireland in the late 1990s, and resulted in the establishment of the Scottish Parliament at Holyrood, Edinburgh, the Senedd Cymru or Welsh Parliament in Cardiff, and the Northern Ireland Assembly in Belfast.",[],{},{"nodeType":1233,"data":13308,"content":13309},{},[13310],{"nodeType":1237,"value":13311,"marks":13312,"data":13313},"Importantly, animal welfare is – for the most part – a “devolved” competency. This means that the national parliaments in Wales, Scotland, and Northern Ireland pass their own animal welfare laws, whilst the UK Parliament can only legislate for England. Devolution has led to a divergence in some animal welfare standards. For example, Scotland and Wales have banned snare traps, whereas England has not (although the UK government has pledged to do so).",[],{},{"nodeType":1233,"data":13315,"content":13316},{},[13317,13321,13329,13332,13340],{"nodeType":1237,"value":13318,"marks":13319,"data":13320},"Similarly, Wales and Scotland have announced plans to ban greyhound racing, but there are no such proposals afoot in England. However, the devolved legislatures will often consent to Westminster animal welfare bills applying in their territories by passing Legislative Consent Motions which extend a bill’s provisions to their nations. For example, Wales recently consented to the Animal Welfare (Import of Dogs, Cats and Ferrets) Bill, and parallel consent motions are underway in ",[],{},{"nodeType":1627,"data":13322,"content":13324},{"uri":13323},"https://www.parliament.scot/-/media/files/chamber-office/minutes-of-proceedings/june-2025/chamber_minutes_20250625.pdf",[13325],{"nodeType":1237,"value":13326,"marks":13327,"data":13328},"Scotland",[],{},{"nodeType":1237,"value":3859,"marks":13330,"data":13331},[],{},{"nodeType":1627,"data":13333,"content":13335},{"uri":13334},"https://aims.niassembly.gov.uk/plenary/details.aspx?doc=443764+&pid=2&sp=0&utm_source=chatgpt.com",[13336],{"nodeType":1237,"value":13337,"marks":13338,"data":13339},"Northern Ireland",[],{},{"nodeType":1237,"value":1636,"marks":13341,"data":13342},[],{},{"nodeType":13344,"data":13345,"content":13346},"heading-6",{},[13347],{"nodeType":1237,"value":13348,"marks":13349,"data":13350},"*2 Unlike the competence framework established in the EU treaties or the constitutional division of powers between US states and the federal government, devolution in the UK is not constitutionally entrenched. Instead, it reflects a statutory transfer of powers granted by the UK Parliament to the devolved nations, which retains the authority to legislate on all matters, including in devolved areas.",[],{},{"nodeType":1233,"data":13352,"content":13353},{},[13354],{"nodeType":1237,"value":27,"marks":13355,"data":13356},[],{},{"nodeType":11016,"data":13358,"content":13359},{},[13360,13367],{"nodeType":1233,"data":13361,"content":13362},{},[13363],{"nodeType":1237,"value":13364,"marks":13365,"data":13366},"\"The defining principle of the UK’s constitution is the notion of parliamentary sovereignty: Parliament is the supreme lawmaker with the power to enact or revoke any law. Courts cannot overrule legislation and no Parliament has the power to pass a law that a future Parliament is prohibited to change.\"",[],{},{"nodeType":1233,"data":13368,"content":13369},{},[13370],{"nodeType":1237,"value":13371,"marks":13372,"data":13373},"\"Animal welfare is – for the most part – a “devolved” competency. This means that the national parliaments in Wales, Scotland, and Northern Ireland pass their own animal welfare laws, whilst the UK Parliament can only legislate for England.\"",[],{},{"nodeType":1298,"data":13375,"content":13376},{},[13377],{"nodeType":1237,"value":13378,"marks":13379,"data":13380},"The UK’s Changing Relationship with the EU",[],{},{"nodeType":1233,"data":13382,"content":13383},{},[13384],{"nodeType":1237,"value":13385,"marks":13386,"data":13387},"After 47 years of membership, the UK left the European Union (EU) on 31 January 2020. The withdrawal of the UK from the EU, commonly referred to as “Brexit”, had significant consequences for the UK’s regulatory autonomy with respect to animal welfare. While the UK was part of the EU’s Single Market and Customs Union, it was required to adopt the EU’s common standards on farm animal welfare. This is no longer the case. Since Brexit, the UK has passed some laws which diverge from EU standards – for example, on 20 May 2024 the Animal Welfare (Livestock Exports) Act 2024 received royal assent, which made it an offence to export certain live animals from Great Britain for slaughter. Before Brexit, EU law would have prevented the UK from passing such legislation.",[],{},{"nodeType":1233,"data":13389,"content":13390},{},[13391,13395,13403],{"nodeType":1237,"value":13392,"marks":13393,"data":13394},"However, in May 2025, the UK signed a ",[],{},{"nodeType":1627,"data":13396,"content":13398},{"uri":13397},"https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/media/682afb7002662c6f8ec243ef/UK_EU_Summit_-_Common_Understanding.pdf",[13399],{"nodeType":1237,"value":13400,"marks":13401,"data":13402},"Common Understanding Agreement",[],{},{"nodeType":1237,"value":13404,"marks":13405,"data":13406}," with the EU. This agreement set out principles governing the negotiation of a common sanitary and phytosanitary area for agri-food products (an “SPS Agreement”). If implemented as envisaged, most movements of animals and animal products between the EU and UK will take place without certificates and controls.",[],{},{"nodeType":1233,"data":13408,"content":13409},{},[13410,13414,13422,13426,13434],{"nodeType":1237,"value":13411,"marks":13412,"data":13413},"Whilst the SPS Agreement is still being negotiated as at February 2026, Parliament’s Environment, Food and Rural Affairs Committee (“",[],{},{"nodeType":1627,"data":13415,"content":13417},{"uri":13416},"https://committees.parliament.uk/publications/51434/documents/285419/default/",[13418],{"nodeType":1237,"value":13419,"marks":13420,"data":13421},"the EFRA Committee",[],{},{"nodeType":1237,"value":13423,"marks":13424,"data":13425},"”) has stated that it anticipates animal welfare during transport and at the time of killing will be within scope of the agreement. The EFRA Committee has further stated that it is not yet known whether on-farm animal welfare standards and method-of-production labelling will be within the scope of the agreement. Any areas that are within scope of the agreement would likely require the UK to adopt EU minimum standards – a regulatory process known as “dynamic alignment”. Importantly, the UK would likely retain its right to raise standards above EU minimums, as EU Member States can presently do. However, depending on the scope of the agreement and the nature and extent of any carveouts agreed, the UK’s ability to restrict (and potentially also to label) imports from the EU on low welfare grounds may be ",[],{},{"nodeType":1627,"data":13427,"content":13429},{"uri":13428},"https://committees.parliament.uk/writtenevidence/148099/html/",[13430],{"nodeType":1237,"value":13431,"marks":13432,"data":13433},"impacted",[],{},{"nodeType":1237,"value":1636,"marks":13435,"data":13436},[],{},{"nodeType":11016,"data":13438,"content":13439},{},[13440,13447],{"nodeType":1233,"data":13441,"content":13442},{},[13443],{"nodeType":1237,"value":13444,"marks":13445,"data":13446},"\"Since Brexit, the UK has passed some laws which diverge from EU standards – for example, on 20 May 2024 the Animal Welfare (Livestock Exports) Act 2024 received royal assent, which made it an offence to export certain live animals from Great Britain for slaughter.",[],{},{"nodeType":1233,"data":13448,"content":13449},{},[13450],{"nodeType":1237,"value":13451,"marks":13452,"data":13453},"However, the UK is currently negotiating a common sanitary and phytosanitary area for agri-food products. If farmed animal welfare standards are within scope of this agreement, the UK will likely be required to align with the EU’s farmed animal welfare standards unless a specific exemption is agreed.\"",[],{},{"nodeType":1658,"data":13455,"content":13477},{"target":13456},{"metadata":13457,"sys":13460,"fields":13467},{"tags":13458,"concepts":13459},[],[],{"space":13461,"id":13463,"type":16,"createdAt":13464,"updatedAt":13464,"environment":13465,"publishedVersion":48,"revision":23,"locale":24},{"sys":13462},{"type":12,"linkType":13,"id":14},"3AMF0cVdXWPMzHgsAo20gD","2026-07-06T11:48:34.790Z",{"sys":13466},{"id":20,"type":12,"linkType":21},{"title":13468,"description":27,"file":13469},"pexels-julia-barrantes-89384909-17193897",{"url":13470,"details":13471,"fileName":13476,"contentType":1889},"//images.ctfassets.net/5n7qh8xf3t5v/3AMF0cVdXWPMzHgsAo20gD/ce5262712a19e243d2f94badd790c80f/pexels-julia-barrantes-89384909-17193897.jpg",{"size":13472,"image":13473},3805365,{"width":13474,"height":13475},5138,3425,"pexels-julia-barrantes-89384909-17193897.jpg",[],{"nodeType":1233,"data":13479,"content":13480},{},[13481],{"nodeType":1237,"value":27,"marks":13482,"data":13483},[],{},{"nodeType":1283,"data":13485,"content":13486},{},[13487],{"nodeType":1237,"value":13488,"marks":13489,"data":13490},"UK Legislative Processes",[],{},{"nodeType":1298,"data":13492,"content":13493},{},[13494],{"nodeType":1237,"value":13495,"marks":13496,"data":13497},"Legislative Context",[],{},{"nodeType":1233,"data":13499,"content":13500},{},[13501],{"nodeType":1237,"value":13502,"marks":13503,"data":13504},"The United Kingdom has an extensive framework of legislation regulating the treatment of animals. Substantial gaps remain, however – allowing low welfare practices to persist. Core primary statutes include the Animal Welfare Act 2006 (applicable in England and Wales), the Animal Health and Welfare (Scotland) Act 2006, the Welfare of Animals Act (Northern Ireland) 2011, and the Animals (Scientific Procedures) Act 1986.",[],{},{"nodeType":1233,"data":13506,"content":13507},{},[13508],{"nodeType":1237,"value":13509,"marks":13510,"data":13511},"In addition to these statutes, a range of delegated legislation known as secondary instruments establish more detailed welfare standards for specific species or activities. Notable examples include the Welfare of Farmed Animals (England) Regulations 2007 and the Welfare of Animals at the Time of Killing (England) Regulations 2015, each of which has equivalent versions in the devolved administrations. Certain EU laws, such as Council Regulation (EC) No 1099/2009 on the protection of animals at the time of killing, also continue to apply.",[],{},{"nodeType":1233,"data":13513,"content":13514},{},[13515],{"nodeType":1237,"value":13516,"marks":13517,"data":13518},"Individuals and organisations seeking to influence or reform animal welfare law – whether by amending primary legislation, proposing new bills, or advocating changes to existing regulations – can do so by participating in the legislative processes outlined below.",[],{},{"nodeType":1298,"data":13520,"content":13521},{},[13522],{"nodeType":1237,"value":13523,"marks":13524,"data":13525},"Primary Legislation Introduced by Government",[],{},{"nodeType":1233,"data":13527,"content":13528},{},[13529],{"nodeType":1237,"value":13530,"marks":13531,"data":13532},"Primary legislation introduced by government can originate in either the House of Commons or the House of Lords. In the Commons, a bill must pass five main stages: first reading, second reading, committee stage, report stage, and third reading. Similar stages will follow in the Lords, and if the bill passes each stage it will receive “royal assent” and become law.",[],{},{"nodeType":1233,"data":13534,"content":13535},{},[13536],{"nodeType":1237,"value":13537,"marks":13538,"data":13540},"First Reading",[13539],{"type":1906},{},{"nodeType":1233,"data":13542,"content":13543},{},[13544],{"nodeType":1237,"value":13545,"marks":13546,"data":13547},"The first reading is effectively a non-event: the short title of the bill is read out but there is no debate.",[],{},{"nodeType":1233,"data":13549,"content":13550},{},[13551],{"nodeType":1237,"value":13552,"marks":13553,"data":13555},"Second Reading",[13554],{"type":1906},{},{"nodeType":1233,"data":13557,"content":13558},{},[13559],{"nodeType":1237,"value":13560,"marks":13561,"data":13562},"During the second reading, MPs debate the central principles of a bill. This will usually take place at least two weekends after the first reading. It is not possible to make amendments to the text of a bill during the second reading, but MPs may give an indication of the changes they intend to propose at later stages. Therefore, it is often helpful to provide MPs with briefings on the bill, alongside suggested amendments and supporting rationales, in advance of the second reading. At the end of the second reading, the House will vote on the bill. A simple majority will send the bill to the next stage, the Committee Stage.",[],{},{"nodeType":1233,"data":13564,"content":13565},{},[13566],{"nodeType":1237,"value":13567,"marks":13568,"data":13570},"Committee Stage",[13569],{"type":1906},{},{"nodeType":1233,"data":13572,"content":13573},{},[13574],{"nodeType":1237,"value":13575,"marks":13576,"data":13577},"Committee Stage involves a Public Bill Committee comprising a selection of MPs (usually 17) and the Minister responsible for the bill, debating each clause of the bill, as well as any amendments that MPs have proposed.",[],{},{"nodeType":1233,"data":13579,"content":13580},{},[13581],{"nodeType":1237,"value":13582,"marks":13583,"data":13584},"Committee stage usually takes place within two weeks of the second reading. Animal advocates may wish to find MPs – who need not be on the committee – to submit amendments to the bill at this stage, and then find MPs – who do need to be on the committee – to move the amendments so that they can be debated.",[],{},{"nodeType":1233,"data":13586,"content":13587},{},[13588],{"nodeType":1237,"value":13589,"marks":13590,"data":13591},"Public bill committees have the power to receive written evidence from interested parties. Animal advocates can therefore use this process to recommend amendments to strengthen a bill. The Committee may also hear oral evidence, before carefully examining each clause of the bill and the amendments proposed to decide if they should stay in the bill. The Committee will then send the bill – in its original or amended form – back to the Commons for its Report Stage.",[],{},{"nodeType":1233,"data":13593,"content":13594},{},[13595],{"nodeType":1237,"value":13596,"marks":13597,"data":13598},"It is important to recognise the power dynamics within Committees: government whips decide which MPs sit on each committee. As a result, public bill committees tend to have a built-in pro-government majority and will rarely make material changes to bills unless the government agrees to them in advance. This makes it critical that advocates seek to obtain the support of Ministers, SpAds and civil servants in advance of Committee Stage.",[],{},{"nodeType":11016,"data":13600,"content":13601},{},[13602],{"nodeType":1233,"data":13603,"content":13604},{},[13605],{"nodeType":1237,"value":13606,"marks":13607,"data":13608},"\"Primary legislation is the term used to describe the main laws passed by the legislative bodies of the UK e.g. Acts of the UK Parliament, Scottish Parliament, Welsh Parliament and Northern Ireland Assembly. These types of legislation are sometimes referred to as 'statutes'. During their passage through a parliament and prior to becoming law, they are usually called ‘bills’.",[],{},{"nodeType":11016,"data":13610,"content":13611},{},[13612],{"nodeType":1233,"data":13613,"content":13614},{},[13615],{"nodeType":1237,"value":13616,"marks":13617,"data":13618},"'Secondary legislation' is delegated legislation made by a person or body such as a minister or public body, under authority contained in primary legislation. For example, section 12 of the Animal Welfare Act 2006 confers upon the appropriate national authorities, which includes DEFRA, the power to make by regulations “such provision as the authority thinks fit for the purpose of promoting the welfare of animals.”",[],{},{"nodeType":11016,"data":13620,"content":13621},{},[13622],{"nodeType":1233,"data":13623,"content":13624},{},[13625],{"nodeType":1237,"value":13626,"marks":13627,"data":13628},"\"Public bill committees have the power to receive written evidence from interested parties. Animal advocates can therefore use this process to recommend amendments to strengthen a bill.\"",[],{},{"nodeType":1233,"data":13630,"content":13631},{},[13632],{"nodeType":1237,"value":13633,"marks":13634,"data":13636},"Stages of a Bill in the House of Commons",[13635],{"type":1906},{},{"nodeType":1658,"data":13638,"content":13660},{"target":13639},{"metadata":13640,"sys":13643,"fields":13650},{"tags":13641,"concepts":13642},[],[],{"space":13644,"id":13646,"type":16,"createdAt":13647,"updatedAt":13647,"environment":13648,"publishedVersion":48,"revision":23,"locale":24},{"sys":13645},{"type":12,"linkType":13,"id":14},"3C4eGzpOaYQr2WTMVUvdU4","2026-07-06T11:48:34.789Z",{"sys":13649},{"id":20,"type":12,"linkType":21},{"title":13651,"description":27,"file":13652},"Stages of a Bill 2",{"url":13653,"details":13654,"fileName":13659,"contentType":1889},"//images.ctfassets.net/5n7qh8xf3t5v/3C4eGzpOaYQr2WTMVUvdU4/29e2a3e14297013461bbe2b9bae07948/Stages_of_a_Bill_2.jpg",{"size":13655,"image":13656},1372528,{"width":13657,"height":13658},2752,1552,"Stages of a Bill 2.jpg",[],{"nodeType":1233,"data":13662,"content":13663},{},[13664],{"nodeType":1237,"value":13665,"marks":13666,"data":13668},"Report Stage",[13667],{"type":1906},{},{"nodeType":1233,"data":13670,"content":13671},{},[13672],{"nodeType":1237,"value":13673,"marks":13674,"data":13675},"Report Stage usually takes place about two weeks after the Committee Stage. During this stage, MPs debate the bill further and any MP can propose amendments – with the Speaker (the Chair of debates in the Commons) deciding which amendments should be debated and voted on. The report stage is therefore important, as it provides advocates with a valuable opportunity to influence a bill’s content. Advocates can engage in this stage by finding MPs to propose amendments to strengthen an animal welfare bill, or to propose (if relevant and within the scope of the bill) an animal welfare clause to a bill on an adjacent topic such as nature or trade.",[],{},{"nodeType":1233,"data":13677,"content":13678},{},[13679],{"nodeType":1237,"value":13680,"marks":13681,"data":13682},"The next stage is the third reading. This stage usually takes place immediately after the report stage and provides the final opportunity for MPs to debate a bill in the Commons. Amendments cannot be proposed at the third reading, and at the end of the debate the House votes on whether to approve the third reading of the bill. If a bill passes its third reading, it will then move through similar stages in the House of Lords. If any amendments are proposed by the Lords, these need to be agreed to in the Commons in a “consideration of amendments” stage before the bill can receive royal assent and become law.",[],{},{"nodeType":11016,"data":13684,"content":13685},{},[13686],{"nodeType":1233,"data":13687,"content":13688},{},[13689],{"nodeType":1237,"value":13690,"marks":13691,"data":13692},"\"During the Report Stage of a bill, animal advocates can find MPs to propose amend-ments to strengthen an animal welfare bill, or to propose (if relevant and within the scope of the bill) an animal welfare clause to a bill on an adjacent topic such as nature or trade.\"",[],{},{"nodeType":1298,"data":13694,"content":13695},{},[13696],{"nodeType":1237,"value":13697,"marks":13698,"data":13699},"Secondary Legislation",[],{},{"nodeType":1233,"data":13701,"content":13702},{},[13703],{"nodeType":1237,"value":13704,"marks":13705,"data":13706},"Importantly, many reforms to protect animals do not require a new Act (primary legislation). Instead, Ministers use secondary legislation (usually regulations), also known as statutory instruments or “SIs”. SIs are made under enabling primary legislation – legislation which expressly empowers a Secretary of State to make regulations on a certain topic. For example, cages for farmed animals can be phased out in England using regulations passed under the Welfare of Farmed Animals (England) Regulations 2007 and mandatory animal welfare method-of-production labelling can be implemented via regulations under the Food Safety Act 1990. The ability to implement a reform using secondary legislation is a significant advantage; in requiring minimal or no parliamentary time, it is materially easier for the measure to become law.",[],{},{"nodeType":1233,"data":13708,"content":13709},{},[13710],{"nodeType":1237,"value":13711,"marks":13712,"data":13713},"There are two procedures used to pass secondary legislation. A minority – only about 25% – is made using what is called the “affirmative” procedure. This process requires both the Commons and the Lords to debate and approve a statutory instrument for it to become law. In practice, it is exceedingly difficult to have an affirmative instrument voted down – the last time the Commons did so was in 1978.",[],{},{"nodeType":1233,"data":13715,"content":13716},{},[13717],{"nodeType":1237,"value":13718,"marks":13719,"data":13720},"Further, most secondary legislation – about three-quarters – is made using a “negative procedure” which involves even less parliamentary scrutiny. Under this route, a minister signs off a statutory instrument which will automatically become law on its commencement date unless either House annuls it within the required period (usually 40 sitting days). No debate or vote on the SI will take place in parliament unless a member of either House tables a “prayer” motion to annul it. These motions rarely succeed – the last time the Commons annulled a negative SI was in 1979.",[],{},{"nodeType":1233,"data":13722,"content":13723},{},[13724],{"nodeType":1237,"value":13725,"marks":13726,"data":13727},"Accordingly, the nature of secondary legislation as delegated legislation made by the executive means that it involves significantly less parliamentary scrutiny compared with primary legislation. This is a double-edged sword: standards can be lowered as well as raised, with minimal parliamentary oversight.",[],{},{"nodeType":1233,"data":13729,"content":13730},{},[13731],{"nodeType":1237,"value":13732,"marks":13733,"data":13734},"Animal advocates can still influence the shape of SIs by responding to public consultations or calls for evidence which typically precede the Minister laying the instrument. In addition, unlike primary legislation, secondary legislation can be scrutinised by the courts in judicial review proceedings. This requires a claimant to prove that the SI involved illegality, irrationality or procedural unfairness on the part of the decision-maker responsible. Due to the large degree of deference afforded to Secretaries of States under UK law, these grounds are often challenging to make out.",[],{},{"nodeType":11016,"data":13736,"content":13737},{},[13738],{"nodeType":1233,"data":13739,"content":13740},{},[13741],{"nodeType":1237,"value":13742,"marks":13743,"data":13744},"\"Many reforms to protect animals do not require a new Act. Instead, Ministers use secondary legislation (usually regulations), also known as statutory instruments or “SIs”. SIs are made under enabling primary legislation – legislation which expressly empowers a Secretary of State to make regulations on a certain topic.\"",[],{},{"nodeType":1298,"data":13746,"content":13747},{},[13748],{"nodeType":1237,"value":13749,"marks":13750,"data":13751},"Private Members’ Bills",[],{},{"nodeType":1233,"data":13753,"content":13754},{},[13755],{"nodeType":1237,"value":13756,"marks":13757,"data":13758},"Private Members’ Bills are introduced by MPs or peers who are not ministers. Few become law, but they raise the profile of an issue and can spur government action. In 1999, Maria Eagle MP’s bill to ban fur farming failed in Parliament but prompted the government to adopt the policy via a government bill the following year.",[],{},{"nodeType":1233,"data":13760,"content":13761},{},[13762,13766,13774,13778,13786,13790,13798],{"nodeType":1237,"value":13763,"marks":13764,"data":13765},"There are different types of private members’ bills available, including “ballot bills”. Ballot bills introduced in the House of Commons have the highest chance of becoming law, as these bills are allocated more debating time. Only 20 MPs will have their name drawn from the ballot in each (approximately year-long) parliamentary session. Animal advocates can reach out to these MPs to persuade them to dedicate their bill to an animal welfare measure (and to offer drafting support, where possible). MPs are often willing: for example, in the 2024-2026 parliamentary session, three private members’ bills addressed animal welfare issues – ",[],{},{"nodeType":1627,"data":13767,"content":13769},{"uri":13768},"https://bills.parliament.uk/bills/3789",[13770],{"nodeType":1237,"value":13771,"marks":13772,"data":13773},"the Fur (Import and Scale) Bill",[],{},{"nodeType":1237,"value":13775,"marks":13776,"data":13777},",",[],{},{"nodeType":1627,"data":13779,"content":13781},{"uri":13780},"https://bills.parliament.uk/bills/3791",[13782],{"nodeType":1237,"value":13783,"marks":13784,"data":13785}," the Fireworks Bill",[],{},{"nodeType":1237,"value":13787,"marks":13788,"data":13789}," and the Animal Welfare (Import of Dogs, Cats and Ferrets) Bill (which received government support and is now ",[],{},{"nodeType":1627,"data":13791,"content":13793},{"uri":13792},"https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/2025/30",[13794],{"nodeType":1237,"value":13795,"marks":13796,"data":13797},"law",[],{},{"nodeType":1237,"value":13799,"marks":13800,"data":13801},").”",[],{},{"nodeType":1650,"data":13803,"content":13804},{},[13805],{"nodeType":1237,"value":13806,"marks":13807,"data":13809},"Case Study: Extending Legal Protections to Crustaceans",[13808],{"type":1906},{},{"nodeType":1650,"data":13811,"content":13812},{},[13813],{"nodeType":1237,"value":13814,"marks":13815,"data":13816},"An example of successful legislative advocacy took place in November 2021 when the Animal Welfare (Sentience) Bill was amended to expressly include cephalopod molluscs and decapod crustaceans. Following years of campaigning by Crustacean Compassion and others, DEFRA commissioned an independent report by the London School of Economics into the evidence of sentience in these animals. The report answered affirmatively – resulting in the Animal Welfare (Sentience) Bill being amended to expressly include cephalopod molluscs and decapod crustaceans.",[],{},{"nodeType":1658,"data":13818,"content":13839},{"target":13819},{"metadata":13820,"sys":13823,"fields":13830},{"tags":13821,"concepts":13822},[],[],{"space":13824,"id":13826,"type":16,"createdAt":13827,"updatedAt":13827,"environment":13828,"publishedVersion":22,"revision":23,"locale":24},{"sys":13825},{"type":12,"linkType":13,"id":14},"5qeugqndLivb1odYOXWIB1","2026-07-06T11:48:34.787Z",{"sys":13829},{"id":20,"type":12,"linkType":21},{"title":13806,"description":27,"file":13831},{"url":13832,"details":13833,"fileName":13838,"contentType":1889},"//images.ctfassets.net/5n7qh8xf3t5v/5qeugqndLivb1odYOXWIB1/2aa25ca3591cf646d91e0504fca15d23/pexels-diego-f-parra-33199-18427020.jpg",{"size":13834,"image":13835},3917115,{"width":13836,"height":13837},4245,6529,"pexels-diego-f-parra-33199-18427020.jpg",[],{"nodeType":11016,"data":13841,"content":13842},{},[13843,13850],{"nodeType":1233,"data":13844,"content":13845},{},[13846],{"nodeType":1237,"value":13847,"marks":13848,"data":13849},"\"Animal advocates can influence the shape of SIs by responding to public consultations or calls for evidence which typically precede the Minister laying the instrument.\"",[],{},{"nodeType":1233,"data":13851,"content":13852},{},[13853],{"nodeType":1237,"value":13854,"marks":13855,"data":13856},"\"Private members’ bills can be used to raise the profile of an issue and can spur government action. In 1999, Maria Eagle MP’s bill to ban fur farming failed in Parliament but prompted the government to adopt the policy via a government bill the following year.\"",[],{},{"nodeType":1233,"data":13858,"content":13859},{},[13860],{"nodeType":1237,"value":27,"marks":13861,"data":13862},[],{},{"nodeType":1283,"data":13864,"content":13865},{},[13866],{"nodeType":1237,"value":13867,"marks":13868,"data":13869},"Legislative Advocacy",[],{},{"nodeType":1298,"data":13871,"content":13872},{},[13873],{"nodeType":1237,"value":13874,"marks":13875,"data":13876},"Effective legislative advocacy often requires engaging with both the Executive and Legislative branches. The UK Parliament, which is heavily dominated by the Executive for the reasons set out in paragraph 2.3 above, is responsible for passing and amending laws; the Executive then implements and enforces these laws once on the statute books. In addition, the Executive will regularly implement and amend rules affecting animals via secondary legislation. This division of responsibility also applies in the devolved nations.",[],{},{"nodeType":1233,"data":13878,"content":13879},{},[13880],{"nodeType":1237,"value":13881,"marks":13882,"data":13883},"The below section explains how to engage with the UK Parliament, the devolved parliaments, the Executive, and the devolved administrations, to ensure that strong laws are enacted in the first instance, and then robustly enforced.",[],{},{"nodeType":1298,"data":13885,"content":13886},{},[13887],{"nodeType":1237,"value":13888,"marks":13889,"data":13890},"How to Engage with the Legislative Branch",[],{},{"nodeType":1233,"data":13892,"content":13893},{},[13894],{"nodeType":1237,"value":13895,"marks":13896,"data":13897},"Legislative advocacy for animals is a long- term effort. Progress can be slow, but advocates have many tools at their disposal to keep important issues on Ministers’ desks. These include Westminster Hall debates, select committee inquires, the use of oral and written questions, and all-party parliamentary group events. These interventions can help to persuade the government to support a legislative measure that protects animals – or to drop harmful ones.",[],{},{"nodeType":1298,"data":13899,"content":13900},{},[13901],{"nodeType":1237,"value":13902,"marks":13903,"data":13904},"Westminster Hall Debates",[],{},{"nodeType":1233,"data":13906,"content":13907},{},[13908],{"nodeType":1237,"value":13909,"marks":13910,"data":13911},"Securing a debate in Westminster Hall, a part of the UK Parliament, helps to raise the visibility of an issue as it provides an opportunity for supportive MPs to speak passionately in favour of a given measure. A government Minister is required to attend the debate and present a response.",[],{},{"nodeType":11016,"data":13913,"content":13914},{},[13915],{"nodeType":1233,"data":13916,"content":13917},{},[13918],{"nodeType":1237,"value":13919,"marks":13920,"data":13921},"\"Animal advocates can use Westminster Hall debates, select committee inquires, oral and written questions, and all-party parliamentary group events to persuade the government to support legislative measures that protect animals – or to drop harmful ones.\"",[],{},{"nodeType":1233,"data":13923,"content":13924},{},[13925],{"nodeType":1237,"value":13926,"marks":13927,"data":13929},"Legislative Advocacy Tools in the UK Parliament",[13928],{"type":1906},{},{"nodeType":1658,"data":13931,"content":13951},{"target":13932},{"metadata":13933,"sys":13936,"fields":13943},{"tags":13934,"concepts":13935},[],[],{"space":13937,"id":13939,"type":16,"createdAt":13940,"updatedAt":13940,"environment":13941,"publishedVersion":48,"revision":23,"locale":24},{"sys":13938},{"type":12,"linkType":13,"id":14},"2UB0dvSBgvaH3eubA9Y1r2","2026-07-06T11:48:34.739Z",{"sys":13942},{"id":20,"type":12,"linkType":21},{"title":13926,"description":27,"file":13944},{"url":13945,"details":13946,"fileName":13950,"contentType":1889},"//images.ctfassets.net/5n7qh8xf3t5v/2UB0dvSBgvaH3eubA9Y1r2/8f9e0e0d89c1c7094738a62d32e0f564/Legislative_Advocacy_Tools_in_the_UK_Parliament.jpg",{"size":13947,"image":13948},788197,{"width":9579,"height":13949},1116,"Legislative Advocacy Tools in the UK Parliament.jpg",[],{"nodeType":1658,"data":13953,"content":13975},{"target":13954},{"metadata":13955,"sys":13958,"fields":13965},{"tags":13956,"concepts":13957},[],[],{"space":13959,"id":13961,"type":16,"createdAt":13962,"updatedAt":13962,"environment":13963,"publishedVersion":48,"revision":23,"locale":24},{"sys":13960},{"type":12,"linkType":13,"id":14},"kf9lrlfqfgX4es3ubvU3t","2026-07-06T11:48:34.737Z",{"sys":13964},{"id":20,"type":12,"linkType":21},{"title":13966,"description":27,"file":13967},"antonio-palha-hjDbttj7UtU-unsplash",{"url":13968,"details":13969,"fileName":13974,"contentType":1889},"//images.ctfassets.net/5n7qh8xf3t5v/kf9lrlfqfgX4es3ubvU3t/6b5bdfd30a170ec995d32c69a273767d/antonio-palha-hjDbttj7UtU-unsplash.jpg",{"size":13970,"image":13971},2248455,{"width":13972,"height":13973},4898,3265,"antonio-palha-hjDbttj7UtU-unsplash.jpg",[],{"nodeType":1233,"data":13977,"content":13978},{},[13979,13983,13991,13995,14003],{"nodeType":1237,"value":13980,"marks":13981,"data":13982},"One route to having an issue debated in Westminster Hall is to file an official e-petition. Any British citizen or UK resident can start a petition online at petition. ",[],{},{"nodeType":1627,"data":13984,"content":13986},{"uri":13985},"https://www.parliament.uk/",[13987],{"nodeType":1237,"value":13988,"marks":13989,"data":13990},"parliament.uk",[],{},{"nodeType":1237,"value":13992,"marks":13993,"data":13994},". Once a petition reaches 100,000 signatures, the Petitions Committee will usually approve a debate on the topic. For example, in June 2025 a Westminster Hall debate on ending the use of cages and crates for farmed animals was triggered after a ",[],{},{"nodeType":1627,"data":13996,"content":13998},{"uri":13997},"https://commonslibrary.parliament.uk/research-briefings/cdp-2025-0121/",[13999],{"nodeType":1237,"value":14000,"marks":14001,"data":14002},"petition",[],{},{"nodeType":1237,"value":14004,"marks":14005,"data":14006}," by Dame Joanna Lumley, spearheaded by Compassion in World Farming, reached over 100,000 signatures. Once a debate is secured, advocates should mobilise as many MPs as possible to attend the debate and speak in favour of the reform sought.",[],{},{"nodeType":1233,"data":14008,"content":14009},{},[14010,14014,14021],{"nodeType":1237,"value":14011,"marks":14012,"data":14013},"Advocates can also ask a supportive MP to apply for a Westminster Hall debate, which is usually determined by a ballot. To identify a potential champion, advocates can search the database of written parliamentary questions to find MPs who have previously filed written questions on animal welfare at ",[],{},{"nodeType":1627,"data":14015,"content":14017},{"uri":14016},"https://questions-statements.parliament.uk/",[14018],{"nodeType":1237,"value":14016,"marks":14019,"data":14020},[],{},{"nodeType":1237,"value":1636,"marks":14022,"data":14023},[],{},{"nodeType":1233,"data":14025,"content":14026},{},[14027],{"nodeType":1237,"value":14028,"marks":14029,"data":14030},"In recent years, numerous Westminster Hall debates have taken place on animal welfare issues. For example, in June 2025 a Westminster Hall debate that took place on animal welfare standards in farming. This debate saw a wide range of MPs speak out in favour of stronger laws to protect farmed animals, including mandatory method-of-production labelling and welfare at slaughter rules for farmed fish. These contributions helped to raise the salience of these issues in a forum in which a key decision-maker – the Farming Minister – was present. In addition, the debate highlighted the wide cross-party support that exists in favour of strengthening legal protections for farmed animals.",[],{},{"nodeType":1298,"data":14032,"content":14033},{},[14034],{"nodeType":1237,"value":14035,"marks":14036,"data":14037},"Written Questions",[],{},{"nodeType":1233,"data":14039,"content":14040},{},[14041,14045,14051],{"nodeType":1237,"value":14042,"marks":14043,"data":14044},"MPs and peers can file written questions which ministers must answer. This is a common intervention used to scrutinise the activities and policies of government, and advocates can therefore reach out to MPs and peers to suggest specific questions. For example, an MP or peer could ask a Secretary of State whether they have examined the merits of enacting a particular animal welfare policy, or when they intend to publish a consultation on a proposed animal welfare measure. Questions should be neutrally phrased and must not duplicate recent ones. All questions and answers filed since 2014 are searchable at ",[],{},{"nodeType":1627,"data":14046,"content":14047},{"uri":14016},[14048],{"nodeType":1237,"value":14016,"marks":14049,"data":14050},[],{},{"nodeType":1237,"value":2627,"marks":14052,"data":14053},[],{},{"nodeType":1298,"data":14055,"content":14056},{},[14057],{"nodeType":1237,"value":14058,"marks":14059,"data":14060},"Oral Questions",[],{},{"nodeType":1233,"data":14062,"content":14063},{},[14064],{"nodeType":1237,"value":14065,"marks":14066,"data":14067},"Animal advocates can approach MPs requesting that they file a question to a relevant Secretary of State during Oral Questions. This will often be to the Secretary of State of DEFRA, but may also be to other departments, such as the Home Office (for example, if the matter concerns animal testing), or the Department for Business and Trade (for example, if the matter concerns the animal welfare impacts of a trade deal).",[],{},{"nodeType":1233,"data":14069,"content":14070},{},[14071,14074,14082],{"nodeType":1237,"value":27,"marks":14072,"data":14073},[],{},{"nodeType":1627,"data":14075,"content":14077},{"uri":14076},"https://whatson.parliament.uk/oralQuestions",[14078],{"nodeType":1237,"value":14079,"marks":14080,"data":14081},"Oral questions",[],{},{"nodeType":1237,"value":14083,"marks":14084,"data":14085}," usually take place once a month for each department while Parliament is sitting, and MPs must enter a ballot which will determine whether their question is selected. Due to the large number of questions usually submitted, particularly to DEFRA’s ballot, selection is highly competitive. Nevertheless, one major advantage of oral questions is that, unlike written questions which are typically answered by junior ministers, Secretaries of State will usually answer oral questions. Oral questions therefore present a valuable opportunity to bring an issue directly to the Secretary of State’s attention.",[],{},{"nodeType":11016,"data":14087,"content":14088},{},[14089],{"nodeType":1233,"data":14090,"content":14091},{},[14092],{"nodeType":1237,"value":14093,"marks":14094,"data":14095},"\"Written questions are a common intervention used to scrutinise the activities and policies of government, and advocates can therefore reach out to MPs and peers to suggest specific questions. For example, an MP or peer could ask a Secretary of State whether they have examined the merits of enacting a particular animal welfare policy, or when they intend to publish a consultation on a proposed animal welfare measure.\"",[],{},{"nodeType":1298,"data":14097,"content":14098},{},[14099],{"nodeType":1237,"value":14100,"marks":14101,"data":14102},"Select Committee Inquiries",[],{},{"nodeType":1233,"data":14104,"content":14105},{},[14106,14110,14118],{"nodeType":1237,"value":14107,"marks":14108,"data":14109},"Advocates can engage with Parliamentary select committees – the most relevant one being the ",[],{},{"nodeType":1627,"data":14111,"content":14113},{"uri":14112},"https://committees.parliament.uk/committee/52/environment-food-and-rural-affairs-committee/",[14114],{"nodeType":1237,"value":14115,"marks":14116,"data":14117},"EFRA Committee",[],{},{"nodeType":1237,"value":14119,"marks":14120,"data":14121},". The EFRA Committee is a select committee of the House of Commons which scrutinises the work of DEFRA. The Committee comprises MPs from across the political spectrum – currently 11 – who conduct inquiries on policy issues relevant to DEFRA’s mandate, usually culminating in a report with recommendations which the government will file official responses to.",[],{},{"nodeType":1233,"data":14123,"content":14124},{},[14125],{"nodeType":1237,"value":14126,"marks":14127,"data":14128},"Opportunities to engage with select committees include filing written evidence in inquires relevant to animal welfare, proffering oral evidence (if invited), educating the Committee’s MPs on pressing animal welfare issues, and encouraging the Committee to include these topics within the remit of its inquiries. Through these activities, advocates can seek to gain the Committee’s support in recommending key reforms, which can be influential with ministers.",[],{},{"nodeType":1298,"data":14130,"content":14131},{},[14132],{"nodeType":1237,"value":14133,"marks":14134,"data":14135},"All-Party Parliamentary Groups (APPGs)",[],{},{"nodeType":1233,"data":14137,"content":14138},{},[14139],{"nodeType":1237,"value":14140,"marks":14141,"data":14142},"All-Party Parliamentary Groups (APPGs) are informal cross-party groups that hold events and publish briefings. There are currently APPGs for Animal Welfare, Phasing Out Animal Experiments in Medical Research, Cats, and Dog Advisory Welfare, among others. APPGs are generally sponsored by animal welfare NGOs who cover the cost of secretariat support, and they must include at least one MP or Lord from the government party (currently Labour) and at least one from the main opposition party (currently the Conservatives). Ministers will sometimes attend APPG events, and advocates can use their events and publications to bring attention to key issues. Moreover, if advocates have the resources and requisite parliamentary support, they can also establish a new APPG to address a specific animal welfare issue.",[],{},{"nodeType":1298,"data":14144,"content":14145},{},[14146],{"nodeType":1237,"value":14147,"marks":14148,"data":14149},"Legislative Advocacy in the Devolved Nations",[],{},{"nodeType":1233,"data":14151,"content":14152},{},[14153],{"nodeType":1237,"value":14154,"marks":14155,"data":14156},"Because animal welfare is devolved, advocates can engage with the Scottish Parliament, the Senedd Cymru (Welsh Parliament), and the Northern Ireland Assembly. Unlike the UK Parliament which has two chambers (the House of Commons and the House of Lords), each devolved legislature is unicameral, meaning they only have one chamber.",[],{},{"nodeType":1233,"data":14158,"content":14159},{},[14160],{"nodeType":1237,"value":14161,"marks":14162,"data":14163},"The Scottish Parliament in Holyrood, Edinburgh, has 129 members who are elected every five years. The Scottish government is currently led by the Scottish National Party, who have 60 Members of the Scottish Parliament (MSPs).",[],{},{"nodeType":1233,"data":14165,"content":14166},{},[14167],{"nodeType":1237,"value":14168,"marks":14169,"data":14170},"The Senedd Cymru or Welsh Parliament in Cardiff comprises 60 elected members (increasing to 96 from May 2026), who are known as Members of the Senedd (MSs). Elections for the Senedd are held every five years. The Welsh government is currently led by Welsh Labour, which holds 29 seats.",[],{},{"nodeType":1233,"data":14172,"content":14173},{},[14174],{"nodeType":1237,"value":14175,"marks":14176,"data":14177},"The Northern Ireland Assembly in Belfast comprises 90 members, known as members of the Legislative Assembly (MLAs). Elections take place every five years. Northern Ireland has a power-sharing arrangements which require the largest political parties from both communities – unionists, who support Northern Ireland staying as part of the UK, and nationalists, who favour a united Ireland – to form a coalition government. The coalition government comprises the nationalist party, Sinn Féin, and the Democratic Unionist Party (DUP), with other parties assigned ministers.",[],{},{"nodeType":11016,"data":14179,"content":14180},{},[14181],{"nodeType":1233,"data":14182,"content":14183},{},[14184],{"nodeType":1237,"value":14185,"marks":14186,"data":14187},"\"Animal advocates can engage with Parliamentary select committees by filing written evidence in inquires relevant to animal welfare, proffering oral evidence (if invited), educating the Committee’s MPs on pressing animal welfare issues, and encouraging the Committee to include these topics within the remit of its inquiries.\"",[],{},{"nodeType":1233,"data":14189,"content":14190},{},[14191],{"nodeType":1237,"value":14192,"marks":14193,"data":14195},"Governments in the Devolved Nations of the UK",[14194],{"type":1906},{},{"nodeType":1658,"data":14197,"content":14217},{"target":14198},{"metadata":14199,"sys":14202,"fields":14209},{"tags":14200,"concepts":14201},[],[],{"space":14203,"id":14205,"type":16,"createdAt":14206,"updatedAt":14206,"environment":14207,"publishedVersion":48,"revision":23,"locale":24},{"sys":14204},{"type":12,"linkType":13,"id":14},"2SyPi7oTGDnm64orLVetPi","2026-07-06T11:48:34.735Z",{"sys":14208},{"id":20,"type":12,"linkType":21},{"title":12742,"description":27,"file":14210},{"url":14211,"details":14212,"fileName":14216,"contentType":1889},"//images.ctfassets.net/5n7qh8xf3t5v/2SyPi7oTGDnm64orLVetPi/ff4aa64573ef597af53d279301cfe33f/All-Party_Parliamentary_Groups.jpg",{"size":14213,"image":14214},911674,{"width":13657,"height":14215},1740,"All-Party Parliamentary Groups.jpg",[],{"nodeType":1658,"data":14219,"content":14241},{"target":14220},{"metadata":14221,"sys":14224,"fields":14231},{"tags":14222,"concepts":14223},[],[],{"space":14225,"id":14227,"type":16,"createdAt":14228,"updatedAt":14228,"environment":14229,"publishedVersion":48,"revision":23,"locale":24},{"sys":14226},{"type":12,"linkType":13,"id":14},"1Tbh9nyUVgRYdPVtB9oHzO","2026-07-06T11:48:34.733Z",{"sys":14230},{"id":20,"type":12,"linkType":21},{"title":14232,"description":27,"file":14233},"pexels-adrian-dorobantu-989175-2127967",{"url":14234,"details":14235,"fileName":14240,"contentType":1889},"//images.ctfassets.net/5n7qh8xf3t5v/1Tbh9nyUVgRYdPVtB9oHzO/cab0db6ae51969777a5631dc5ed51699/pexels-adrian-dorobantu-989175-2127967.jpg",{"size":14236,"image":14237},844811,{"width":14238,"height":14239},2981,1677,"pexels-adrian-dorobantu-989175-2127967.jpg",[],{"nodeType":1233,"data":14243,"content":14244},{},[14245],{"nodeType":1237,"value":14246,"marks":14247,"data":14248},"After Brexit, the UK entered into two agreements with the EU, the Northern Ireland Protocol and the Windsor Framework. These agreements seek to avoid a hard border between Northern Ireland and Ireland (which is a member of the EU), by aligning Northern Ireland with certain EU laws and regulations, including on animal welfare during transport and at slaughter.",[],{},{"nodeType":1233,"data":14250,"content":14251},{},[14252],{"nodeType":1237,"value":14253,"marks":14254,"data":14255},"This means that the Assembly’s autonomy to regulate these issues is much more limited than in Scotland, Wales, or England. For example, the Animal Welfare (Livestock Exports) Act 2024 does not apply to Northern Ireland.",[],{},{"nodeType":1233,"data":14257,"content":14258},{},[14259],{"nodeType":1237,"value":14260,"marks":14261,"data":14262},"As in Westminster, in each devolved legislature the amending stages of a bill’s passage are critical. In the Scottish and Welsh Parliaments, amendments are made at Stages 2 and 3 (and a “Further Stage 3”, “Report Stage” and “Further Report Stage” in Wales, if these additional stages occur). In Northern Ireland, these are the Committee stage (when the committee considers amendments for the Assembly to vote on later), and the Consideration and Further Consideration stages (when amendments are voted on). Advocates can therefore work with supportive members during these stages to table or support amendments that strengthen protections or remove unfavourable clauses.",[],{},{"nodeType":1233,"data":14264,"content":14265},{},[14266],{"nodeType":1237,"value":14267,"marks":14268,"data":14269},"As in Westminster, advocates should begin outreach to the devolved government ministers and officials well in advance of these stages.",[],{},{"nodeType":1233,"data":14271,"content":14272},{},[14273,14277,14285],{"nodeType":1237,"value":14274,"marks":14275,"data":14276},"Private members’ bills (also known as “Members’ Bills”) also matter in devolved nations. While the process for advancing a members’ bill differs in each nation, there is precedent for them being used to strengthen the legal protection of animals. For example, Scotland’s plans to ban greyhound racing came about as a result of an MSP’s ",[],{},{"nodeType":1627,"data":14278,"content":14280},{"uri":14279},"https://www.parliament.scot/bills-and-laws/bills/s6/greyhound-racing-offences-scotland-bill",[14281],{"nodeType":1237,"value":14282,"marks":14283,"data":14284},"bill to ban greyhound racing",[],{},{"nodeType":1237,"value":14286,"marks":14287,"data":14288},": after the bill received cross-party support, the government announced in September 2025 that it would support the measure.",[],{},{"nodeType":11016,"data":14290,"content":14291},{},[14292],{"nodeType":1233,"data":14293,"content":14294},{},[14295],{"nodeType":1237,"value":14296,"marks":14297,"data":14298},"\"As in Westminster, in each devolved legislature the amending stages of a bill’s passage are critical. Advocates can therefore work with supportive members during these stages to table or support amendments that strengthen protections or remove unfavourable clauses. As in Westminster, advocates should begin outreach to the devolved government ministers and officials well in advance of these stages.\"",[],{},{"nodeType":11016,"data":14300,"content":14301},{},[14302],{"nodeType":1233,"data":14303,"content":14304},{},[14305],{"nodeType":1237,"value":14306,"marks":14307,"data":14308},"\"As in Westminster, members’ bills can be used in the devolved parliaments to strengthen the legal protection of animals. For example, Scotland’s plans to ban greyhound racing came about as a result of an MSP’s bill to ban greyhound racing.\"",[],{},{"nodeType":1233,"data":14310,"content":14311},{},[14312],{"nodeType":1237,"value":27,"marks":14313,"data":14314},[],{},{"nodeType":1298,"data":14316,"content":14317},{},[14318],{"nodeType":1237,"value":14319,"marks":14320,"data":14321},"How to Engage with the Executive Branch",[],{},{"nodeType":1233,"data":14323,"content":14324},{},[14325],{"nodeType":1237,"value":27,"marks":14326,"data":14327},[],{},{"nodeType":1298,"data":14329,"content":14330},{},[14331],{"nodeType":1237,"value":12302,"marks":14332,"data":14333},[],{},{"nodeType":1233,"data":14335,"content":14336},{},[14337],{"nodeType":1237,"value":14338,"marks":14339,"data":14340},"Most legislative proposals by government will involve a public consultation or call for evidence, which can usually be responded to online. Public consultations provide critical opportunities for NGOs, industry and the public to give feedback on the government’s proposals, which the government will then summarise and respond to. It is therefore important that a large volume of (ideally individualised) submissions are made in favour of positive reform proposals.",[],{},{"nodeType":1233,"data":14342,"content":14343},{},[14344,14348,14356],{"nodeType":1237,"value":14345,"marks":14346,"data":14347},"Each submission should provide cogent reasons in favour of the measure, which may include the legal, ethical, societal or economic impacts of the proposed policy, where relevant. Animal advocates should monitor the updates on animal welfare that are published on Defra’s website to keep track of when consultations open. Advocates can also sign up to DEFRA’s animal welfare e-alerts at ",[],{},{"nodeType":1627,"data":14349,"content":14351},{"uri":14350},"https://preferences.mailshot.defra.gov.uk/",[14352],{"nodeType":1237,"value":14353,"marks":14354,"data":14355},"https: //preferences.mailshot.defra.gov.uk/",[],{},{"nodeType":1237,"value":1636,"marks":14357,"data":14358},[],{},{"nodeType":1298,"data":14360,"content":14361},{},[14362],{"nodeType":1237,"value":14363,"marks":14364,"data":14365},"Consultations with Key Stakeholders",[],{},{"nodeType":1233,"data":14367,"content":14368},{},[14369],{"nodeType":1237,"value":14370,"marks":14371,"data":14372},"Some government consultations on animal welfare reform are targeted to key stakeholders only (usually select animal welfare NGOs and industry bodies). It is in the government’s discretion to determine which groups will be invited to participate.",[],{},{"nodeType":1233,"data":14374,"content":14375},{},[14376,14380,14388],{"nodeType":1237,"value":14377,"marks":14378,"data":14379},"Consultations with targeted stakeholders are commonplace as part of “Post-Implementation Reviews”. Under UK law, there is generally a duty on government departments to carry out a review of the effectiveness of secondary regulations every five years and to publish a report of its findings. For example, in June 2023 DEFRA sought ",[],{},{"nodeType":1627,"data":14381,"content":14383},{"uri":14382},"https://www.legislation.gov.uk/uksi/2018/556/pdfs/uksiod_20180556_en_001.pdf",[14384],{"nodeType":1237,"value":14385,"marks":14386,"data":14387},"evidence from animal welfare NGOs on the effectiveness of the Mandatory Use of Closed Circuit Television in Slaughterhouses (England) Regulations 2018",[],{},{"nodeType":1237,"value":14389,"marks":14390,"data":14391},", which require mandatory CCTV footage in slaughterhouses in England. The stakeholders consulted used this review as an opportunity to comment on the effectiveness of the regulations and to provide suggestions for improvement.",[],{},{"nodeType":1298,"data":14393,"content":14394},{},[14395],{"nodeType":1237,"value":14396,"marks":14397,"data":14398},"Other Forms of Outreach",[],{},{"nodeType":1233,"data":14400,"content":14401},{},[14402,14406,14414,14418,14425],{"nodeType":1237,"value":14403,"marks":14404,"data":14405},"Advocates can engage with the government’s ",[],{},{"nodeType":1627,"data":14407,"content":14409},{"uri":14408},"https://www.gov.uk/government/groups/animal-sentience-committee#contact-details",[14410],{"nodeType":1237,"value":14411,"marks":14412,"data":14413},"Animal Sentience Committee",[],{},{"nodeType":1237,"value":14415,"marks":14416,"data":14417},", created by the Welfare (Sentience) Act 2022. This committee produces reports on the extent to which the government gave due regard for the ways in which a policy might have an adverse effect on the welfare of animals as sentient beings. The government is under a legal duty to present a response to the report within three months. Anyone can suggest policies for the committee to assess by contacting the committee’s ",[],{},{"nodeType":1627,"data":14419,"content":14420},{"uri":14408},[14421],{"nodeType":1237,"value":14422,"marks":14423,"data":14424},"Secretariat",[],{},{"nodeType":1237,"value":1636,"marks":14426,"data":14427},[],{},{"nodeType":1233,"data":14429,"content":14430},{},[14431],{"nodeType":1237,"value":14432,"marks":14433,"data":14434},"Other ways of engaging with the government include writing (or having supporters write) a letter to the relevant government department, asking a supportive MP or peer if they would be willing to speak with a Minister about a particular issue, or reaching out to civil servants to request a meeting. Groups can also host events at Parliament and invite relevant ministers and civil servants, for example to launch a new report. Hosting an event at Parliament requires finding an MP sponsor and the paying of hiring fees, and it can be an effective way to raise the profile of an issue.",[],{},{"nodeType":1233,"data":14436,"content":14437},{},[14438],{"nodeType":1237,"value":14439,"marks":14440,"data":14441},"In addition, animal advocates can work to improve the enforcement of animal welfare laws which are already on the statute books. In England, the enforcement of animal welfare laws is carried out by various bodies, including local authorities, the Food Standards Agency (FSA), and Defra, depending on the sector, with similar agencies responsible for animal welfare in the devolved nations. Advocates can play a key role in monitoring implementation and raising awareness of any enforcement gaps, thereby helping to ensure that legislative protections are effectively applied in practice.",[],{},{"nodeType":11016,"data":14443,"content":14444},{},[14445],{"nodeType":1233,"data":14446,"content":14447},{},[14448],{"nodeType":1237,"value":14449,"marks":14450,"data":14451},"\"Public consultations provide critical opportunities for animal advocates to give feedback on the government’s proposals. Each submission should provide cogent reasons in support of favourable measures, which may include the legal, ethical, societal or economic impacts of the proposed policy, where relevant.\"",[],{},{"nodeType":1233,"data":14453,"content":14454},{},[14455],{"nodeType":1237,"value":27,"marks":14456,"data":14457},[],{},{"nodeType":1283,"data":14459,"content":14460},{},[14461],{"nodeType":1237,"value":10461,"marks":14462,"data":14463},[],{},{"nodeType":1233,"data":14465,"content":14466},{},[14467,14470,14478],{"nodeType":1237,"value":27,"marks":14468,"data":14469},[],{},{"nodeType":1627,"data":14471,"content":14473},{"uri":14472},"https://www.instituteforgovernment.org.uk/explainer/house-of-lords",[14474],{"nodeType":1237,"value":14475,"marks":14476,"data":14477},"Institute for Government, “House of Lords,”",[],{},{"nodeType":1237,"value":14479,"marks":14480,"data":14481}," (last visited February 5th, 2026).",[],{},{"nodeType":1233,"data":14483,"content":14484},{},[14485,14488,14496],{"nodeType":1237,"value":27,"marks":14486,"data":14487},[],{},{"nodeType":1627,"data":14489,"content":14491},{"uri":14490},"https://www.ox.ac.uk/research/using-research-engage/policy-engagement/guidance-and-resources/uk-govt",[14492],{"nodeType":1237,"value":14493,"marks":14494,"data":14495},"University of Oxford, “How Does UK Government Work,”",[],{},{"nodeType":1237,"value":14479,"marks":14497,"data":14498},[],{},{"nodeType":1233,"data":14500,"content":14501},{},[14502,14505,14513],{"nodeType":1237,"value":27,"marks":14503,"data":14504},[],{},{"nodeType":1627,"data":14506,"content":14508},{"uri":14507},"https://www.parliament.uk/about/how/role/system/",[14509],{"nodeType":1237,"value":14510,"marks":14511,"data":14512},"UK Parliament, “The Two-House System,”",[],{},{"nodeType":1237,"value":14479,"marks":14514,"data":14515},[],{},{"nodeType":1233,"data":14517,"content":14518},{},[14519,14522,14530],{"nodeType":1237,"value":27,"marks":14520,"data":14521},[],{},{"nodeType":1627,"data":14523,"content":14525},{"uri":14524},"https://www.parliament.uk/about/how/role/relations-with-other-institutions/parliament-government/",[14526],{"nodeType":1237,"value":14527,"marks":14528,"data":14529},"UK Parliament, “Parliament and the Government,”",[],{},{"nodeType":1237,"value":14479,"marks":14531,"data":14532},[],{},{"nodeType":1233,"data":14534,"content":14535},{},[14536,14539,14547],{"nodeType":1237,"value":27,"marks":14537,"data":14538},[],{},{"nodeType":1627,"data":14540,"content":14542},{"uri":14541},"https://www.instituteforgovernment.org.uk/explainer/special-advisers",[14543],{"nodeType":1237,"value":14544,"marks":14545,"data":14546},"Institute for Government, “Special Advisers,”",[],{},{"nodeType":1237,"value":14479,"marks":14548,"data":14549},[],{},{"nodeType":1233,"data":14551,"content":14552},{},[14553,14556,14564],{"nodeType":1237,"value":27,"marks":14554,"data":14555},[],{},{"nodeType":1627,"data":14557,"content":14559},{"uri":14558},"https://www.judiciary.uk/about-the-judiciary/our-justice-system/court-structure/",[14560],{"nodeType":1237,"value":14561,"marks":14562,"data":14563},"Judiciary.uk, Court and Tribunals Judiciary, “Structure of the Courts and Tribunals System,”",[],{},{"nodeType":1237,"value":14479,"marks":14565,"data":14566},[],{},{"nodeType":1233,"data":14568,"content":14569},{},[14570,14573,14581],{"nodeType":1237,"value":27,"marks":14571,"data":14572},[],{},{"nodeType":1627,"data":14574,"content":14576},{"uri":14575},"https://www.parliament.uk/mps-lords-and-offices/offices/commons/scrutinyunit/written-submissions/",[14577],{"nodeType":1237,"value":14578,"marks":14579,"data":14580},"UK Parliament, “How to Submit Written Evidence to Public Bill Committees,”",[],{},{"nodeType":1237,"value":14479,"marks":14582,"data":14583},[],{},{"nodeType":1233,"data":14585,"content":14586},{},[14587,14590,14598],{"nodeType":1237,"value":27,"marks":14588,"data":14589},[],{},{"nodeType":1627,"data":14591,"content":14593},{"uri":14592},"https://www.parliament.uk/mps-lords-and-offices/offices/commons/scrutinyunit/public-bill-committees/",[14594],{"nodeType":1237,"value":14595,"marks":14596,"data":14597},"UK Parliament, “Public Bill Committees,”",[],{},{"nodeType":1237,"value":14479,"marks":14599,"data":14600},[],{},{"nodeType":1233,"data":14602,"content":14603},{},[14604,14607,14615],{"nodeType":1237,"value":27,"marks":14605,"data":14606},[],{},{"nodeType":1627,"data":14608,"content":14610},{"uri":14609},"https://guidetoprocedure.parliament.uk/articles/JJNovRsK/public-bill-committees",[14611],{"nodeType":1237,"value":14612,"marks":14613,"data":14614},"UK Parliament, “MP’s Guide to Procedure,”",[],{},{"nodeType":1237,"value":14479,"marks":14616,"data":14617},[],{},{"nodeType":1233,"data":14619,"content":14620},{},[14621,14624,14632],{"nodeType":1237,"value":27,"marks":14622,"data":14623},[],{},{"nodeType":1627,"data":14625,"content":14627},{"uri":14626},"https://guidetoprocedure.parliament.uk/articles/uUGNLmVo/what-happens-in-the-chamber-at-second-reading",[14628],{"nodeType":1237,"value":14629,"marks":14630,"data":14631},"UK Parliament, “What Happens in the Chamber at Second Reading,”",[],{},{"nodeType":1237,"value":14479,"marks":14633,"data":14634},[],{},{"nodeType":1233,"data":14636,"content":14637},{},[14638,14641,14649],{"nodeType":1237,"value":27,"marks":14639,"data":14640},[],{},{"nodeType":1627,"data":14642,"content":14644},{"uri":14643},"https://www.instituteforgovernment.org.uk/explainer/secondary-legislation-scrutiny",[14645],{"nodeType":1237,"value":14646,"marks":14647,"data":14648},"Institute for Government, \"Secondary Legislation: How Is It Scrutinised,”",[],{},{"nodeType":1237,"value":14479,"marks":14650,"data":14651},[],{},{"nodeType":1233,"data":14653,"content":14654},{},[14655,14658,14666],{"nodeType":1237,"value":27,"marks":14656,"data":14657},[],{},{"nodeType":1627,"data":14659,"content":14661},{"uri":14660},"https://www.parliament.scot/bills-and-laws/about-bills/about-government-bills",[14662],{"nodeType":1237,"value":14663,"marks":14664,"data":14665},"The Scottish Parliament, “About Government Bills,”",[],{},{"nodeType":1237,"value":14479,"marks":14667,"data":14668},[],{},{"nodeType":1233,"data":14670,"content":14671},{},[14672,14675,14683],{"nodeType":1237,"value":27,"marks":14673,"data":14674},[],{},{"nodeType":1627,"data":14676,"content":14678},{"uri":14677},"https://senedd.wales/senedd-business/legislation/stages-of-public-bills/",[14679],{"nodeType":1237,"value":14680,"marks":14681,"data":14682},"Welsh Parliament, “Stages of Public Bills,”",[],{},{"nodeType":1237,"value":14479,"marks":14684,"data":14685},[],{},{"nodeType":1233,"data":14687,"content":14688},{},[14689,14692,14700],{"nodeType":1237,"value":27,"marks":14690,"data":14691},[],{},{"nodeType":1627,"data":14693,"content":14695},{"uri":14694},"https://www.niassembly.gov.uk/assembly-business/legislation/bills-explained/",[14696],{"nodeType":1237,"value":14697,"marks":14698,"data":14699},"Northern Ireland Assembly, “Law Making in the Northern Ireland Assembly,\"",[],{},{"nodeType":1237,"value":14479,"marks":14701,"data":14702},[],{},[],{"data":14705,"content":14706,"nodeType":1233},{},[14707],{"data":14708,"marks":14709,"value":27,"nodeType":1237},{},[],[],{"nodeType":1138,"data":14712,"content":16651},{"target":14713},{"metadata":14714,"sys":14717,"fields":14726},{"tags":14715,"concepts":14716},[],[],{"space":14718,"id":14720,"type":87,"createdAt":14721,"updatedAt":14721,"environment":14722,"publishedVersion":112,"revision":23,"contentType":14724,"locale":24},{"sys":14719},{"type":12,"linkType":13,"id":14},"2fKZ8uL0KgiuQmFFqTLOpT","2026-07-06T11:48:05.484Z",{"sys":14723},{"id":20,"type":12,"linkType":21},{"sys":14725},{"type":12,"linkType":94,"id":1173},{"title":14727,"excerpt":14728,"media":14729,"links":14749,"displayType":1230},"Legislative Advocacy in the US","American systems of governance were built on the notion that government representatives (lawmakers) are meant to represent the interests of the populations they serve. Americans vote for elected officials, and they rely on them to work towards society’s collective goals. But to optimally represent the interests and goals of a community, representatives need to know what they are. This is where legislative advocacy comes in, offering the opportunity to frame the public policies of cities, states, and nations.",[14730],{"metadata":14731,"sys":14734,"fields":14741},{"tags":14732,"concepts":14733},[],[],{"space":14735,"id":14737,"type":16,"createdAt":14738,"updatedAt":14738,"environment":14739,"publishedVersion":48,"revision":23,"locale":24},{"sys":14736},{"type":12,"linkType":13,"id":14},"3m5CsamoUBGJY5Mp8AOOpB","2026-07-06T11:48:34.816Z",{"sys":14740},{"id":20,"type":12,"linkType":21},{"title":14742,"description":27,"file":14743},"CALF-US2",{"url":14744,"details":14745,"fileName":14748,"contentType":2905},"//images.ctfassets.net/5n7qh8xf3t5v/3m5CsamoUBGJY5Mp8AOOpB/a8bc8e7583b54ddc4ef1ba7c88f01395/CALF-US2.png",{"size":14746,"image":14747},2225183,{"width":9579,"height":9580},"CALF-US2.png",[14750],{"metadata":14751,"sys":14754,"fields":14763},{"tags":14752,"concepts":14753},[],[],{"space":14755,"id":14757,"type":87,"createdAt":14758,"updatedAt":14758,"environment":14759,"publishedVersion":48,"revision":23,"contentType":14761,"locale":24},{"sys":14756},{"type":12,"linkType":13,"id":14},"yIr4Xn149ZGgv3zOON2Kz","2026-07-06T11:51:24.880Z",{"sys":14760},{"id":20,"type":12,"linkType":21},{"sys":14762},{"type":12,"linkType":94,"id":95},{"label":14764,"reference":14765,"displayType":1229},"US Guide",{"metadata":14766,"sys":14769,"fields":14779},{"tags":14767,"concepts":14768},[],[],{"space":14770,"id":14772,"type":87,"createdAt":14773,"updatedAt":14773,"environment":14774,"publishedVersion":14776,"revision":23,"contentType":14777,"locale":24},{"sys":14771},{"type":12,"linkType":13,"id":14},"5E15zL4UqivgwHm8lna4Ut","2026-07-06T11:47:47.653Z",{"sys":14775},{"id":20,"type":12,"linkType":21},22,{"sys":14778},{"type":12,"linkType":94,"id":1129},{"title":14727,"slug":14780,"parent":9486,"content":14781,"includeContactForm":1240,"includeNewsletter":1240},"legislative-advocacy-us",{"data":14782,"content":14783,"nodeType":1134},{},[14784,14801,16645],{"data":14785,"content":14800,"nodeType":1138},{"target":14786},{"metadata":14787,"sys":14790,"fields":14799},{"tags":14788,"concepts":14789},[],[],{"space":14791,"id":14793,"type":87,"createdAt":14794,"updatedAt":14794,"environment":14795,"publishedVersion":48,"revision":23,"contentType":14797,"locale":24},{"sys":14792},{"type":12,"linkType":13,"id":14},"2VjHdXxrpAdUEgwh4XERQI","2026-07-06T11:51:24.905Z",{"sys":14796},{"id":20,"type":12,"linkType":21},{"sys":14798},{"type":12,"linkType":94,"id":1153},{"title":14727,"jurisdiction":2537},[],{"data":14802,"content":16644,"nodeType":1138},{"target":14803},{"metadata":14804,"sys":14807,"fields":14816},{"tags":14805,"concepts":14806},[],[],{"space":14808,"id":14810,"type":87,"createdAt":14811,"updatedAt":14811,"environment":14812,"publishedVersion":14776,"revision":23,"contentType":14814,"locale":24},{"sys":14809},{"type":12,"linkType":13,"id":14},"6YUL1t2U4jLK2JqtCGgGEI","2026-07-06T11:51:24.758Z",{"sys":14813},{"id":20,"type":12,"linkType":21},{"sys":14815},{"type":12,"linkType":94,"id":1277},{"content":14817,"displayMenu":1688,"displayChild":1688},{"nodeType":1134,"data":14818,"content":14819},{},[14820,14827,14833,14839,14846,14874,14924,15030,15054,15060,15067,15121,15127,15134,15177,15200,15207,15229,15235,15242,15249,15304,15311,15342,15361,15368,15411,15430,15452,15458,15465,15495,15559,15590,15619,15673,15692,15695,15701,15708,15715,15746,15761,15768,15775,15793,15799,15821,15828,15835,15843,15850,15856,15873,15900,15917,15934,15950,15977,15995,16012,16029,16045,16062,16080,16106,16122,16139,16156,16172,16190,16207,16224,16241,16257,16273,16290,16306,16323,16339,16354,16370,16387,16403,16421,16447,16463,16480,16496,16512,16528,16544,16561,16578,16594,16611,16628],{"nodeType":1283,"data":14821,"content":14822},{},[14823],{"nodeType":1237,"value":14824,"marks":14825,"data":14826},"The Structure of the US Government",[],{},{"nodeType":1233,"data":14828,"content":14829},{},[14830],{"nodeType":1237,"value":14728,"marks":14831,"data":14832},[],{},{"nodeType":1233,"data":14834,"content":14835},{},[14836],{"nodeType":1237,"value":27,"marks":14837,"data":14838},[],{},{"nodeType":1298,"data":14840,"content":14841},{},[14842],{"nodeType":1237,"value":14843,"marks":14844,"data":14845},"The Three Branches of Government at Federal Level",[],{},{"nodeType":1233,"data":14847,"content":14848},{},[14849,14853,14858,14862,14870],{"nodeType":1237,"value":14850,"marks":14851,"data":14852},"As the elements of legislative advocacy are explored in this resource, the focus is on the ",[],{},{"nodeType":1237,"value":14854,"marks":14855,"data":14857},"legislative branch",[14856],{"type":1906},{},{"nodeType":1237,"value":14859,"marks":14860,"data":14861}," of government. U.S. governmental structures are typically comprised of three branches: the legislative, executive, and judicial branches. These three branches have distinct duties, but collectively provide a system of checks and balances so that no single branch abuses its power. The legislative branch consists of local, state, and federal legislative bodies made up of elected representatives known as legislators or lawmakers. (At the local level, they may be called city councillors or other names.) Legislators assess matters brought to them, or introduced by legislators themselves, and vote on legislation that then becomes law. Except for the state of Nebraska, all states and the federal government have bicameral legislatures where two chambers, known as the House of Representatives and Senate, are responsible for making laws. State senates are the smaller chamber whose members serve longer terms, usually four years. The House of Representatives is the larger chamber whose members serve shorter terms, usually two years. The House of Representatives is ",[],{},{"nodeType":1627,"data":14863,"content":14865},{"uri":14864},"https://www.whitehouse.gov/about-the-white-house/our-government/state-local-government/",[14866],{"nodeType":1237,"value":14867,"marks":14868,"data":14869},"called different names depending on the state",[],{},{"nodeType":1237,"value":14871,"marks":14872,"data":14873},", for example the Assembly or House of Delegates.",[],{},{"nodeType":1233,"data":14875,"content":14876},{},[14877,14881,14886,14890,14898,14901,14909,14913,14920],{"nodeType":1237,"value":14878,"marks":14879,"data":14880},"Even though the executive and judicial branches will not be discussed in depth, they each hold remarkable power and serve crucial functions in our systems of governance. On the federal level, the ",[],{},{"nodeType":1237,"value":14882,"marks":14883,"data":14885},"executive branch",[14884],{"type":1906},{},{"nodeType":1237,"value":14887,"marks":14888,"data":14889}," is made up of the President and accompanying advisors, departments, and agencies. The ",[],{},{"nodeType":1627,"data":14891,"content":14893},{"uri":14892},"https://www.house.gov/the-house-explained/branches-of-government",[14894],{"nodeType":1237,"value":14895,"marks":14896,"data":14897},"President is a single person elected by the people to enforce the laws of the land",[],{},{"nodeType":1237,"value":3650,"marks":14899,"data":14900},[],{},{"nodeType":1627,"data":14902,"content":14904},{"uri":14903},"https://www.whitehouse.gov/about-the-white-house/our-government/the-executive-branch/",[14905],{"nodeType":1237,"value":14906,"marks":14907,"data":14908},"write executive orders, appoint leaders of federal agencies, and sign legislation into law or veto proposed laws",[],{},{"nodeType":1237,"value":14910,"marks":14911,"data":14912},". On the state level, ",[],{},{"nodeType":1627,"data":14914,"content":14915},{"uri":14864},[14916],{"nodeType":1237,"value":14917,"marks":14918,"data":14919},"the executive branch is led by a governor",[],{},{"nodeType":1237,"value":14921,"marks":14922,"data":14923},", whose duties mirror that of the President (with some notable differences).",[],{},{"nodeType":1233,"data":14925,"content":14926},{},[14927,14930,14935,14939,14947,14951,14968,14972,14980,14984,14991,14995,15003,15007,15014,15018,15026],{"nodeType":1237,"value":2497,"marks":14928,"data":14929},[],{},{"nodeType":1237,"value":14931,"marks":14932,"data":14934},"judiciary ",[14933],{"type":1906},{},{"nodeType":1237,"value":14936,"marks":14937,"data":14938},"operates largely independently and is tasked with ",[],{},{"nodeType":1627,"data":14940,"content":14942},{"uri":14941},"https://thebusinessprofessor.com/en_US/us-legal-system/role-of-the-judiciary-in-the-legal-system",[14943],{"nodeType":1237,"value":14944,"marks":14945,"data":14946},"assessing the legality of the language and enforcement of the laws passed by the legislative branch and executed by the executive branch",[],{},{"nodeType":1237,"value":14948,"marks":14949,"data":14950},". Unlike the executive and legislative branches, whose members are elected by the American people, ",[],{},{"nodeType":1627,"data":14952,"content":14954},{"uri":14953},"https://www.whitehouse.gov/about-the-white-house/our-government/the-judicial-branch",[14955,14959,14964],{"nodeType":1237,"value":14956,"marks":14957,"data":14958},"members of the ",[],{},{"nodeType":1237,"value":14960,"marks":14961,"data":14963},"federal",[14962],{"type":1420},{},{"nodeType":1237,"value":14965,"marks":14966,"data":14967}," judiciary are appointed by the President and confirmed by t",[],{},{"nodeType":1237,"value":14969,"marks":14970,"data":14971},"he Senate. ",[],{},{"nodeType":1627,"data":14973,"content":14975},{"uri":14974},"https://www.uscourts.gov/about-federal-courts/court-role-and-structure/comparing-federal-state-courts",[14976],{"nodeType":1237,"value":14977,"marks":14978,"data":14979},"Selection of judges in the state court systems varies by state",[],{},{"nodeType":1237,"value":14981,"marks":14982,"data":14983},", with judges chosen via election or appointment. Generally speaking, ",[],{},{"nodeType":1627,"data":14985,"content":14986},{"uri":14953},[14987],{"nodeType":1237,"value":14988,"marks":14989,"data":14990},"judges in the judicial branch interpret the law and determine its proper application and constitutionality",[],{},{"nodeType":1237,"value":14992,"marks":14993,"data":14994},". The ",[],{},{"nodeType":1627,"data":14996,"content":14998},{"uri":14997},"https://www.uscourts.gov/about-federal-courts/court-role-and-structure",[14999],{"nodeType":1237,"value":15000,"marks":15001,"data":15002},"federal U.S. Supreme Court",[],{},{"nodeType":1237,"value":15004,"marks":15005,"data":15006}," is the highest and most powerful court in the U.S., with every other American court constrained by the decisions of the Supreme Court. This means that once the Supreme Court interprets a law, ",[],{},{"nodeType":1627,"data":15008,"content":15009},{"uri":14953},[15010],{"nodeType":1237,"value":15011,"marks":15012,"data":15013},"lower courts are legally bound",[],{},{"nodeType":1237,"value":15015,"marks":15016,"data":15017}," by that interpretation and must apply it to particular cases accordingly. This ",[],{},{"nodeType":1627,"data":15019,"content":15021},{"uri":15020},"https://www.law.georgetown.edu/wp-content/uploads/2018/07/Which-Court-is-Binding-HandoutFinal.pdf",[15022],{"nodeType":1237,"value":15023,"marks":15024,"data":15025},"structure is the same in state courts",[],{},{"nodeType":1237,"value":15027,"marks":15028,"data":15029},", with lower level courts having to follow the precedents set by higher level courts in the same jurisdiction. The nuances of the judicial process vary by court, but all courts play vital roles in the judicial process of interpreting and applying laws (including laws that advocates might end up passing). Though the judicial system is not the focus of this resource, it is useful to have a sense of how judges read and interpret laws in order to effectively write and advocate for laws that will more easily survive judicial scrutiny.",[],{},{"nodeType":1658,"data":15031,"content":15053},{"target":15032},{"metadata":15033,"sys":15036,"fields":15043},{"tags":15034,"concepts":15035},[],[],{"space":15037,"id":15039,"type":16,"createdAt":15040,"updatedAt":15040,"environment":15041,"publishedVersion":48,"revision":23,"locale":24},{"sys":15038},{"type":12,"linkType":13,"id":14},"5AeO9D7YDqBTcZEmJVbUYC","2026-07-06T11:48:34.823Z",{"sys":15042},{"id":20,"type":12,"linkType":21},{"title":15044,"description":27,"file":15045},"CALF-The US Branches of Government",{"url":15046,"details":15047,"fileName":15052,"contentType":2905},"//images.ctfassets.net/5n7qh8xf3t5v/5AeO9D7YDqBTcZEmJVbUYC/5dd32b96eb6858a3920dc7ebfce5fbdd/CALF-The_US_Branches_of_Government.png",{"size":15048,"image":15049},299177,{"width":15050,"height":15051},1572,1510,"CALF-The US Branches of Government.png",[],{"nodeType":1233,"data":15055,"content":15056},{},[15057],{"nodeType":1237,"value":27,"marks":15058,"data":15059},[],{},{"nodeType":1298,"data":15061,"content":15062},{},[15063],{"nodeType":1237,"value":15064,"marks":15065,"data":15066},"Local Governments",[],{},{"nodeType":1233,"data":15068,"content":15069},{},[15070,15074,15082,15086,15093,15097,15105,15109,15117],{"nodeType":1237,"value":15071,"marks":15072,"data":15073},"Local governments are much more diverse in their composition than federal or state governments. The term “municipal government” includes cities, towns, villages, and boroughs that are typically organised by geography and population size. Some of the bigger municipalities in the U.S. have millions of residents, like Los Angeles and New York City, whereas others can have a mere few hundred residents, like Jenkin, Minnesota. These ",[],{},{"nodeType":1627,"data":15075,"content":15077},{"uri":15076},"https://www.nlc.org/resource/cities-101-types-of-local-governments/",[15078],{"nodeType":1237,"value":15079,"marks":15080,"data":15081},"local governments",[],{},{"nodeType":1237,"value":15083,"marks":15084,"data":15085}," can be created through direct state action, such as developing a state charter, or through state statutes that authorise the formation of local government bodies. ",[],{},{"nodeType":1627,"data":15087,"content":15088},{"uri":14864},[15089],{"nodeType":1237,"value":15090,"marks":15091,"data":15092},"Municipal governments",[],{},{"nodeType":1237,"value":15094,"marks":15095,"data":15096}," provide essential services like police and fire departments, emergency medical services, transportation, and public works (e.g., paving of streets, removing snow, and treating sewage). There are ",[],{},{"nodeType":1627,"data":15098,"content":15100},{"uri":15099},"https://ballotpedia.org/Mayor-council_government",[15101],{"nodeType":1237,"value":15102,"marks":15103,"data":15104},"five major types of municipal governments",[],{},{"nodeType":1237,"value":15106,"marks":15107,"data":15108},", including mayor-council, council-manager, commission, town meeting, and representative town meeting. The mayor-council structure features an elected executive representative, known as the mayor, with the legislative body known as the ",[],{},{"nodeType":1627,"data":15110,"content":15112},{"uri":15111},"https://ballotpedia.org/Open_town_meeting",[15113],{"nodeType":1237,"value":15114,"marks":15115,"data":15116},"city council",[],{},{"nodeType":1237,"value":15118,"marks":15119,"data":15120},". Town meeting systems, in contrast, allow qualified voters to congregate, debate, and vote on policy decisions in a more communal manner. Too many local government systems exist to examine each one thoroughly, so those interested in doing legislative advocacy on the local level should start by researching their own government system.",[],{},{"nodeType":1233,"data":15122,"content":15123},{},[15124],{"nodeType":1237,"value":27,"marks":15125,"data":15126},[],{},{"nodeType":1283,"data":15128,"content":15129},{},[15130],{"nodeType":1237,"value":15131,"marks":15132,"data":15133},"The Legislative Process: How Does a Bill Become a Law",[],{},{"nodeType":1233,"data":15135,"content":15136},{},[15137,15141,15149,15153,15161,15165,15173],{"nodeType":1237,"value":15138,"marks":15139,"data":15140},"Arguably, the most important process to understand when it comes to legislative advocacy is how a bill becomes a law. An advocate might be pursuing the passage of a bill, ordinance, resolution, ballot initiative, or other legislative mechanism, depending on the level of government they are working in. Each of these legislative tools are unique and are enacted into law in different ways. For sake of simplicity, let's focus on how a bill becomes a law on the state or federal level. Advocates can play a crucial part in passing legislation by contacting legislators, proposing ideas for legislation, and asking them to pass that legislation into law. They may have a draft bill or ask state or federal legislators to create a bill that alleviates or solves the identified problem. A political representative who introduces a bill is known as a sponsor—these are allies in helping champion a legislative idea. Other legislators who want to express their support for a bill ",[],{},{"nodeType":1627,"data":15142,"content":15144},{"uri":15143},"https://www.carper.senate.gov/public/index.cfm/how-a-bill-becomes-a-law#5A7B811A-E08D-4C51-891B-15B24841C56B",[15145],{"nodeType":1237,"value":15146,"marks":15147,"data":15148},"can officially sign on as cosponsors",[],{},{"nodeType":1237,"value":15150,"marks":15151,"data":15152},", which will elevate the momentum of the bill. Once the bill is introduced in either the Senate or House of Representatives, it is assigned to a ",[],{},{"nodeType":1627,"data":15154,"content":15156},{"uri":15155},"https://www.congress.gov/help/learn-about-the-legislative-process/how-our-laws-are-made",[15157],{"nodeType":1237,"value":15158,"marks":15159,"data":15160},"committee",[],{},{"nodeType":1237,"value":15162,"marks":15163,"data":15164},". The committee studies the bill, sometimes has official readings, and decides whether to put the bill up for a vote, a debate, or amendment. If the bill passes out of committee it goes to the sponsoring chamber (Senate or House). If it is successful in the first chamber, it moves to the other chamber. In the other chamber, the bill is assigned to another committee, where the committee process happens yet again. Sometimes this process happens at the same time when there are Senate and House versions of the same bill. Once both chambers agree on a version of the bill and provide final approval, the executive branch (the President or governor) has the option to ",[],{},{"nodeType":1627,"data":15166,"content":15168},{"uri":15167},"https://keating.house.gov/policy-work/legislative-process",[15169],{"nodeType":1237,"value":15170,"marks":15171,"data":15172},"either veto the bill or sign it into law",[],{},{"nodeType":1237,"value":15174,"marks":15175,"data":15176},". There is a lot more to this process than the description provided here, but this explanation should provide the foundation needed to understand the path of a proposed bill becoming an enacted law. Most state websites have additional information about their specific process.",[],{},{"nodeType":1658,"data":15178,"content":15199},{"target":15179},{"metadata":15180,"sys":15183,"fields":15190},{"tags":15181,"concepts":15182},[],[],{"space":15184,"id":15186,"type":16,"createdAt":15187,"updatedAt":15187,"environment":15188,"publishedVersion":48,"revision":23,"locale":24},{"sys":15185},{"type":12,"linkType":13,"id":14},"1bIb5UKm7N6MaGTmS3JtLc","2026-07-06T11:48:34.822Z",{"sys":15189},{"id":20,"type":12,"linkType":21},{"title":15191,"description":27,"file":15192},"CALF-The US Legislative Process",{"url":15193,"details":15194,"fileName":15198,"contentType":2905},"//images.ctfassets.net/5n7qh8xf3t5v/1bIb5UKm7N6MaGTmS3JtLc/cacd8ffe3d7201c99e9cc08e9f59aeae/CALF-The_US_Legislative_Process.png",{"size":15195,"image":15196},215735,{"width":15050,"height":15197},722,"CALF-The US Legislative Process.png",[],{"nodeType":1233,"data":15201,"content":15202},{},[15203],{"nodeType":1237,"value":15204,"marks":15205,"data":15206},"This introductory section supplies legislative advocates with a broad overview of the foundational terms and systems they must know to be successful. It is also important to highlight the value of such advocacy. In a democratic system of government, advocates and citizens can and should remind elected officials how they can best represent the people and their interests. It is impossible for politicians to prioritise the needs and desires of every constituent, so the more advocates make their voices heard, the better chance their needs and desires will be fulfilled. Additionally, by educating legislators, advocates can also educate the public and gain support on issues that might be unfairly overlooked.",[],{},{"nodeType":1658,"data":15208,"content":15228},{"target":15209},{"metadata":15210,"sys":15213,"fields":15220},{"tags":15211,"concepts":15212},[],[],{"space":15214,"id":15216,"type":16,"createdAt":15217,"updatedAt":15217,"environment":15218,"publishedVersion":48,"revision":23,"locale":24},{"sys":15215},{"type":12,"linkType":13,"id":14},"L0VFkN5nac1xIjYIHlwPw","2026-07-06T11:48:34.820Z",{"sys":15219},{"id":20,"type":12,"linkType":21},{"title":15221,"description":27,"file":15222},"CALF-US",{"url":15223,"details":15224,"fileName":15227,"contentType":2905},"//images.ctfassets.net/5n7qh8xf3t5v/L0VFkN5nac1xIjYIHlwPw/dad2d84be2a3ea926a10d7a33429e4ae/CALF-US.png",{"size":15225,"image":15226},3035950,{"width":9579,"height":9580},"CALF-US.png",[],{"nodeType":1233,"data":15230,"content":15231},{},[15232],{"nodeType":1237,"value":27,"marks":15233,"data":15234},[],{},{"nodeType":1283,"data":15236,"content":15237},{},[15238],{"nodeType":1237,"value":15239,"marks":15240,"data":15241},"Legislative Advocacy in the Federal Government",[],{},{"nodeType":1233,"data":15243,"content":15244},{},[15245],{"nodeType":1237,"value":15246,"marks":15247,"data":15248},"Advocating for federal legislation entails leveraging power as a constituent of the U.S. to influence the lawmaking process. Luckily, advocates do not have to live in Washington D.C. to affect laws and policy at the federal level. But before attempting to make change through federal legislative advocacy, it is important to know some basic information.",[],{},{"nodeType":1233,"data":15250,"content":15251},{},[15252,15256,15264,15268,15276,15280,15288,15292,15300],{"nodeType":1237,"value":15253,"marks":15254,"data":15255},"The two chambers in the federal legislature are ",[],{},{"nodeType":1627,"data":15257,"content":15259},{"uri":15258},"https://www.visitthecapitol.gov/about-congress/two-bodies-one-branch",[15260],{"nodeType":1237,"value":15261,"marks":15262,"data":15263},"the Senate and House of Representatives, collectively known as Congress",[],{},{"nodeType":1237,"value":15265,"marks":15266,"data":15267}," (although sometimes the House of Representatives alone is referred to as “Congress”). Every state has two Senators, with the Senate comprising 100 Senators total. There are ",[],{},{"nodeType":1627,"data":15269,"content":15271},{"uri":15270},"https://autisticadvocacy.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/05/PADSA-federal-level-advocacy.pdf",[15272],{"nodeType":1237,"value":15273,"marks":15274,"data":15275},"435 House of Representatives members",[],{},{"nodeType":1237,"value":15277,"marks":15278,"data":15279},", with the size of each state determining the number of members allotted per state. For instance, California has the most representatives (53), Oregon has significantly fewer (6), and ",[],{},{"nodeType":1627,"data":15281,"content":15283},{"uri":15282},"https://worldpopulationreview.com/state-rankings/number-of-representatives-by-state",[15284],{"nodeType":1237,"value":15285,"marks":15286,"data":15287},"seven states have only one representative",[],{},{"nodeType":1237,"value":15289,"marks":15290,"data":15291},". Because there is ",[],{},{"nodeType":1627,"data":15293,"content":15295},{"uri":15294},"https://wildlife.org/5-1-the-state-federal-legislative-process-and-how-you-can-become-involved/",[15296],{"nodeType":1237,"value":15297,"marks":15298,"data":15299},"extensive overlap in form and function between state and federal governments",[],{},{"nodeType":1237,"value":15301,"marks":15302,"data":15303},", and this resource covers state and local legislative advocacy in more depth, this section will not delve deep into the federal legislative process itself. Rather, this section will feature important considerations for anyone interested in engaging in legislative advocacy in the U.S. federal government.",[],{},{"nodeType":1298,"data":15305,"content":15306},{},[15307],{"nodeType":1237,"value":15308,"marks":15309,"data":15310},"Preemption",[],{},{"nodeType":1233,"data":15312,"content":15313},{},[15314,15318,15326,15330,15338],{"nodeType":1237,"value":15315,"marks":15316,"data":15317},"Before pursuing a legislative campaign, advocates should survey all relevant jurisdictions for issues of preemption. Preemption is a legal doctrine that describes the ability of a higher form of government to confine or eliminate a lower level of government’s power to regulate a particular issue. The U.S. Constitution dictates that ",[],{},{"nodeType":1627,"data":15319,"content":15321},{"uri":15320},"https://www.changelabsolutions.org/sites/default/files/2019-07/Fundamentals_of_Preemption_FINAL_20190621.pdf",[15322],{"nodeType":1237,"value":15323,"marks":15324,"data":15325},"federal law preempts state and local law",[],{},{"nodeType":1237,"value":15327,"marks":15328,"data":15329},", while state law similarly takes precedence over local laws. Preemption can result in the federal government prohibiting state and local governments from passing laws that are less protective, or more protective, than the higher-level law. It can also mean that state or local governments are prohibited from passing any laws on a particular issue, even if there is no higher-level law overseeing that issue currently. Preemption can be express, where a law explicitly states that lower-level lawmakers are preempted in some capacity. Preemption can also be implied, where the law itself contains nothing explicitly about preemption, but courts or legislatures have found state or local authority to be preempted. For instance, in 2012, the US Supreme Court ruled that ",[],{},{"nodeType":1627,"data":15331,"content":15333},{"uri":15332},"https://www.scotusblog.com/case-files/cases/national-meat-association-v-brown/",[15334],{"nodeType":1237,"value":15335,"marks":15336,"data":15337},"the Federal Meat Inspection Act preempted the 2008 Downed Animal Law",[],{},{"nodeType":1237,"value":15339,"marks":15340,"data":15341},", which banned the slaughter of non-ambulatory pigs. If the piece of legislation you are working on is preempted by a higher-level lawmaking body, it is best to shift gears and find a new legislative strategy.",[],{},{"nodeType":1233,"data":15343,"content":15344},{},[15345,15349,15357],{"nodeType":1237,"value":15346,"marks":15347,"data":15348},"No matter what government system you are navigating for your legislative campaign, research the authority of the jurisdiction as contoured by the relevant constitutions and statutes. On the local level, your city government may only have limited powers explicitly granted to them by their state legislature, meaning they may not have the authority to help with the proposed legislative idea in the first place. Other local governments have what is known as home rule authority, where municipal governments can enact laws with less interference from higher authorities. From there, conduct a survey of the laws in the higher-level jurisdictions. Are there any federal or state laws that address the topic or explicitly preempt state or local laws? This task is simpler said than done, as even legal experts may struggle to determine whether there is an implied preemption issue at stake. If you are unable to find proof of express or implied preemption for your topic area, you must decide ",[],{},{"nodeType":1627,"data":15350,"content":15352},{"uri":15351},"https://www.changelabsolutions.org/sites/default/files/2021-05/PreemptionToolkit_FINAL_ACCESSIBLE_20200916.pdf",[15353],{"nodeType":1237,"value":15354,"marks":15355,"data":15356},"how much risk you are willing to take",[],{},{"nodeType":1237,"value":15358,"marks":15359,"data":15360}," to continue with the campaign in the face of potential preemption. Advocates with the means and access should consult a lawyer before making such a decision.",[],{},{"nodeType":1298,"data":15362,"content":15363},{},[15364],{"nodeType":1237,"value":15365,"marks":15366,"data":15367},"Federal Lobbying: IRS Guidelines",[],{},{"nodeType":1233,"data":15369,"content":15370},{},[15371,15375,15383,15387,15395,15399,15407],{"nodeType":1237,"value":15372,"marks":15373,"data":15374},"Lobbying on the federal level is governed by different rules than the state or local level. In the federal government, the U.S. Internal Revenue Service (IRS) – the federal agency responsible for administering and enforcing federal tax law – has ",[],{},{"nodeType":1627,"data":15376,"content":15378},{"uri":15377},"https://www.usa.gov/federal-agencies/internal-revenue-service",[15379],{"nodeType":1237,"value":15380,"marks":15381,"data":15382},"detailed guidelines",[],{},{"nodeType":1237,"value":15384,"marks":15385,"data":15386}," for legislative advocacy. The IRS distinguishes “lobbying” from “political activity”: lobbying is defined as “attempting to influence legislation” and political activity is defined as “directly or indirectly participating in, or intervening in, any political campaign on behalf of (or in opposition to) any candidate for elective public office.” The IRS defines these distinguished forms of legislative advocacy to better delineate who can engage in lobbying and political activity. ",[],{},{"nodeType":1627,"data":15388,"content":15390},{"uri":15389},"https://www.irs.gov/charities-non-profits/charitable-organizations/the-restriction-of-political-campaign-intervention-by-section-501c3-tax-exempt-organizations",[15391],{"nodeType":1237,"value":15392,"marks":15393,"data":15394},"For instance",[],{},{"nodeType":1237,"value":15396,"marks":15397,"data":15398},", organisations with 501(c)(3) status may engage in neither “substantial” lobbying activity or political activity without losing their tax-exempt status. However, organisations may hold educational meetings or create and distribute educational materials, which can be a form of legislative advocacy, without worrying about their tax-exempt status. If an organisation violates the IRS guidelines (by, for example, lobbying the federal government more than is permitted), they not only face losing their 501(c)(3) status, they can also face consequences like ",[],{},{"nodeType":1627,"data":15400,"content":15402},{"uri":15401},"https://oregonlandtrusts.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/04/Lobbying-for-Land-Trusts-guide_2018.pdf",[15403],{"nodeType":1237,"value":15404,"marks":15405,"data":15406},"being taxed on the excess lobbying expenditures at a rate of 25%",[],{},{"nodeType":1237,"value":15408,"marks":15409,"data":15410},", which would have a significant effect on their finances. Depending on the form and manner of advocacy, your actions may implicate the IRS guidelines relating to legislative advocacy. Before engaging in any sort of legislative activity, make sure you understand, and are following, the IRS’s rules and regulations.",[],{},{"nodeType":1233,"data":15412,"content":15413},{},[15414,15418,15426],{"nodeType":1237,"value":15415,"marks":15416,"data":15417},"Although most bills filed in Congress ",[],{},{"nodeType":1627,"data":15419,"content":15421},{"uri":15420},"https://prosperitynow.org/legislative-advocacy-federal-and-state-levels",[15422],{"nodeType":1237,"value":15423,"marks":15424,"data":15425},"never reach the committee stage of the lawmaking process",[],{},{"nodeType":1237,"value":15427,"marks":15428,"data":15429},", it is more than worthwhile to advocate for animals on the federal level. Federal legislative advocacy has the potential for wide impact, leading to substantial changes for nonhuman animals across the country. But before you do: (1) run a preemption check, (2) visit the IRS website and comply with their guidelines, and (3) research other related requirements for lobbying registration and reporting.",[],{},{"nodeType":1658,"data":15431,"content":15451},{"target":15432},{"metadata":15433,"sys":15436,"fields":15443},{"tags":15434,"concepts":15435},[],[],{"space":15437,"id":15439,"type":16,"createdAt":15440,"updatedAt":15440,"environment":15441,"publishedVersion":48,"revision":23,"locale":24},{"sys":15438},{"type":12,"linkType":13,"id":14},"77NL6yqqdyzv9PWPptRP6U","2026-07-06T11:48:34.818Z",{"sys":15442},{"id":20,"type":12,"linkType":21},{"title":15444,"description":27,"file":15445},"CALF-sheep3",{"url":15446,"details":15447,"fileName":15450,"contentType":2905},"//images.ctfassets.net/5n7qh8xf3t5v/77NL6yqqdyzv9PWPptRP6U/c700a0953154cbb04a78cd9f164afe22/CALF-sheep3.png",{"size":15448,"image":15449},2993074,{"width":9579,"height":9580},"CALF-sheep3.png",[],{"nodeType":1233,"data":15453,"content":15454},{},[15455],{"nodeType":1237,"value":27,"marks":15456,"data":15457},[],{},{"nodeType":1283,"data":15459,"content":15460},{},[15461],{"nodeType":1237,"value":15462,"marks":15463,"data":15464},"Legislative Advocacy in City & State Governments",[],{},{"nodeType":1233,"data":15466,"content":15467},{},[15468,15472,15479,15483,15491],{"nodeType":1237,"value":15469,"marks":15470,"data":15471},"Legislative advocacy encompasses attempts to ",[],{},{"nodeType":1627,"data":15473,"content":15474},{"uri":9686},[15475],{"nodeType":1237,"value":15476,"marks":15477,"data":15478},"“influence the introduction, enactment, or modification of legislation”",[],{},{"nodeType":1237,"value":15480,"marks":15481,"data":15482}," – but what is legislation? Legislation typically refers to ordinances, resolutions, and statutes. Ordinances are local laws, while resolutions can be local, state, or federal laws, and ",[],{},{"nodeType":1627,"data":15484,"content":15486},{"uri":15485},"https://apnm.org/what-we-do/challenging-animal-cruelty/animal-laws/understanding-the-differences-between-statutes-regulations-ordinances-and-common-law/",[15487],{"nodeType":1237,"value":15488,"marks":15489,"data":15490},"statutes can be state or federal law",[],{},{"nodeType":1237,"value":15492,"marks":15493,"data":15494},"s. Cities and States in the US have different legislative processes. The city of Portland, Oregon, and the State of Oregon will be used as examples of such processes in this section.",[],{},{"nodeType":1233,"data":15496,"content":15497},{},[15498,15501,15509,15513,15521,15525,15533,15537,15544,15548,15556],{"nodeType":1237,"value":27,"marks":15499,"data":15500},[],{},{"nodeType":1627,"data":15502,"content":15504},{"uri":15503},"https://municipal.uslegal.com/ordinances-resolutions-and-other-legislation/",[15505],{"nodeType":1237,"value":15506,"marks":15507,"data":15508},"Ordinances",[],{},{"nodeType":1237,"value":15510,"marks":15511,"data":15512}," are municipal laws enacted by city council members or equivalent elected officials. Ordinances serve the purpose of ",[],{},{"nodeType":1627,"data":15514,"content":15516},{"uri":15515},"https://mrsc.org/Home/Stay-Informed/MRSC-Insight/February-2020/Taking-Action-Using-Ordinances-Resolutions-Motio.aspx",[15517],{"nodeType":1237,"value":15518,"marks":15519,"data":15520},"passing regulations that govern rules of conduct and determine legal rights and duties in local communities",[],{},{"nodeType":1237,"value":15522,"marks":15523,"data":15524},". For example,",[],{},{"nodeType":1627,"data":15526,"content":15528},{"uri":15527},"https://www.timesunion.com/hudsonvalley/makers/article/ban-on-foie-gras-could-devastate-a-Catskill-county-16019528.php",[15529],{"nodeType":1237,"value":15530,"marks":15531,"data":15532}," a 2019 ordinance enacted by the New York City council bans the sale of foie gras",[],{},{"nodeType":1237,"value":15534,"marks":15535,"data":15536}," by penalising food purveyors that serve the dish in city limits. Alternatively, a resolution expresses a legislature’s opinion, will, or intent on a particular issue. Unlike ordinances, which generally have a waiting period before going into effect, ",[],{},{"nodeType":1627,"data":15538,"content":15539},{"uri":15515},[15540],{"nodeType":1237,"value":15541,"marks":15542,"data":15543},"resolutions",[],{},{"nodeType":1237,"value":15545,"marks":15546,"data":15547}," become effective immediately upon voting. For example, in July 2021, council members in Berkeley, California adopted ",[],{},{"nodeType":1627,"data":15549,"content":15551},{"uri":15550},"https://www.dailycal.org/2021/07/27/immensely-powerful-activists-laud-city-decision-to-commit-to-plant-based-food/",[15552],{"nodeType":1237,"value":15553,"marks":15554,"data":15555},"a resolution to allocate half of the city’s expenditures of animal-based foods to plant-based products by 2024",[],{},{"nodeType":1237,"value":1636,"marks":15557,"data":15558},[],{},{"nodeType":1233,"data":15560,"content":15561},{},[15562,15566,15574,15578,15586],{"nodeType":1237,"value":15563,"marks":15564,"data":15565},"City codes can clarify how ordinances and resolutions in a city are passed. For example in Portland, every ordinance (except for emergency ordinances) must have two public readings, three affirmative votes, and a minimum of five days between introduction of the proposed ordinance and its final passage (Portland, Or., Ordinances, Passage, 2-120 (2022); Portland, Or., Rules of the Council, 3.02.040 (2022)). The enacted ordinance will ",[],{},{"nodeType":1627,"data":15567,"content":15569},{"uri":15568},"https://www.portlandoregon.gov/auditor/article/9113",[15570],{"nodeType":1237,"value":15571,"marks":15572,"data":15573},"go into effect thirty days after it is passed",[],{},{"nodeType":1237,"value":15575,"marks":15576,"data":15577}," by the city council. Proposed resolutions also need three affirmative votes to pass, but only need one public reading (Portland, Or., Rules of the Council, 3.02.040 (2022). After the first reading of either a proposed ordinance or resolution, members of the public may testify in front of the Portland city council as to how they think the council should vote. From there, the second reading takes place, and the ",[],{},{"nodeType":1627,"data":15579,"content":15581},{"uri":15580},"https://www.portlandoregon.gov/archives/article/292194?archive=yes",[15582],{"nodeType":1237,"value":15583,"marks":15584,"data":15585},"council members vote",[],{},{"nodeType":1237,"value":15587,"marks":15588,"data":15589}," to either pass or reject the ordinance or resolution.",[],{},{"nodeType":1233,"data":15591,"content":15592},{},[15593,15597,15604,15608,15615],{"nodeType":1237,"value":15594,"marks":15595,"data":15596},"Statutes are on the state and federal level what ordinances are on the local level, but the ",[],{},{"nodeType":1627,"data":15598,"content":15599},{"uri":15515},[15600],{"nodeType":1237,"value":15601,"marks":15602,"data":15603},"process of how a bill becomes a statute",[],{},{"nodeType":1237,"value":15605,"marks":15606,"data":15607}," is often more complicated than that of ordinance or resolution passage. Legislative sessions, when the proposing and enacting or rejecting of bills happens, are not always consistent on the state level. Depending on the year, there might be fewer opportunities to pass a bill into law in your state. The Oregon Legislative Assembly is ",[],{},{"nodeType":1627,"data":15609,"content":15610},{"uri":10793},[15611],{"nodeType":1237,"value":15612,"marks":15613,"data":15614},"a prime example",[],{},{"nodeType":1237,"value":15616,"marks":15617,"data":15618},", with regular sessions consisting of 160-days of lawmaking on odd numbered years and 35-day short sessions taking place in even numbered years. While brainstorming an idea for a new bill, whether to create a new law or amend an existing one, be sure to research the state legislature’s calendar to confirm that the session is long enough to accommodate the legislative proposal.",[],{},{"nodeType":1233,"data":15620,"content":15621},{},[15622,15626,15634,15638,15646,15650,15657,15661,15669],{"nodeType":1237,"value":15623,"marks":15624,"data":15625},"Whether you are advocating on the state or federal level, making a legislative idea a reality requires first sharing it with one or more Senators or Representatives. First, find a legislator to sponsor the bill to get it introduced in either the House of Representatives or the Senate. When a Representative agrees to champion your idea, that Representative will submit a legislative draft request to the office of legislative counsel for a legislative draft of your proposed idea. Once the language is approved by sponsors and stakeholders, the legislative draft will be assigned a bill number and then it will receive a ",[],{},{"nodeType":1627,"data":15627,"content":15629},{"uri":15628},"https://www.oregonlegislature.gov/citizen_engagement/Pages/How-an-Idea-Becomes-Law.aspx",[15630],{"nodeType":1237,"value":15631,"marks":15632,"data":15633},"first reading",[],{},{"nodeType":1237,"value":15635,"marks":15636,"data":15637},". After the bill’s first reading in the House of Representatives, the bill will be ",[],{},{"nodeType":1627,"data":15639,"content":15641},{"uri":15640},"https://www.mml.org/resources/publications/one_pagers/opp_work_sessions.pdf",[15642],{"nodeType":1237,"value":15643,"marks":15644,"data":15645},"assigned to a committee",[],{},{"nodeType":1237,"value":15647,"marks":15648,"data":15649}," which reviews it, holds hearings to get expert, industry, and public opinion, and can host work sessions to better understand the issue at hand. The committee issues a report, and any associated amendments are printed with a new version of the bill. The bill then undergoes its second reading in the House of Representatives before being read for a third time and voted upon. If the bill passes by a majority in the House (thirty-one Representatives in Oregon), it is passed onto the Senate. The bill is read in the Senate for the first time, the Senate President assigns it to a committee, and the committee sends it back to the Senate for its second and third readings. If the bill is voted favourably by a majority of Senate members (sixteen Senators in Oregon), it is reported back to the House so that the Speaker of the House, the Senate President, and one other high-ranking official can sign it. From there, the enrolled bill lands on the ",[],{},{"nodeType":1627,"data":15651,"content":15652},{"uri":15628},[15653],{"nodeType":1237,"value":15654,"marks":15655,"data":15656},"Oregon Governor’s desk",[],{},{"nodeType":1237,"value":15658,"marks":15659,"data":15660}," who has five days to sign it or veto it. If the bill is signed into Oregon state law, ",[],{},{"nodeType":1627,"data":15662,"content":15664},{"uri":15663},"https://sos.oregon.gov/blue-book/Pages/state/legislative/about.aspx",[15665],{"nodeType":1237,"value":15666,"marks":15667,"data":15668},"the bill’s effective date comes later",[],{},{"nodeType":1237,"value":15670,"marks":15671,"data":15672}," – typically January 1 of the following year. Bills can start either in the House or Senate or proceed through both at the same time. Regardless of where it starts, both chambers need to agree on the final language before sending it a Governor for signature.",[],{},{"nodeType":1233,"data":15674,"content":15675},{},[15676,15680,15688],{"nodeType":1237,"value":15677,"marks":15678,"data":15679},"This long, drawn out legislative process means ",[],{},{"nodeType":1627,"data":15681,"content":15683},{"uri":15682},"https://www.ushistory.org/gov/6e.asp",[15684],{"nodeType":1237,"value":15685,"marks":15686,"data":15687},"many bills will die in committee",[],{},{"nodeType":1237,"value":15689,"marks":15690,"data":15691},", or not even make it that far. However, working on even unsuccessful legislative campaigns is worthwhile. Statutes have power to promote justice, prevent harm, and shift how we treat nonhuman animals. Legislative efforts, whether enacted into law or not, contribute to raising awareness about animals in the Legislature. For that reason, although the legislative process can be cumbersome, advocating for change in the political institutions remains worthwhile.",[],{},{"nodeType":1658,"data":15693,"content":15694},{"target":14730},[],{"nodeType":1233,"data":15696,"content":15697},{},[15698],{"nodeType":1237,"value":27,"marks":15699,"data":15700},[],{},{"nodeType":1283,"data":15702,"content":15703},{},[15704],{"nodeType":1237,"value":15705,"marks":15706,"data":15707},"Inclusive Outreach: Tribal Jurisdictions",[],{},{"nodeType":1233,"data":15709,"content":15710},{},[15711],{"nodeType":1237,"value":15712,"marks":15713,"data":15714},"“There is no practice of law that does not intersect with issues that are important to Native Americans and their sovereignty” (Interview with Dr. Carma Corcoran, Director of the Indian Law Program at Lewis & Clark Law School (Jan. 27, 2022) (Remote). No matter where animal advocates are located, it is of paramount importance to consider and include tribal nations and other affected and marginalised people. This section offers only a glimpse into how advocates can incorporate indigenous interests and rights into their legislative campaign, and we suggest advocates conduct further research to ensure that tribal communities play an active role in legislative advocacy efforts.",[],{},{"nodeType":1233,"data":15716,"content":15717},{},[15718,15722,15730,15734,15742],{"nodeType":1237,"value":15719,"marks":15720,"data":15721},"Indigenous tribes are considered ",[],{},{"nodeType":1627,"data":15723,"content":15725},{"uri":15724},"https://www.law.cornell.edu/wex/american_indian_law",[15726],{"nodeType":1237,"value":15727,"marks":15728,"data":15729},"domestic nations under federal law",[],{},{"nodeType":1237,"value":15731,"marks":15732,"data":15733},". These native communities possess self-governance independent from the U.S. government, albeit limited by treaties, Executive Orders, acts of Congress, court decisions, and other legal mechanisms. ",[],{},{"nodeType":1627,"data":15735,"content":15737},{"uri":15736},"https://www.bia.gov/frequently-asked-questions",[15738],{"nodeType":1237,"value":15739,"marks":15740,"data":15741},"Tribal sovereignty",[],{},{"nodeType":1237,"value":15743,"marks":15744,"data":15745}," ensures that indigenous communities have the power to create their own governments, enact and enforce civil and criminal laws, and regulate property and activities within their jurisdictions – including the use of natural resources. Many legislative efforts targeted towards protecting animals will impact the land, resources, or rights of indigenous people in some capacity. For example, animal advocates could champion a federal bill aimed at reducing access for wild-caught fishing. While the goal would be to minimise the suffering and death of fish and other aquatic life, an unintended result could be an infringement on tribal fishing rights. To avoid interfering with tribal sovereignty, and to buttress the political power of indigenous communities, communication with, and inclusion of native tribes in, the legislative planning process is imperative.",[],{},{"nodeType":1233,"data":15747,"content":15748},{},[15749,15753,15757],{"nodeType":1237,"value":15750,"marks":15751,"data":15752},"In the beginning stages of any legislative campaign, consider how advocacy might impact native tribes. This step includes identifying the indigenous nations in the region your bill covers and reaching out to these communities as soon as you have a grasp on how your bill may affect them. For instance, a coalition of animal advocates championing a federal bill aimed at reducing access for wild-caught fishing might want to adjust its jurisdiction solely to the state of Oregon. Because fishing is intricately tied to food, water, and land",[],{},{"nodeType":1237,"value":1984,"marks":15754,"data":15756},[15755],{"type":1906},{},{"nodeType":1237,"value":15758,"marks":15759,"data":15760},"sovereignty, advocates should reach out to the nine tribes of Oregon —or at least the tribes that reside near and oversee the Columbia or Yakima Rivers. But before advocates get in touch with the tribes, they should research possible stakeholders, sociopolitical outcomes, and anticipated opposition.",[],{},{"nodeType":1233,"data":15762,"content":15763},{},[15764],{"nodeType":1237,"value":15765,"marks":15766,"data":15767},"In this instance, possible stakeholders include federal agencies like the Bonneville Power Administration, state agencies like the Oregon Department of Fish & Wildlife, and nonprofits like Ecotrust or the Columbia River Inter-Tribal Fish Commission. Government actors, nonprofit advocates, and other stakeholders have important perspectives to provide and roles to play in legislative campaigns. By outlining to the tribal liaison their intentions for relationship-building with these different actors, advocates allow the tribe to have more say over this political process. Advocates should also research how their proposed bill could impact tribal (and marginalised) communities and come up with possible solutions to nullify or mitigate any potential harm. Lastly, advocates should consider who might oppose their bill: government actors, industry players, or tribes themselves. Foreseeing imminent conflict is essential to take steps towards the conflict resolution necessary to ensure all parties—humans and animals—have their interests considered.",[],{},{"nodeType":1233,"data":15769,"content":15770},{},[15771],{"nodeType":1237,"value":15772,"marks":15773,"data":15774},"With their research collected and organised, the coalition can now contact the relevant tribes’ natural resource departments and tribal councils. If advocates do not know whether their bill could affect specific tribes, advocates should always err on the side of caution and contact them with their general legislative proposal and relevant concerns. If advocates are uncertain about the tribe's stance on the bill, they can politely ask if the tribal liaisons are willing to share their thoughts and emphasise that they want to work with the tribe to ensure the bill benefits (or least does not impair) the tribal nation. If those advocates speak with have recommendations for doing further research or contacting other individuals, advocates should heed their advice. And perhaps most important, advocates should respect the tribe’s opinion of the bill.",[],{},{"nodeType":1233,"data":15776,"content":15777},{},[15778,15782,15790],{"nodeType":1237,"value":15779,"marks":15780,"data":15781},"* This section was written with the assistance of Dr. Carma Corcoran of the Chippewa-Cree tribe, Director of the ",[],{},{"nodeType":1627,"data":15783,"content":15785},{"uri":15784},"https://law.lclark.edu/programs/indian_law/faculty.php",[15786],{"nodeType":1237,"value":15787,"marks":15788,"data":15789},"Indian Law Program at Lewis & Clark Law School",[],{},{"nodeType":1237,"value":1636,"marks":15791,"data":15792},[],{},{"nodeType":1233,"data":15794,"content":15795},{},[15796],{"nodeType":1237,"value":27,"marks":15797,"data":15798},[],{},{"nodeType":1658,"data":15800,"content":15820},{"target":15801},{"metadata":15802,"sys":15805,"fields":15812},{"tags":15803,"concepts":15804},[],[],{"space":15806,"id":15808,"type":16,"createdAt":15809,"updatedAt":15809,"environment":15810,"publishedVersion":48,"revision":23,"locale":24},{"sys":15807},{"type":12,"linkType":13,"id":14},"1Gt43xmX030kCKXHqSgZ8n","2026-07-06T11:48:34.814Z",{"sys":15811},{"id":20,"type":12,"linkType":21},{"title":15813,"description":27,"file":15814},"CALF-chicken2",{"url":15815,"details":15816,"fileName":15819,"contentType":2905},"//images.ctfassets.net/5n7qh8xf3t5v/1Gt43xmX030kCKXHqSgZ8n/7c9d2283ff79268e8b5a70ab0be67709/CALF-chicken2.png",{"size":15817,"image":15818},2615449,{"width":9579,"height":9580},"CALF-chicken2.png",[],{"nodeType":1233,"data":15822,"content":15823},{},[15824],{"nodeType":1237,"value":15825,"marks":15826,"data":15827},"The nine tribes of Oregon are individual nations with diverse cultures and practices, meaning there is a strong chance tribes will have different standpoints when it comes to the progression of your legislative campaign. These political intricacies amongst the tribes does not mean advocates should simply listen to the tribe that agrees with their view, or falsely state that all nine tribes of Oregon support their bill when they do not. Rather, advocates should ask themselves whether this legislative advocacy is for the greater good, and make sure they have explored all options, and done everything they possibly can to optimise ethical outcomes and minimise potential harms. Although challenging, incorporating human interests into your calculus and determining whether an idea is optimal for all, contributes to fostering responsible animal advocacy.",[],{},{"nodeType":1233,"data":15829,"content":15830},{},[15831],{"nodeType":1237,"value":15832,"marks":15833,"data":15834},"Throughout the entire process of generating a legislative concept, conducting sufficient research, communicating with tribal nations, and assessing appropriate outcomes, advocates must keep in mind that culturally, spiritually, and politically speaking, native people have different perspectives than the western world on the environment and the beings that reside in it. Every step of the way, but especially in direct contact with tribes, non-native animal advocates must be respectful of those differences and properly reflect on their biases. If your worldview is westernised and you believe that it is superior to a native person’s value system, do not engage in conversation before sincerely reexamining why you feel that way. Take into consideration the historical, cultural, and sociopolitical factors that influence your ideology, and acknowledge that your worldview is not necessarily the only “right” one. Reflecting in this manner does not mean assuming your opinion is invalid or that the legislative campaign is not worth pursuing. 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Legislative advocacy campaigns have the potential to leverage the vast resources and unique enforcement mechanisms available to governments to greatly improve the quality of life of humans and other animals, making this approach a potentially highly cost-effective way to create positive change.",[16671],{"metadata":16672,"sys":16675,"fields":16682},{"tags":16673,"concepts":16674},[],[],{"space":16676,"id":16678,"type":16,"createdAt":16679,"updatedAt":16679,"environment":16680,"publishedVersion":48,"revision":23,"locale":24},{"sys":16677},{"type":12,"linkType":13,"id":14},"64gIdxrXmLIIYN2dpQN734","2026-07-06T11:48:34.713Z",{"sys":16681},{"id":20,"type":12,"linkType":21},{"title":16683,"description":27,"file":16684},"8528b3ae-4692-44f4-b28e-8b74560592db CALF-Cow-closeup",{"url":16685,"details":16686,"fileName":16689,"contentType":2905},"//images.ctfassets.net/5n7qh8xf3t5v/64gIdxrXmLIIYN2dpQN734/5db46f6b7f7c199b494f5a67814880c1/8528b3ae-4692-44f4-b28e-8b74560592db_CALF-Cow-closeup.png",{"size":16687,"image":16688},85482,{"width":9579,"height":9580},"8528b3ae-4692-44f4-b28e-8b74560592db_CALF-Cow-closeup.png",[16691],{"metadata":16692,"sys":16695,"fields":16704},{"tags":16693,"concepts":16694},[],[],{"space":16696,"id":16698,"type":87,"createdAt":16699,"updatedAt":16699,"environment":16700,"publishedVersion":22,"revision":23,"contentType":16702,"locale":24},{"sys":16697},{"type":12,"linkType":13,"id":14},"5aIVTWk8TqgK2h3oFLLqFA","2026-07-06T11:51:25.305Z",{"sys":16701},{"id":20,"type":12,"linkType":21},{"sys":16703},{"type":12,"linkType":94,"id":95},{"label":16705,"reference":16706,"displayType":1756},"Evaluating Policy Guide",{"metadata":16707,"sys":16710,"fields":16719},{"tags":16708,"concepts":16709},[],[],{"space":16711,"id":16713,"type":87,"createdAt":16714,"updatedAt":16714,"environment":16715,"publishedVersion":91,"revision":23,"contentType":16717,"locale":24},{"sys":16712},{"type":12,"linkType":13,"id":14},"2BaHhFTvNB6Vln5liNx3T4","2026-07-06T11:47:47.629Z",{"sys":16716},{"id":20,"type":12,"linkType":21},{"sys":16718},{"type":12,"linkType":94,"id":1129},{"title":16668,"slug":16720,"parent":9486,"content":16721,"includeContactForm":1240,"includeNewsletter":1240},"evaluating-policy-guide",{"data":16722,"content":16723,"nodeType":1134},{},[16724,16741,17835],{"data":16725,"content":16740,"nodeType":1138},{"target":16726},{"metadata":16727,"sys":16730,"fields":16739},{"tags":16728,"concepts":16729},[],[],{"space":16731,"id":16733,"type":87,"createdAt":16734,"updatedAt":16734,"environment":16735,"publishedVersion":1805,"revision":23,"contentType":16737,"locale":24},{"sys":16732},{"type":12,"linkType":13,"id":14},"cyIJYN8QSndqzFOlkd3zX","2026-07-06T11:51:25.382Z",{"sys":16736},{"id":20,"type":12,"linkType":21},{"sys":16738},{"type":12,"linkType":94,"id":1153},{"title":16668},[],{"data":16742,"content":17834,"nodeType":1138},{"target":16743},{"metadata":16744,"sys":16747,"fields":16757},{"tags":16745,"concepts":16746},[],[],{"space":16748,"id":16750,"type":87,"createdAt":16751,"updatedAt":16751,"environment":16752,"publishedVersion":16754,"revision":23,"contentType":16755,"locale":24},{"sys":16749},{"type":12,"linkType":13,"id":14},"5lvCp5BbuKAuBcawiMWUc9","2026-07-06T11:48:05.517Z",{"sys":16753},{"id":20,"type":12,"linkType":21},39,{"sys":16756},{"type":12,"linkType":94,"id":1277},{"content":16758,"displayMenu":1688,"displayChild":1688},{"data":16759,"content":16760,"nodeType":1134},{},[16761,16767,16773,16780,16799,16886,16928,16935,16957,16964,16971,16979,17032,17040,17063,17099,17107,17115,17123,17130,17137,17180,17210,17229,17235,17241,17284,17291,17334,17341,17348,17361,17368,17391,17398,17411,17418,17441,17463,17470,17501,17504,17511,17530,17537,17556,17562,17569,17576,17583,17590,17609,17661,17668,17687,17705,17724,17731,17738,17745,17764,17771,17778,17785,17792,17799,17805,17812,17819,17826],{"data":16762,"content":16763,"nodeType":1283},{},[16764],{"data":16765,"marks":16766,"value":9674,"nodeType":1237},{},[],{"data":16768,"content":16769,"nodeType":1233},{},[16770],{"data":16771,"marks":16772,"value":16669,"nodeType":1237},{},[],{"data":16774,"content":16775,"nodeType":1233},{},[16776],{"data":16777,"marks":16778,"value":16779,"nodeType":1237},{},[],"The purpose of this document is to act as a short guide to the basic principle of public policy and legislative evaluation for groups considering advocating for policy and legal change, including background information the group should gather, research methods available, and factors that should be considered. ",{"data":16781,"content":16782,"nodeType":1233},{},[16783,16787,16795],{"data":16784,"marks":16785,"value":16786,"nodeType":1237},{},[],"There are numerous mechanisms that ",{"data":16788,"content":16790,"nodeType":1627},{"uri":16789},"https://www.britannica.com/topic/interest-group",[16791],{"data":16792,"marks":16793,"value":16794,"nodeType":1237},{},[],"interest groups",{"data":16796,"marks":16797,"value":16798,"nodeType":1237},{},[]," can use to achieve their policy aims including; directly advocacy towards decision-makers, media campaigns, direct action and protests or, where available, direct democracy mechanisms such as ballot initiatives or referendums. The efficacy of each mechanism will vary depending on the context and issue, but the results are the same – policy change. ",{"data":16800,"content":16801,"nodeType":1233},{},[16802,16805,16812,16816,16824,16828,16836,16840,16846,16850,16858,16862,16870,16874,16882],{"data":16803,"marks":16804,"value":27,"nodeType":1237},{},[],{"data":16806,"content":16807,"nodeType":1627},{"uri":16789},[16808],{"data":16809,"marks":16810,"value":16811,"nodeType":1237},{},[],"Interest groups",{"data":16813,"marks":16814,"value":16815,"nodeType":1237},{},[]," that are successful in their advocacy efforts have the potential to have a huge ",{"data":16817,"content":16819,"nodeType":1627},{"uri":16818},"https://concepts.effectivealtruism.org/concepts/counterfactual-considerations/",[16820],{"data":16821,"marks":16822,"value":16823,"nodeType":1237},{},[],"counterfactual",{"data":16825,"marks":16826,"value":16827,"nodeType":1237},{},[]," impact, achieving policy change many years before it may have occurred otherwise, if at all. For example, ",{"data":16829,"content":16831,"nodeType":1627},{"uri":16830},"https://paperpile.com/c/ab8gsX/eogn",[16832],{"data":16833,"marks":16834,"value":16835,"nodeType":1237},{},[],"lobbying in the United States is responsible for lower taxes on solar power, increased taxes on tobacco, and the establishment of a program to detect asteroids",{"data":16837,"marks":16838,"value":16839,"nodeType":1237},{},[],". In animal advocacy, one recent victory is the '",{"data":16841,"content":16842,"nodeType":1627},{"uri":7740},[16843],{"data":16844,"marks":16845,"value":7745,"nodeType":1237},{},[],{"data":16847,"marks":16848,"value":16849,"nodeType":1237},{},[],"' initiative. ",{"data":16851,"content":16853,"nodeType":1627},{"uri":16852},"https://paperpile.com/c/ab8gsX/G5xd",[16854],{"data":16855,"marks":16856,"value":16857,"nodeType":1237},{},[],"This initiative spearheaded by Compassion in World Farming EU led to a commitment by the European Commission to phase out the use of cages for hens, sows, calves, and numerous other farmed animals",{"data":16859,"marks":16860,"value":16861,"nodeType":1237},{},[],". These successes can be achieved by groups with little previous experience in the area; a prominent recent example is ",{"data":16863,"content":16865,"nodeType":1627},{"uri":16864},"https://leadelimination.org/",[16866],{"data":16867,"marks":16868,"value":16869,"nodeType":1237},{},[],"Lead Exposure Elimination Project",{"data":16871,"marks":16872,"value":16873,"nodeType":1237},{},[],"’s success in ",{"data":16875,"content":16877,"nodeType":1627},{"uri":16876},"https://leadelimination.org/annual-review-2020-21/",[16878],{"data":16879,"marks":16880,"value":16881,"nodeType":1237},{},[],"lobbying the Malawi government to enforce its laws against harmful lead in paint",{"data":16883,"marks":16884,"value":16885,"nodeType":1237},{},[],". Tactics used for legislative campaigns vary in difficulty but are all achievable by contacting representatives, surveys or petitions, providing research on the issue to decision makers, or organising large demonstrations and protests.",{"data":16887,"content":16888,"nodeType":1233},{},[16889,16893,16901,16905,16913,16917,16924],{"data":16890,"marks":16891,"value":16892,"nodeType":1237},{},[],"Even with this large potential to have an impact, there is also the potential to do harm by advocating for policies that have negative effects on the targeted group or flow-through effects on other groups. For example, ",{"data":16894,"content":16896,"nodeType":1627},{"uri":16895},"https://www.animalask.org/post/meat-tax-why-chickens-pay-the-price",[16897],{"data":16898,"marks":16899,"value":16900,"nodeType":1237},{},[],"there is evidence that a carbon weighted meat tax could increase rather than decrease the overall number of animals farmed for food by incentivising chicken production",{"data":16902,"marks":16903,"value":16904,"nodeType":1237},{},[],". Even discounting the possibility of actively harmful policies, given the wide range in impact found between different interventions (",{"data":16906,"content":16908,"nodeType":1627},{"uri":16907},"https://ore.exeter.ac.uk/repository/bitstream/handle/10871/122268/Caviola%20et%20al._2020_JDM.pdf",[16909],{"data":16910,"marks":16911,"value":16912,"nodeType":1237},{},[],"source",{"data":16914,"marks":16915,"value":16916,"nodeType":1237},{},[],")(",{"data":16918,"content":16920,"nodeType":1627},{"uri":16919},"https://www.givewell.org/giving101/Funding-the-Right-Program",[16921],{"data":16922,"marks":16923,"value":16912,"nodeType":1237},{},[],{"data":16925,"marks":16926,"value":16927,"nodeType":1237},{},[],"), failure to target the most impactful policies means advocates will relieve significantly less suffering than they may otherwise have done. Weak policies also come with the risk that advocacy shifts the government's policy focus to less impactful improvements, potentially reducing welfare compared to what would have occurred without the group's efforts. ",{"data":16929,"content":16930,"nodeType":1233},{},[16931],{"data":16932,"marks":16933,"value":16934,"nodeType":1237},{},[],"Given this risk, it is important that advocacy groups carefully evaluate the policies they are considering campaigning for, before they launch their campaigns.",{"data":16936,"content":16956,"nodeType":1658},{"target":16937},{"metadata":16938,"sys":16941,"fields":16948},{"tags":16939,"concepts":16940},[],[],{"space":16942,"id":16944,"type":16,"createdAt":16945,"updatedAt":16945,"environment":16946,"publishedVersion":48,"revision":23,"locale":24},{"sys":16943},{"type":12,"linkType":13,"id":14},"49EczMYNRZvpS2G4x3u4JQ","2026-07-06T11:49:54.018Z",{"sys":16947},{"id":20,"type":12,"linkType":21},{"title":16949,"description":27,"file":16950},"CALF-pig",{"url":16951,"details":16952,"fileName":16955,"contentType":2905},"//images.ctfassets.net/5n7qh8xf3t5v/49EczMYNRZvpS2G4x3u4JQ/68115c736a152726c3c7b2dd1d28bcd2/CALF-pig.png",{"size":16953,"image":16954},1672782,{"width":9579,"height":9580},"CALF-pig.png",[],{"data":16958,"content":16959,"nodeType":1283},{},[16960],{"data":16961,"marks":16962,"value":16963,"nodeType":1237},{},[],"Understanding the Political System and Legislation",{"data":16965,"content":16966,"nodeType":1233},{},[16967],{"data":16968,"marks":16969,"value":16970,"nodeType":1237},{},[],"The first stage before launching a policy advocacy campaign is understanding both how new legislation is passed or amended and the advocacy methods available to you as an advocate in a country. These could include:",{"data":16972,"content":16973,"nodeType":1233},{},[16974],{"data":16975,"marks":16976,"value":16978,"nodeType":1237},{},[16977],{"type":1906},"- Drafting and amending legislation ",{"data":16980,"content":16981,"nodeType":1361},{},[16982,16992,17012,17022],{"data":16983,"content":16984,"nodeType":1365},{},[16985],{"data":16986,"content":16987,"nodeType":1233},{},[16988],{"data":16989,"marks":16990,"value":16991,"nodeType":1237},{},[],"Legislative proposals introduced by the Government",{"data":16993,"content":16994,"nodeType":1365},{},[16995],{"data":16996,"content":16997,"nodeType":1233},{},[16998,17001,17009],{"data":16999,"marks":17000,"value":27,"nodeType":1237},{},[],{"data":17002,"content":17004,"nodeType":1627},{"uri":17003},"https://www.parliament.uk/about/how/laws/bills/private-members/",[17005],{"data":17006,"marks":17007,"value":17008,"nodeType":1237},{},[],"Legislative proposals introduced by members of parliaments",{"data":17010,"marks":17011,"value":27,"nodeType":1237},{},[],{"data":17013,"content":17014,"nodeType":1365},{},[17015],{"data":17016,"content":17017,"nodeType":1233},{},[17018],{"data":17019,"marks":17020,"value":17021,"nodeType":1237},{},[],"Can influence members of parliament or ministers to introduce or support bills",{"data":17023,"content":17024,"nodeType":1365},{},[17025],{"data":17026,"content":17027,"nodeType":1233},{},[17028],{"data":17029,"marks":17030,"value":17031,"nodeType":1237},{},[],"Response to call for evidence or public consultation",{"data":17033,"content":17034,"nodeType":1233},{},[17035],{"data":17036,"marks":17037,"value":17039,"nodeType":1237},{},[17038],{"type":1906},"- Drafting and amending regulations",{"data":17041,"content":17042,"nodeType":1361},{},[17043,17053],{"data":17044,"content":17045,"nodeType":1365},{},[17046],{"data":17047,"content":17048,"nodeType":1233},{},[17049],{"data":17050,"marks":17051,"value":17052,"nodeType":1237},{},[],"Regulations and rules adopted by the administration",{"data":17054,"content":17055,"nodeType":1365},{},[17056],{"data":17057,"content":17058,"nodeType":1233},{},[17059],{"data":17060,"marks":17061,"value":17062,"nodeType":1237},{},[],"Opportunities for advocates to reform such rules and regulations at regular intervals during consultations",{"data":17064,"content":17065,"nodeType":1233},{},[17066,17071,17079,17084,17088,17096],{"data":17067,"marks":17068,"value":17070,"nodeType":1237},{},[17069],{"type":1906},"- Official petitions with trigger thresholds for response or debate, such as ",{"data":17072,"content":17073,"nodeType":1627},{"uri":10137},[17074],{"data":17075,"marks":17076,"value":17078,"nodeType":1237},{},[17077],{"type":1906},"European Citizens’ Initiative",{"data":17080,"marks":17081,"value":17083,"nodeType":1237},{},[17082],{"type":1906},", petitions to the PETI Committee in the Eur",{"data":17085,"marks":17086,"value":17087,"nodeType":1237},{},[],"opean Parliament, or ",{"data":17089,"content":17091,"nodeType":1627},{"uri":17090},"https://petition.parliament.uk/petitions/581641?reveal_response=yes#response-threshold",[17092],{"data":17093,"marks":17094,"value":17095,"nodeType":1237},{},[],"petitions with over 100,000 signatories in the UK.",{"data":17097,"marks":17098,"value":1984,"nodeType":1237},{},[],{"data":17100,"content":17101,"nodeType":1233},{},[17102],{"data":17103,"marks":17104,"value":17106,"nodeType":1237},{},[17105],{"type":1906},"- Referendums called by members of parliament (for example in the UK) or the public (only in certain jurisdictions, such as Switzerland). ",{"data":17108,"content":17109,"nodeType":1233},{},[17110],{"data":17111,"marks":17112,"value":17114,"nodeType":1237},{},[17113],{"type":1906},"- Ballot Initiatives called by the public (only in certain jurisdictions, such as Massachusetts, California, in the US)",{"data":17116,"content":17117,"nodeType":1233},{},[17118],{"data":17119,"marks":17120,"value":17122,"nodeType":1237},{},[17121],{"type":1906},"- Litigation for holding government accountable for how laws are interpreted, implemented, and enforced",{"data":17124,"content":17125,"nodeType":1233},{},[17126],{"data":17127,"marks":17128,"value":17129,"nodeType":1237},{},[],"Researching and understanding the steps involved in policy change in your target country can give your organisation a clearer picture of the tactics available for advocacy and the conditions that must be met to succeed. This is useful both for your advocacy and for identifying the routes that have the highest probability of success given your policy aim, particularly when complemented by an analysis or existing knowledge of which political actors are likely to be more aligned with your policy aims. For example, maybe you identify significant support for reducing stocking density for egg-laying hens from Members of the Parliament, this would allow you to use a private members bill. Perhaps there is little political support for a policy, but strong public support suggesting a direct democracy mechanism, such as a ballot initiative or a referendum, may be more successful.",{"data":17131,"content":17132,"nodeType":1233},{},[17133],{"data":17134,"marks":17135,"value":17136,"nodeType":1237},{},[],"While you are becoming familiar with the methods of policy change in your target region it is also important to review all existing legislation and understand the existing legislative landscape. This should involve your key decision makers and/or research staff gaining a clear picture of existing legislation and key stakeholders. Typical research questions include:",{"data":17138,"content":17139,"nodeType":1361},{},[17140,17150,17160,17170],{"data":17141,"content":17142,"nodeType":1365},{},[17143],{"data":17144,"content":17145,"nodeType":1233},{},[17146],{"data":17147,"marks":17148,"value":17149,"nodeType":1237},{},[],"Which articles, acts or regulations are currently in force?",{"data":17151,"content":17152,"nodeType":1365},{},[17153],{"data":17154,"content":17155,"nodeType":1233},{},[17156],{"data":17157,"marks":17158,"value":17159,"nodeType":1237},{},[],"How is each piece of legislation connected to one another?",{"data":17161,"content":17162,"nodeType":1365},{},[17163],{"data":17164,"content":17165,"nodeType":1233},{},[17166],{"data":17167,"marks":17168,"value":17169,"nodeType":1237},{},[],"Which acts or articles give powers to which institutions?",{"data":17171,"content":17172,"nodeType":1365},{},[17173],{"data":17174,"content":17175,"nodeType":1233},{},[17176],{"data":17177,"marks":17178,"value":17179,"nodeType":1237},{},[],"Which legislation are relevant regulations written under?",{"data":17181,"content":17182,"nodeType":1233},{},[17183,17187,17195,17199,17206],{"data":17184,"marks":17185,"value":17186,"nodeType":1237},{},[],"At this stage, we advise you to consult the ",{"data":17188,"content":17190,"nodeType":1627},{"uri":17189},"https://calf.law/evaluating-policy-guide",[17191],{"data":17192,"marks":17193,"value":17194,"nodeType":1237},{},[],"Collar Animal Law Forum and other resources",{"data":17196,"marks":17197,"value":17198,"nodeType":1237},{},[]," as well as ",{"data":17200,"content":17201,"nodeType":1627},{"uri":3507},[17202],{"data":17203,"marks":17204,"value":17205,"nodeType":1237},{},[],"World Animal Protection’s index for your target country",{"data":17207,"marks":17208,"value":17209,"nodeType":1237},{},[]," or, if possible, consult with local animal lawyers. If they cover the region you work in, these resources should provide you with a good overview of the major pieces of legislation in your country. World Animal Protection also provides some suggestions for reforms to each area of legislation that could be campaigned for. ",{"data":17211,"content":17212,"nodeType":1233},{},[17213,17217,17225],{"data":17214,"marks":17215,"value":17216,"nodeType":1237},{},[],"After gaining an understanding and broad overview of the structure of existing legislation, your next aim should be to identify all of the reforms that could be made to improve the current system. These should extend from broader reforms to the regulatory system as a whole, such as the ",{"data":17218,"content":17220,"nodeType":1627},{"uri":17219},"https://www.animalask.org/post/independent-office-of-animal-protection",[17221],{"data":17222,"marks":17223,"value":17224,"nodeType":1237},{},[],"introduction of an animal welfare commission",{"data":17226,"marks":17227,"value":17228,"nodeType":1237},{},[],", or aiming to ban ‘factory farming’ to narrow campaigns targeting specific welfare improvements such as banning the castration of pigs. Particular areas that are worth considering are, the field of animal welfare:",{"data":17230,"content":17231,"nodeType":1650},{},[17232],{"data":17233,"marks":17234,"value":27,"nodeType":1237},{},[],{"data":17236,"content":17237,"nodeType":1650},{},[17238],{"data":17239,"marks":17240,"value":142,"nodeType":1237},{},[],{"data":17242,"content":17243,"nodeType":1361},{},[17244,17254,17264,17274],{"data":17245,"content":17246,"nodeType":1365},{},[17247],{"data":17248,"content":17249,"nodeType":1233},{},[17250],{"data":17251,"marks":17252,"value":17253,"nodeType":1237},{},[],"Changes to the regulatory system as a whole",{"data":17255,"content":17256,"nodeType":1365},{},[17257],{"data":17258,"content":17259,"nodeType":1233},{},[17260],{"data":17261,"marks":17262,"value":17263,"nodeType":1237},{},[],"Are some animals excluded from existing protections? Or are there expectations for certain activities?",{"data":17265,"content":17266,"nodeType":1365},{},[17267],{"data":17268,"content":17269,"nodeType":1233},{},[17270],{"data":17271,"marks":17272,"value":17273,"nodeType":1237},{},[],"Does it apply to imported goods?",{"data":17275,"content":17276,"nodeType":1365},{},[17277],{"data":17278,"content":17279,"nodeType":1233},{},[17280],{"data":17281,"marks":17282,"value":17283,"nodeType":1237},{},[],"What are the existing enforcement mechanisms?",{"data":17285,"content":17286,"nodeType":1650},{},[17287],{"data":17288,"marks":17289,"value":17290,"nodeType":1237},{},[],"Regulations",{"data":17292,"content":17293,"nodeType":1361},{},[17294,17304,17314,17324],{"data":17295,"content":17296,"nodeType":1365},{},[17297],{"data":17298,"content":17299,"nodeType":1233},{},[17300],{"data":17301,"marks":17302,"value":17303,"nodeType":1237},{},[],"Are there specific rules applying to farmed animals?",{"data":17305,"content":17306,"nodeType":1365},{},[17307],{"data":17308,"content":17309,"nodeType":1233},{},[17310],{"data":17311,"marks":17312,"value":17313,"nodeType":1237},{},[],"How detailed are these rules?",{"data":17315,"content":17316,"nodeType":1365},{},[17317],{"data":17318,"content":17319,"nodeType":1233},{},[17320],{"data":17321,"marks":17322,"value":17323,"nodeType":1237},{},[],"How do current standards compare to other countries, certifiers, and recommendations from existing academic research?",{"data":17325,"content":17326,"nodeType":1365},{},[17327],{"data":17328,"content":17329,"nodeType":1233},{},[17330],{"data":17331,"marks":17332,"value":17333,"nodeType":1237},{},[],"What type of cruel practices in breeding, on farms, during transport, and at slaughter should be regulated, or even prohibited?",{"data":17335,"content":17336,"nodeType":1233},{},[17337],{"data":17338,"marks":17339,"value":17340,"nodeType":1237},{},[],"Advocates should also consider other legal fields than animal welfare, such as:",{"data":17342,"content":17343,"nodeType":1650},{},[17344],{"data":17345,"marks":17346,"value":17347,"nodeType":1237},{},[],"Agricultural policy",{"data":17349,"content":17350,"nodeType":1361},{},[17351],{"data":17352,"content":17353,"nodeType":1365},{},[17354],{"data":17355,"content":17356,"nodeType":1233},{},[17357],{"data":17358,"marks":17359,"value":17360,"nodeType":1237},{},[],"Subsidies supporting animal agriculture (direct and indirect) including magnitude and conditions for receiving them (source and source)",{"data":17362,"content":17363,"nodeType":1650},{},[17364],{"data":17365,"marks":17366,"value":17367,"nodeType":1237},{},[],"Fiscal policy",{"data":17369,"content":17370,"nodeType":1361},{},[17371,17381],{"data":17372,"content":17373,"nodeType":1365},{},[17374],{"data":17375,"content":17376,"nodeType":1233},{},[17377],{"data":17378,"marks":17379,"value":17380,"nodeType":1237},{},[],"Taxes on products, an example of this is Meat Taxes (source)",{"data":17382,"content":17383,"nodeType":1365},{},[17384],{"data":17385,"content":17386,"nodeType":1233},{},[17387],{"data":17388,"marks":17389,"value":17390,"nodeType":1237},{},[],"VAT reduction on plant-based products (source)",{"data":17392,"content":17393,"nodeType":1650},{},[17394],{"data":17395,"marks":17396,"value":17397,"nodeType":1237},{},[],"Environmental policy",{"data":17399,"content":17400,"nodeType":1361},{},[17401],{"data":17402,"content":17403,"nodeType":1365},{},[17404],{"data":17405,"content":17406,"nodeType":1233},{},[17407],{"data":17408,"marks":17409,"value":17410,"nodeType":1237},{},[],"Regulation of emissions on farms and slaughterhouse",{"data":17412,"content":17413,"nodeType":1650},{},[17414],{"data":17415,"marks":17416,"value":17417,"nodeType":1237},{},[],"Public health policy",{"data":17419,"content":17420,"nodeType":1361},{},[17421,17431],{"data":17422,"content":17423,"nodeType":1365},{},[17424],{"data":17425,"content":17426,"nodeType":1233},{},[17427],{"data":17428,"marks":17429,"value":17430,"nodeType":1237},{},[],"Regulation of the use of antimicrobials on farms",{"data":17432,"content":17433,"nodeType":1365},{},[17434],{"data":17435,"content":17436,"nodeType":1233},{},[17437],{"data":17438,"marks":17439,"value":17440,"nodeType":1237},{},[],"Official nutritional guidelines\n",{"data":17442,"content":17462,"nodeType":1658},{"target":17443},{"metadata":17444,"sys":17447,"fields":17454},{"tags":17445,"concepts":17446},[],[],{"space":17448,"id":17450,"type":16,"createdAt":17451,"updatedAt":17451,"environment":17452,"publishedVersion":48,"revision":23,"locale":24},{"sys":17449},{"type":12,"linkType":13,"id":14},"1DyaG0tsjF7rRRK2Zw6n6w","2026-07-06T11:49:54.016Z",{"sys":17453},{"id":20,"type":12,"linkType":21},{"title":17455,"description":27,"file":17456},"CALF-Sheep",{"url":17457,"details":17458,"fileName":17461,"contentType":2905},"//images.ctfassets.net/5n7qh8xf3t5v/1DyaG0tsjF7rRRK2Zw6n6w/a510b174fb6147a2b64307c5328a3e32/CALF-Sheep.png",{"size":17459,"image":17460},2323522,{"width":9579,"height":9580},"CALF-Sheep.png",[],{"data":17464,"content":17465,"nodeType":1283},{},[17466],{"data":17467,"marks":17468,"value":17469,"nodeType":1237},{},[],"Understanding Current Conditions",{"data":17471,"content":17472,"nodeType":1233},{},[17473,17477,17485,17489,17497],{"data":17474,"marks":17475,"value":17476,"nodeType":1237},{},[],"Even with a full understanding of the regulatory system and existing regulations, without an understanding of the scale of various industries or groups of animals used or affected by humans, the main campaign priorities will be unclear. A good approach is to develop a spreadsheet with the number of animals used in various industries, their average life expectancy and information on the conditions the animals are raised in or the ways in which they are affected by human activity. Common sources of data for this are industry or government or bodies, such as the ",{"data":17478,"content":17480,"nodeType":1627},{"uri":17479},"https://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#data/QCL",[17481],{"data":17482,"marks":17483,"value":17484,"nodeType":1237},{},[],"Food and Agriculture Organisation",{"data":17486,"marks":17487,"value":17488,"nodeType":1237},{},[],", as well as academia, such as ",{"data":17490,"content":17492,"nodeType":1627},{"uri":17491},"https://ourworldindata.org/",[17493],{"data":17494,"marks":17495,"value":17496,"nodeType":1237},{},[],"Our World in Data",{"data":17498,"marks":17499,"value":17500,"nodeType":1237},{},[],". This work would allow organisations to understand where most years of animal life are spent and where most individuals are affected and killed. Groups of animals that should be considered include animals used on farms (including invertebrates), in entertainment and in experiments; as well as companion animals, wild animals and liminal animals. Although farmed, liminal and wild animals will almost always make up the vast majority of animals affected by human activity. Advocates should balance this against public opinion, political climate, potential intended consequences, and other factors that affect the tractability of an intervention. ",{"data":17502,"content":17503,"nodeType":1138},{"target":2334},[],{"data":17505,"content":17506,"nodeType":1233},{},[17507],{"data":17508,"marks":17509,"value":17510,"nodeType":1237},{},[],"This broad overview of the existing number of animals used and affected provides a great starting point for more practical scoping of various industries. Given the numbers used and the lifespans of the animals in various industries or affected by humans this should identify priority species and industries for further scoping. Advocates can then gain further understanding of these priority issues by finding more detailed industry statistics on the main welfare issues or the structure of the supply chain. ",{"data":17512,"content":17513,"nodeType":1233},{},[17514,17518,17526],{"data":17515,"marks":17516,"value":17517,"nodeType":1237},{},[],"For farmed animals this can be done by breaking down each life stage that an animal experiences from birth to slaughter. Taking note of causes of mortality during each stage, any painful procedures or handling and the main welfare concerns raised by academics, members of the industry or the public. The main welfare issues for an animal's welfare can be determined by viewing the research of various outcomes on available welfare indicators or by using a validated overall assessment method. More on this topic can be found in ",{"data":17519,"content":17521,"nodeType":1627},{"uri":17520},"https://www.animalask.org/post/measuring-animal-welfare",[17522],{"data":17523,"marks":17524,"value":17525,"nodeType":1237},{},[],"Animal Ask's report on measuring animal welfare",{"data":17527,"marks":17528,"value":17529,"nodeType":1237},{},[],". If possible, it can also be beneficial for farmed animal policy to conduct on-farm welfare assessments for the main priority species.",{"data":17531,"content":17532,"nodeType":1233},{},[17533],{"data":17534,"marks":17535,"value":17536,"nodeType":1237},{},[],"Organisations can also choose to end practices that are strongly opposed by the public, or practices for which an alternative exists, even though such practices are not the most cruel. For instance, the grinding of chicks in the egg industry is opposed by a majority of citizens in the EU for ethical reasons, and alternatives exist to the killing of day-old chicks, and so a prohibition seems relatively easy to achieve. ",{"data":17538,"content":17539,"nodeType":1233},{},[17540,17544,17552],{"data":17541,"marks":17542,"value":17543,"nodeType":1237},{},[],"The main priorities for each species will vary from country to country due to existing practices, level of intensification, or ",{"data":17545,"content":17547,"nodeType":1627},{"uri":17546},"https://downloads.hindawi.com/archive/2011/838606.pdf",[17548],{"data":17549,"marks":17550,"value":17551,"nodeType":1237},{},[],"other conditions such as heat and humidity which can cause severe heat stress for chickens in tropical environments",{"data":17553,"marks":17554,"value":17555,"nodeType":1237},{},[],". Political and cultural factors also weigh significantly on the types of practices and the structure of the animal agriculture industry. This information can later be used in your lobbying efforts as well as help identify and determine the optimal policy changes to improve the quality of life of these animals.",{"data":17557,"content":17558,"nodeType":1233},{},[17559],{"data":17560,"marks":17561,"value":27,"nodeType":1237},{},[],{"data":17563,"content":17564,"nodeType":1233},{},[17565],{"data":17566,"marks":17567,"value":17568,"nodeType":1237},{},[],"{SHEEP IMAGE HERE}",{"data":17570,"content":17571,"nodeType":1283},{},[17572],{"data":17573,"marks":17574,"value":17575,"nodeType":1237},{},[],"Policy Evaluation",{"data":17577,"content":17578,"nodeType":1298},{},[17579],{"data":17580,"marks":17581,"value":17582,"nodeType":1237},{},[],"Iterative Depth Research",{"data":17584,"content":17585,"nodeType":1233},{},[17586],{"data":17587,"marks":17588,"value":17589,"nodeType":1237},{},[],"After you have established an overview of the context you are working in and what the possible main causes of suffering for non-human animals are, you can then begin the analysis of the policy options available to you. There are several different aims that you can attempt to achieve through animal welfare policy. This guide is mostly focused on policies that have the greatest effect on the quality of life of farm animals. However, the analysis of this question is a lot more complicated in practice.",{"data":17591,"content":17592,"nodeType":1233},{},[17593,17597,17605],{"data":17594,"marks":17595,"value":17596,"nodeType":1237},{},[],"Given the number of policy options available to you, a complete analysis of each policy would be very time-consuming and therefore prohibitively expensive. Instead, many research organisations that prioritise different interventions, policies or ideas, use an iterative depth research process. This treats research like a funnel where policies or ideas are reviewed at a shallow depth and are either deprioritized or, if they seem promising on the evaluation criteria, are assessed at ",{"data":17598,"content":17600,"nodeType":1627},{"uri":17599},"https://www.givewell.org/research/research-on-programs#Our_program_review_process",[17601],{"data":17602,"marks":17603,"value":17604,"nodeType":1237},{},[],"increasing levels of depth",{"data":17606,"marks":17607,"value":17608,"nodeType":1237},{},[],". This process is iterated upon until a decision is reached resulting in one or a small number of top priority options.",{"data":17610,"content":17611,"nodeType":1233},{},[17612,17616,17624,17627,17635,17638,17646,17649,17657],{"data":17613,"marks":17614,"value":17615,"nodeType":1237},{},[],"This iterative depth assessment can either be conducted very formally through the use of certain research methods; such as expert opinion, weighted factor models, cost-effectiveness analysis, and informed consideration; or left to a researcher's judgement. Although in the latter case the results of such an analysis will depend much more on the researcher's skill and existing knowledge of the field. If your organisation is interested in more formally conducting research, you can learn more about ",{"data":17617,"content":17619,"nodeType":1627},{"uri":17618},"https://www.charityentrepreneurship.com/weighted-factor-model",[17620],{"data":17621,"marks":17622,"value":17623,"nodeType":1237},{},[],"weighted factor models",{"data":17625,"marks":17626,"value":3650,"nodeType":1237},{},[],{"data":17628,"content":17630,"nodeType":1627},{"uri":17629},"https://www.charityentrepreneurship.com/cea",[17631],{"data":17632,"marks":17633,"value":17634,"nodeType":1237},{},[],"cost-effective analysis",{"data":17636,"marks":17637,"value":3650,"nodeType":1237},{},[],{"data":17639,"content":17641,"nodeType":1627},{"uri":17640},"https://www.charityentrepreneurship.com/informed-consideration",[17642],{"data":17643,"marks":17644,"value":17645,"nodeType":1237},{},[],"informed consideration",{"data":17647,"marks":17648,"value":3859,"nodeType":1237},{},[],{"data":17650,"content":17652,"nodeType":1627},{"uri":17651},"https://www.charityentrepreneurship.com/expert-view",[17653],{"data":17654,"marks":17655,"value":17656,"nodeType":1237},{},[],"expert interviews",{"data":17658,"marks":17659,"value":17660,"nodeType":1237},{},[]," from the linked sources. However, beyond the broad scoping stage of the research, at this point, having specialist research staff will benefit the outcomes of your research. It is strongly recommended that you either hire specialised staff with the experience to conduct this sort of research or seek assistance from existing research organisations.",{"data":17662,"content":17663,"nodeType":1298},{},[17664],{"data":17665,"marks":17666,"value":17667,"nodeType":1237},{},[],"Theory of Change and Evidence Base",{"data":17669,"content":17670,"nodeType":1233},{},[17671,17675,17683],{"data":17672,"marks":17673,"value":17674,"nodeType":1237},{},[],"Regardless of the method used to evaluate your organisation’s policy, your analysis should aim to develop a broad understanding of the theory of change of the policy. ",{"data":17676,"content":17678,"nodeType":1627},{"uri":17677},"https://www.thinknpc.org/resource-hub/ten-steps/",[17679],{"data":17680,"marks":17681,"value":17682,"nodeType":1237},{},[],"A theory of change is a comprehensive description or illustration of the hypothesised path to impact for the policy or intervention being considered",{"data":17684,"marks":17685,"value":17686,"nodeType":1237},{},[],". In policy, this maps each stage of policy implementation from legislation passing through, to enforcement, to the expected effects of the policy on the outcomes of interest or other potential flow-through effects. The main focus of the theory of change is to explicitly map out all the assumptions or stages involved in your perception of how the policy should work. For a simplified example: a policy that provides subsidies for plant-based meats. Do the subsidies lead to a reduction in prices for the consumer? Does this reduction in price cause consumers to substitute away from animal meat products? How can we try to shoot down these initial assumptions, and what information is available to help us do so? Investigating whether these assumptions are true and the magnitude of these effects is vital for evaluating the impact of such a policy.",{"data":17688,"content":17689,"nodeType":1233},{},[17690,17694,17702],{"data":17691,"marks":17692,"value":17693,"nodeType":1237},{},[],"The most important factor you should consider for each stage of the theory of change is the quality and quantity of evidence to support any of your initial underlying assumptions. For each of the underlying assumptions outlined in your theory of change, you should review the available literature and outline all of the evidence you have that supports or disproves these assumptions. Ideally, the policies we campaign for will have evidence to support a significant effect across their theory of change, as well as a large and high-quality evidence base. This is particularly strong if the evidence to support the policy or methods of evaluation comes from many sources, with different failure states or weaknesses, making the evidence more robust to uncertainty. More on this topic can be found in ",{"data":17695,"content":17697,"nodeType":1627},{"uri":17696},"https://blog.givewell.org/2014/06/10/sequence-thinking-vs-cluster-thinking/",[17698],{"data":17699,"marks":17700,"value":17701,"nodeType":1237},{},[],"GiveWell's summary of sequence vs cluster thinking",{"data":17703,"marks":17704,"value":1636,"nodeType":1237},{},[],{"data":17706,"content":17707,"nodeType":1233},{},[17708,17712,17720],{"data":17709,"marks":17710,"value":17711,"nodeType":1237},{},[],"The importance of the evidence base of a policy’s impact is often underestimated. When choosing between multiple policies with varying degrees of evidence to support their estimated impact, advocates should assume that options with the weakest evidence base may overestimate their value compared with those with a stronger evidence base. This occurs because of a phenomenon known as the ",{"data":17713,"content":17715,"nodeType":1627},{"uri":17714},"https://www.lesswrong.com/posts/5gQLrJr2yhPzMCcni/the-optimizer-s-curse-and-how-to-beat-it",[17716],{"data":17717,"marks":17718,"value":17719,"nodeType":1237},{},[],"optimizer's curse",{"data":17721,"marks":17722,"value":17723,"nodeType":1237},{},[],". Given this risk affecting low evidence policies which appear to have promising impact, advocates should attempt to offset the optimizer’s curse by adjusting the expected impact.",{"data":17725,"content":17726,"nodeType":1298},{},[17727],{"data":17728,"marks":17729,"value":17730,"nodeType":1237},{},[],"Common Factors to Look out for",{"data":17732,"content":17733,"nodeType":1233},{},[17734],{"data":17735,"marks":17736,"value":17737,"nodeType":1237},{},[],"Common factors that you should look out for in your research, beyond checking the initial assumptions you have about the impact of the policy, are flow-through effects and broader-reaching externalities. These tend to be more difficult to spot during very structured research and for those less familiar with a topic, as these effects are inherently in the unknown unknowns category. In that, it’s possible to evaluate a policy or idea without realising these effects exist. These effects can be both positive or negative, greatly reducing or increasing the value of a policy. In some cases, these effects can even dwarf the direct effects of the policy- perhaps even making it harmful overall.",{"data":17739,"content":17740,"nodeType":1233},{},[17741],{"data":17742,"marks":17743,"value":17744,"nodeType":1237},{},[],"Some common flow-through effects to consider for welfare requirement-related policies are the effect of the improvement on other abnormal behaviour or how implementing such an improvement affects broader farm management practice. For example, implementing better disease management practices may improve welfare and reduce mortality but allow farmers to stock the animal at a higher stocking density without the same risk of disease. Or placing stringent requirements for straw enrichment for pigs would also result in less tail biting, an abnormal behaviour which can occur due to lack of enrichment, and therefore reduce the need for tail docking further improving welfare.",{"data":17746,"content":17747,"nodeType":1233},{},[17748,17752,17760],{"data":17749,"marks":17750,"value":17751,"nodeType":1237},{},[],"Beyond the flow-through effects on on-farm outcomes, the effect of policy can affect the whole system of farming. This is partially true for the economic effects of policy reform, with adjustments to the requirements for raising animals affecting the price of products and therefore demand and consumption of the product and other animal products. The most prominent example of this is with policies to ban foie gras, as banning the product results in ",{"data":17753,"content":17755,"nodeType":1627},{"uri":17754},"https://www.stopgavagesuisse.ch/post/la-r%C3%A9alit%C3%A9-du-foie-gras-en-suisse",[17756],{"data":17757,"marks":17758,"value":17759,"nodeType":1237},{},[],"shifting the consumption to other pâtés or animal products",{"data":17761,"marks":17762,"value":17763,"nodeType":1237},{},[],", whereas with a fur ban consumers are forced to substitute for artificial fur.",{"data":17765,"content":17766,"nodeType":1233},{},[17767],{"data":17768,"marks":17769,"value":17770,"nodeType":1237},{},[],"The final type of flow-through effects are externalities, flow-through effects that affect other cause areas. For example, efforts to improve the enforcement of farmed animal welfare laws by increasing prison sentences for workers who are convicted of cruelty will disproportionately affect those from more disadvantaged socioeconomic backgrounds. Positively banning routine farm antibiotic use on factory farms would reduce the risk of creating antibiotic-resistant bacteria which could spark a pandemic. Although these effects are not directly relevant to animal welfare policy, advocates should share concern for many causes and weigh the effect on other areas alongside the effect on non-human animals.",{"data":17772,"content":17773,"nodeType":1298},{},[17774],{"data":17775,"marks":17776,"value":17777,"nodeType":1237},{},[],"Assessing the Tractability of a Policy",{"data":17779,"content":17780,"nodeType":1233},{},[17781],{"data":17782,"marks":17783,"value":17784,"nodeType":1237},{},[],"Ultimately, regardless of the value of the policy your organisation is advocating for, if you fail to achieve policy change then there will be no direct effect on the lives of animals. The campaign itself may change public opinion or encourage change in diet habits however, we could achieve these effects far more efficiently by targeting them directly. If your organisation's aim is for campaigns to be maximally impactful, you would need to select campaigns with a reasonable probability of success.",{"data":17786,"content":17787,"nodeType":1233},{},[17788],{"data":17789,"marks":17790,"value":17791,"nodeType":1237},{},[],"Highlighted in the section on “understanding the political system and legislation”, the requirements for, and therefore indicators of, successful campaigns vary depending on the method of change used. Although the typical factors you should consider either through existing secondary research or by conducting surveys yourself are; public opinion and support for the issue, the opinions of key political stakeholders, and precedent in other or neighbouring countries. Assessing some of these can be done through desk-based research while the assessment of others, such as the opinion of key political stakeholders, may only really be feasible through campaigners' soft judgments.",{"data":17793,"content":17794,"nodeType":1233},{},[17795],{"data":17796,"marks":17797,"value":17798,"nodeType":1237},{},[],"A principle in some tension with the tractability of the policy is the counterfactual replaceability. Although a policy may be highly likely to succeed, if this is too strong then an additional campaign to support the issue may have a little effect on its odds of success, or only speed up implementation by a few years. Whereas, a campaign success on a difficult issue may cause the policy to come into force many decades prior to when it may have occurred anyway, if at all. Thus, although ideally, the tractability of the policy we are campaigning for should be high and it should be unlikely to occur without our additional campaigning resources anytime soon. 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Practice vs Best Practice","CALF is not an exhaustive database of all the laws and policies affecting farm animals, but rather, a collection of what we see as some of the better laws and policies from the perspective of farmed animal advocacy. Importantly, we do not describe these laws as ‘best practice’. While these laws are some of the best around the world in terms of treatment of animals and sustainable food systems, they still fall far short of ‘best practice’.\n\nCALF describes the strengths and weaknesses of each law and policy. However, the details of each law and policy must be considered in the context of their respective local political contexts. While this database points towards better and worse practices, this must be supplemented by a strong understanding of the local political and regulatory environment. What is good practice in one jurisdiction may not be legally or politically feasible in another.",[20965],{"metadata":20966,"sys":20969,"fields":20976},{"tags":20967,"concepts":20968},[],[],{"space":20970,"id":20972,"type":16,"createdAt":20973,"updatedAt":20973,"environment":20974,"publishedVersion":48,"revision":23,"locale":24},{"sys":20971},{"type":12,"linkType":13,"id":14},"hdZfyrdD9LLuLuwbD9puj","2026-07-06T11:50:20.898Z",{"sys":20975},{"id":20,"type":12,"linkType":21},{"title":20977,"description":27,"file":20978},"HowToUseCALF-BestPractice",{"url":20979,"details":20980,"fileName":20984,"contentType":1199},"//images.ctfassets.net/5n7qh8xf3t5v/hdZfyrdD9LLuLuwbD9puj/3a027f032133c82e5567cf01b69f3dc4/HowToUseCALF-BestPractice.avif",{"size":20981,"image":20982},8985,{"width":20983,"height":17895},552,"HowToUseCALF-BestPractice.avif",[],{"data":20987,"content":21112,"nodeType":1138},{"target":20988},{"metadata":20989,"sys":20992,"fields":21003},{"tags":20990,"concepts":20991},[],[],{"space":20993,"id":20995,"type":87,"createdAt":20996,"updatedAt":20997,"environment":20998,"publishedVersion":21000,"revision":1805,"contentType":21001,"locale":24},{"sys":20994},{"type":12,"linkType":13,"id":14},"6s62B7IYiPctoQnJ72uR5s","2026-07-06T11:51:24.657Z","2026-07-06T12:26:46.528Z",{"sys":20999},{"id":20,"type":12,"linkType":21},32,{"sys":21002},{"type":12,"linkType":94,"id":1173},{"title":21004,"excerpt":21005,"media":21006,"displayType":21111},"Use Cases","CALF is purpose built for policymakers, researchers, and advocates. Anyone who wishes to build sustainable food systems, and phase out industrial animal agriculture, will be able to find concrete legal and policy recommendations to influence law and policy.\n\nCALF was created with the following five uses in mind;",[21007,21029,21050,21071,21091],{"metadata":21008,"sys":21011,"fields":21018},{"tags":21009,"concepts":21010},[],[],{"space":21012,"id":21014,"type":16,"createdAt":21015,"updatedAt":21015,"environment":21016,"publishedVersion":69,"revision":23,"locale":24},{"sys":21013},{"type":12,"linkType":13,"id":14},"1XhNrPIp31Lh45ktyXlssB","2026-07-06T11:48:34.730Z",{"sys":21017},{"id":20,"type":12,"linkType":21},{"title":21019,"description":21020,"file":21021},"1. Explore levers for change","Selecting from the list of law and policy fields, you can learn about different levers to phase out factory farming beyond agricultural and animal welfare legislation. For instance, restrictions on antibiotics use tend to improve animal welfare by necessitating the reduction of stocking densities on farms. Further, regulations put in place to curtail nitrogen emissions require the reduction of manure levels, in turn requiring fewer animals on a given farm.  ",{"url":21022,"details":21023,"fileName":21028,"contentType":1199},"//images.ctfassets.net/5n7qh8xf3t5v/1XhNrPIp31Lh45ktyXlssB/0e4172dadf5539008c1583135e7231b0/1_levers.avif",{"size":21024,"image":21025},9353,{"width":21026,"height":21027},504,380,"1_levers.avif",{"metadata":21030,"sys":21033,"fields":21040},{"tags":21031,"concepts":21032},[],[],{"space":21034,"id":21036,"type":16,"createdAt":21037,"updatedAt":21037,"environment":21038,"publishedVersion":69,"revision":23,"locale":24},{"sys":21035},{"type":12,"linkType":13,"id":14},"1TFggmXFMuTpTzGlkAJeJ7","2026-07-06T11:48:34.728Z",{"sys":21039},{"id":20,"type":12,"linkType":21},{"title":21041,"description":21042,"file":21043},"2. Read about specific laws","CALF allows you to easily view key information about each law and policy. The database provides a concise overview of each entry, linked to a separate page with more information. Each database entry contains a short description of the entry, strengths and weaknesses, enactment date, official citation, and a link to the official text.",{"url":21044,"details":21045,"fileName":21049,"contentType":1199},"//images.ctfassets.net/5n7qh8xf3t5v/1TFggmXFMuTpTzGlkAJeJ7/ce7b693e1c8a9cf08abd39898a87c82a/2_read.avif",{"size":21046,"image":21047},5360,{"width":21048,"height":21027},512,"2_read.avif",{"metadata":21051,"sys":21054,"fields":21061},{"tags":21052,"concepts":21053},[],[],{"space":21055,"id":21057,"type":16,"createdAt":21058,"updatedAt":21058,"environment":21059,"publishedVersion":69,"revision":23,"locale":24},{"sys":21056},{"type":12,"linkType":13,"id":14},"1vx9b2qFpyJ0U9ud5UNFkg","2026-07-06T11:48:34.726Z",{"sys":21060},{"id":20,"type":12,"linkType":21},{"title":21062,"description":21063,"file":21064},"3. Draft laws based on existing documents","Users will be able to draw on existing texts to draft new legislation. Texts assembled in the database allows users to grasp the general tendencies that jurisdictions follow in regulating certain fields. For instance, when it comes to the use of antimicrobials, certain jurisdictions emphasise monitoring through surveillance systems, while others insist on rules or guidelines limiting the use of certain substances, with almost all jurisdictions aiming to reduce the use of antimicrobials in animal agriculture.",{"url":21065,"details":21066,"fileName":21070,"contentType":1199},"//images.ctfassets.net/5n7qh8xf3t5v/1vx9b2qFpyJ0U9ud5UNFkg/68975cb67b6b3af5da25166b8f6779d1/3_notes.avif",{"size":21067,"image":21068},9542,{"width":21069,"height":21027},510,"3_notes.avif",{"metadata":21072,"sys":21075,"fields":21082},{"tags":21073,"concepts":21074},[],[],{"space":21076,"id":21078,"type":16,"createdAt":21079,"updatedAt":21079,"environment":21080,"publishedVersion":69,"revision":23,"locale":24},{"sys":21077},{"type":12,"linkType":13,"id":14},"29yw5yywR2qI7fbmp5xg3v","2026-07-06T11:48:34.723Z",{"sys":21081},{"id":20,"type":12,"linkType":21},{"title":21083,"description":21084,"file":21085},"4. 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